RESUMEN
Perovskite solar cells have been proven to enhance cell characteristics by introducing passivation materials that suppress defect formation. Defect states between the electron transport layer and the absorption layer reduce electron extraction and carrier transport capabilities, leading to a significant decline in device performance and stability, as well as an increased probability of non-radiative recombination. This study proposes the use of an amino acid (L-Histidine) self-assembled monolayer material between the transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer. Surface analysis revealed that the introduction of L-Histidine improved both the uniformity and roughness of the perovskite film surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis showed a reduction in oxygen vacancies in the lattice and an increase in Ti4+, indicating that L-Histidine successfully passivated trap states at the perovskite and TiO2 electron transport layer interface. In terms of device performance, the introduction of L-Histidine significantly improved the fill factor (FF) because the reduction in interface defects could suppress charge accumulation and reduce device hysteresis. The FF of large-area solar modules (25 cm2) with L-Histidine increased from 55% to 73%, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 16.5%. After 500 h of aging tests, the PCE still maintained 91% of its original efficiency. This study demonstrates the significant impact of L-Histidine on transport properties and showcases its potential for application in the development of large-area perovskite module processes.
RESUMEN
First measurements of ambient 10-1000 nm particle number concentrations (N(TOT)) and size distributions were made at an urban, coastal, mountain and downwind site within the Central Taiwan Air Quality Management District during a cold and a warm period. The primary objectives were to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of the size-fractionated submicrometer particles and their relationships with copollutants and meteorological parameters. The results show that the ultrafine particles (<100 nm) are the major contributor to the N(TOT). The mean N(TOT) was highest at the urban site, whereas lower and comparable at the three other sites. Although the mean N(TOT) at each site showed insignificant differences between study periods, their diurnal patterns and size distribution modal characteristics were modestly to substantially different between study sites. Correlation analyses of time-resolved collocated aerosol, copollutants and meteorological data suggest that the observed variability is largely attributable to the local traffic and to a lesser extent photochemistry and SO(2) possibly from combustion sources or regional transport. Despite sharing a common traffic source, the ultrafine particles were poorly correlated with the accumulation particles (100-1000 nm), between which the latter showed strong positive correlation with the PM(2.5) and PM(10). Overall, the N(TOT) and size distributions show modest spatial heterogeneity and strong diurnal variability. In addition, the ultrafine particles have variable sources or meteorology-dependent formation processes within the study area. The results imply that single-site measurements of PM(2.5), PM(10) or N(TOT) alone and without discriminating particle sizes would be inadequate for exposure and impact assessment of submicrometer particle numbers in a region of diverse environments.
