Pathological mechanisms of cold and mechanical stress in modulating cancer progression.

Environmental temperature and cellular mechanical force are the inherent factors that participate in various biological processes and regulate cancer progress, which have been hot topics worldwide. They occupy a dominant part in the cancer tissues through different approaches. However, extensive investigation regarding pathological mechanisms in the carcinogenic field. After research, we found cold stress via two means to manipulate tumors: neuroscience and mechanically sensitive ion channels (MICHs) such as TRP families to regulate the physiological and pathological activities. Excessive cold stimulation mediated neuroscience acting on every cancer stage through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocorticoid (HPA) to reach the target organs. Comparatively speaking, mechanical force via Piezo of MICHs controls cancer development. The progression of cancer depends on the internal activation of proto-oncogenes and the external tumorigenic factors; the above two means eventually lead to genetic disorders at the molecular level. This review summarizes the interaction of bidirectional communication between them and the tumor. It covers the main processes from cytoplasm to nucleus related to metastasis cascade and tumor immune escape.

The Relationship Between Human Papillomavirus, OFD1 and Primary Ciliogenesis in the Progression of Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has been indicated to be a important risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Primary ciliogenesis defects contribute to tumorigenesis, and OFD1 at centriolar satellites is a crucial suppressor of primary ciliogenesis. To identify novel markers associated with HPV-induced carcinogenesis, the interactions between HPV infection and primary ciliogenesis in the tumorigenesis and progression of OPSCC were investigated in this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 1530 OPSCC patients recruited in this research were treated from 2000 to 2017. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed on tissue samples to compare the expression of p16, TSLP, TGFß1, IFNγ, OFD1, and their relationship with clinical characteristics of patients. RESULTS: We speculate that the positive expression of p16 is related to early primary OPSCC, and the survival rate of p16 positive patients after radiotherapy and surgery is higher. Expression of TSLP on dendritic cells in HPV-positive OPSCC correlated with the expression of OFD1. HPV-positive OPSCC showed increased expression of OFD1 combined with reduced ciliogenesis. Hence, TSLP induced by HPV infection may reduce the invasive potential of OPSCC cells by promoting OFD1 expression, thereby inhibiting primary ciliogenesis. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that HPV may be related to the progression of OPSCC by regulating OFD1 expression and primary ciliogenesis, making this protein a potential therapeutic target.

Pathological Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy and Photothermal Therapy Based on Nanoparticles.

The ultimate goal of phototherapy based on nanoparticles, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) which generates heat and photodynamic therapy (PDT) which not only generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also induces a variety of anti-tumor immunity, is to kill tumors. In addition, due to strong efficacy in clinical treatment with minimal invasion and negligible side effects, it has received extensive attention and research in recent years. In this paper, the generations of nanomaterials in PTT and PDT are described separately. In clinical application, according to the different combination pathway of nanoparticles, it can be used to treat different diseases such as tumors, melanoma, rheumatoid and so on. In this paper, the mechanism of pathological treatment is described in detail in terms of inducing apoptosis of cancer cells by ROS produced by PDT, immunogenic cell death to provoke the maturation of dendritic cells, which in turn activate production of CD4+ T cells, CD8+T cells and memory T cells, as well as inhibiting heat shock protein (HSPs), STAT3 signal pathway and so on.