Improvement of glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Atlantic salmon skin gelatin hydrolysate as the dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor.

In our previous study, Atlantic salmon skin gelatin hydrolysed with flavourzyme possessed 42.5% dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitory activity at a concentration of 5 mg mL(-1). The oral administration of the hydrolysate (FSGH) at a single dose of 300 mg per day in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 5 weeks was evaluated for its antidiabetic effect. During the 5-week experiment, body weight increased, and the food and water intake was reduced by FSGH in diabetic rats. The daily administration of FSGH for 5 weeks was effective for lowering the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). After the 5-week treatment, plasma DPP-IV activity was inhibited; the plasma activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and the insulin-to-glucagon ratio were increased by FSGH in diabetic rats. The results indicate that FSGH has the function of inhibiting GLP-1 degradation by DPP-IV, resulting in the enhancement of insulin secretion and improvement of glycemic control in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes in Taiwan.

AIMS: Serum ferritin has been found closely related with diabetes and glucose metabolism, but its impact on diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Eight hundred and fifty-one subjects with Type 2 diabetes were selected from a cohort participating in a glycaemic control study in Taiwan in 2008. We used urine albumin:creatinine ratio to define microalbuminuria; serum ferritin was divided into quartiles for analysis. Logistic regression and trend tests were used to delineate the association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria. RESULTS: Subjects with diabetes with higher ferritin tended to have more metabolic disorders, higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and higher prevalence of microalbuminuria. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, subjects with diabetes in the highest ferritin quartile were 55% (P = 0.029) more likely to have microalbuminuria. After controlling for demographics, metabolic profiles and other inflammatory markers, the association between serum ferritin levels and microalbuminuria remained significant (P for trend < 0.001). This independent relationship was not changed either for those who had better glycaemic control or those who had not used an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows hyperferritinemia may be an independent risk factor of nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Primary sternal osteomyelitis due to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.

Primary sternal osteomyelitis (PSO) is a rare syndrome. In adults, it usually occurs with underlying predisposing factors, such as immunodeficiency, or intravenous (IV) drug abuse. The infecting organism in these patients is usually Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Peptostreptococcus species are Gram-positive anaerobic cocci and are part of the normal flora of human mucocutaneous surfaces. Peptostreptococcus infection can occur in all body sites, including the central nervous system, head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, skin, bone, joint, and soft tissue. Here, we report on a 32-year-old previously healthy Chinese man who was diagnosed with PSO and P. anaerobius was yielded in the bacterial culture. He was treated empirically with antibiotics, but these failed. After additional limited surgical intervention with debridement, the PSO was cured.

Multiple factors have shaped the phylogeography of Chinese spiny loach Cobitis sinensis in Taiwan as inferred from mitochondrial DNA variation.

Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences (1140 bp) in 61 specimens of Chinese spiny loach Cobitis sinensis from 12 drainages in Taiwan were identified as two major clades, exhibiting a southern and a northern distribution, north of TzengWen and south of TzengWen (including TzengWen), respectively. The divergence time between these two phylogroups was estimated at 7.34-9.06 million years before present (B.P.), but these two phylogroups were formed c. 3.41-4.23 and 2.22-2.75 M B.P., respectively. Moreover, geological events have been recalculated that Taiwan Island emerged above sea level at an estimate of c. 4-5 M B.P., and quickly became its present shape at c. 2 M B.P. through mountain building. These results suggest that these two major clades of C. sinensis in Taiwan might originate from two different continental populations, since the island's initial isolation in the Pliocene. Within southern Taiwan, the initial colonization was hypothesized to be in KaoPing River, followed by its northward dispersal. The high divergence between KaoPing and TzengWen was influenced by glaciations and landforms. Within north Taiwan, the colonization was from the Miaoli Plateau through western Taiwan to north-eastern and northern Taiwan. This dispersal pattern is concordant with the previously proposed hypothesis. Apparently, both geological and phylogeographic evidence suggested that river capture of the upper Takia River by the LanYang River promoted range expansion in freshwater fishes and also indicated that the Central Range within Taiwan did not act as a barrier to the dispersal of C. sinensis.

Changes in physicochemical properties of egg white and yolk proteins from duck shell eggs due to hydrostatic pressure treatment.

The shell of the duck egg did not crack after pressure treatments (300 to 500 MPa; 25 degrees C; 10 min) in this study; therefore, the changes of physicochemical properties of egg white and yolk proteins from the intact shell egg by pressure treatment were first investigated and compared with those of pressurized hen liquid eggs. Although the proximate compositions of duck eggs and hen eggs were similar, the moisture and protein contents of hen whole eggs were higher than those of duck whole eggs. The protein contents of duck egg white and yolk were slightly lower than those of hen eggs, and the moisture content of duck egg white was equal to that of hen egg white, whereas that of duck egg yolk was lower than that of hen egg yolk. After pressure treatment at 500 MPa, the results of solubility, sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, and residual denaturation enthalpy showed that egg white proteins underwent slight but significant unfolding and aggregation, whereas pressure treatments below 500 MPa induced insignificant changes in the physicochemical properties. On the other hand, pressure treatments at 400 and 500 MPa significantly reduced the solubility and residual denaturation enthalpy of egg yolk proteins. However, the native PAGE result showed that pressure treatment up to 500 MPa did not affect the protein components of egg white and yolk. The results showed that the application of pressure treatment on duck shell egg may induce reversible denaturation of both egg white and yolk proteins. The egg white and yolk proteins may be prevented from denaturation after pressure treatment in the presence of the eggshell compared with the absence of the eggshell. As reported in the literature, pressure treatments at 300 to 500 MPa and 25 degrees C would be efficient for decontamination of duck shell eggs. Therefore, based on the consideration for food safety and functional properties, pressure processing can be a good preservation technique for duck shell eggs.

Oil exudation and histological structures of duck egg yolks during brining.

Changes in oil exudation and histological structures of salted duck egg yolks during brining up to 5 wk were investigated. During brining, the salt contents of albumen, exterior yolk (hardened portion), and interior yolk (soft or liquid portion) gradually increased accompanied by slight decreases in moisture content. The hardening ratio of salted egg yolks increased rapidly to about 60% during the first week of brining and then reached 100% at the end of brining. After brining, part of the lipids in salted egg yolk became free due to the structural changes of low-density lipoprotein induced by dehydration and increase of salt content, and more free lipids in salted egg yolk were released after the cooking process. With the brining time increased up to 5 wk, the outer region of the cooked salted yolk gradually changed into dark brown, brown, orange, and then dark brown, whereas the center region changed into light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, and then yellow again. The microstructures of cooked salted egg yolks showed that the yolk spheres in the outer and middle regions retained their original shape, with some shrinking and being packed more loosely when brining time increased, and the exuded oil filled the space between the spheres. Furthermore, the yolk spheres in the center region transformed to a round shape but still showed granulation after 4 wk of brining, whereas they were mostly disrupted after 2 to 5 wk of brining. One of the most important characteristics of cooked salted egg yolks, gritty texture, contributed to oil exudation and granulated yolk spheres were observed at the brining time of 4 wk.

Effect of pretreatment of hydrostatic pressure on physicochemical properties of tilapia muscle protein gels induced by setting.

Tilapia meat pastes were subjected to pretreatments of hydrostatic pressure (50 to 300 MPa/4 degrees C/60 min) followed by setting (50 degrees C/60 min) with or without subsequent cooking (90 degrees C/20 min) to investigate the changes of rheological properties, gel-forming ability, whiteness, and protein solubility of gels. The gel by setting only as the control was elastic, rigid, and mainly constituted by covalent bonds. The gel by pretreatments of 50 MPa was similar to the control. A 100-MPa pretreatment induced a viscous and soft gel with mainly noncovalent bonds. The 200-MPa pretreatment produced a gel with strongest breaking force and strain compared with all the treatments in this study; moreover, the gel was mainly constituted by hydrogen bonds. A gel induced by a 300-MPa pretreatment was the most viscous. Via subsequent cooking (90 degrees C/20 min), all the gels became more rigid and elastic except that induced by a 100-MPa pretreatment.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: killer immunoglobulin-like receptor component.

Recognition of recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligand by donor natural killer cell killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) has been proposed as the basis for donor allograft reactivity against malignancy leading to reduction in posttransplant relapse and higher survival for acute myelogenous leukemia. Analysis of KIR ligand effects in 1770 patients undergoing myeloablative T-replete hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from HLA-matched or mismatched unrelated donors showed that lack of KIR ligand in patients for inhibitory KIR was associated with lower hazards of relapse in leukemia patients with in HLA-mismatched transplants [hazard ratio (HR): 0.061; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.85; P-value = 0.004]. Absence of HLA-C group 2 or HLA-Bw4 KIR ligands were each associated with lower hazards of relapse (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28-0.79; P-value = 0.004; HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.97; P-value = 0.04, respectively). Based on these analyses, recipient homozygosity for HLA-B or -C epitopes that define KIR ligands is likely to be a predictive factor for leukemia relapse following myeloablative HCT from unrelated donors. KIR genotyping for unrelated donors and recipients will clarify the role of these receptors in transplant outcome.

Laser-induced reorientation effect and ripple structure in dye-doped liquid-crystal films.

The effects of light-induced reorientation on a homeotropical dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) cell are discussed. The photoexcited azo dye Methyl Red (MR) is diffused and adsorbed onto the substrate, thus forming a ripple structure. The adsorbed dye and the laser-induced ripple structure then reorient the liquid-crystal molecules and induce a holographic grating. Initially, the liquid-crystal directors are reoriented primarily by the adsorbed dye. However, given a sufficiently large ripple groove amplitude, the torque imposed by the ripple grooves overcomes that which is due to the adsorbed dyes, and the liquid crystals are realigned along the groove direction.

Humoral response to p53 in human colorectal tumors: a prospective study of 1,209 patients.

p53 Antibodies (p53-Abs) have been detected in the serum of a proportion of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. It is not yet known at which stage during colorectal tumor progression p53-Abs appear in the serum. The utility of these antibodies as markers for CRC prognosis remains to be clarified. Using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we analyzed serum samples from 998 CRC patients and from 211 patients with polyp. Levels of p53-Abs were defined as negative (<10 U/microL), low (10-76 U/microL) and high (>76 U/microL). Overall, 13.0% of CRC patients and less than 1% of polyp patients had increased serum p53-Ab levels. High p53-Ab levels were only seen in patients with invasive carcinomas. The parameters that were significantly and independently associated with a greater frequency of high p53-Ab levels were the left colon (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.1-10.5), the rectum (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.0-8.8) and advanced lymph node metastasis (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 2.2-9.6). In univariate analysis, patients with high p53-Ab levels had a shorter survival times than did those without (p = 0.007). However, the significant effect disappeared in a Cox regression model adjusting for sex, age, tumor location, carcinoembryonic antigen levels, gross findings, histologic grade, mucin production and TNM stage. Thus, autoantibodies against p53 occur with tumor progression in multistep colorectal carcinogenesis and increase with advanced node metastasis. Furthermore, the seemingly adverse effect of high p53-Ab levels on the survival of CRC patients may be explained by other prognostic factors.

Risk factors for surgical site infection after elective resection of the colon and rectum: a single-center prospective study of 2,809 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing elective resection of the colon and rectum. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: SSI causes a substantial number of deaths and complications. Determining risk factors for SSI may provide information on reducing complications and improving outcome. METHODS: The authors performed a prospective study of 2,809 consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resection via laparotomy between February 1995 and December 1998 at a single institution. The outcome of interest was SSI, which was classified as being incisional or organ/space with or without clinical leakage. A likelihood ratio forward regression model was used to assess the independent association of variables with SSIs. RESULTS: The overall SSI, incisional SSI, and organ/space SSI with and without clinical anastomotic leakage rates were 4.7%, 3%, 2%, and 0.8%, respectively. Risk factors for overall SSI were American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score 2 or 3 (odd ratio [OR] = 1.7), male gender (OR = 1.5), surgeons (OR = 1.3-3.3), types of operation (OR = 0.3-2.1), creation of ostomy (OR = 2.1), contaminated wound (OR = 2.9), use of drainage (OR = 1.6), and intra- or postoperative blood transfusion (1-3 units, OR = 5.3; >/=4 units, OR = 6.2). However, SSIs at specific sites differed from each other with respect to the risk factors. Among a variety of risk factors, only blood transfusion was consistently associated with a risk of SSI at any specific site. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to ASA score and surgical wound class, blood transfusion, creation of ostomy, types of operation, use of drainage, sex, and surgeons were important in predicting SSIs after elective colorectal resection.

Changes in K value and microorganisms of tilapia fillet during storage at high-pressure, normal temperature.

This study determined the effect of high-pressure, normal temperature (25 degrees C) storage on tilapia fillets. After pressurization, the fillets were stored at normal condition (1 atm [1 atm = 101.29 kPa] and 25 degrees C) for 12 h to evaluate the changes of microbes and K value. The fillets stored at 2,000 atm for 12 h still kept the K value, a freshness index that represents putrefaction with the value beyond 60%, still below 40%, and the K value of the meat without pressurization was up to 92%. Total plate counts of the fillets stored at below 1,000 atm for 12 h were maintained at the value of 4.7 log CFU/g of meat, which was similar to the initial level. However, the counts were obviously decreased to about 2.0 log CFU/g of meat for the fillets stored at above 2,000 atm. The same effect was obtained for psychrophilic bacteria. Enzymes and microbes reactivated apparently after 12 h of normal condition storage of mild pressurized fillets. The study demonstrates that high-pressure storage can inhibit the putrefaction of tilapia meat but no longer after that.

Dynamic studies of holographic gratings in dye-doped liquid-crystal films.

The dynamic behavior of a holographic grating induced in a homeotropically aligned dye-doped liquid-crystal film is investigated. In the presence of an applied dc voltage, photoexcited azo dyes induce a photorefractive grating and then diffuse and are adsorbed onto cell substrates. The reorientation of liquid crystals as a result of adsorbed dyes leads to a phase grating that is phase shifted 90 degrees from the photorefractive grating. Competition of these two gratings induces two-beam coupling of the writing beams, initially transferring energy from beam 1 to beam 2 and then, after a pause, from beam 2 to beam 1.

Phase II study of a weekly 8-hour 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin infusion for patients with advanced colorectal cancer: dose adjusted according to its toxicity.

BACKGROUND: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) clearly behaves as two different drugs according to the schedules for its administration. A weekly, 8-h 5-FU continuous infusion (CI) regimen may produce a dual effect, because it elicits both a high plasma 5-FU level and also a durable exposure to 5-FU, which may have the advantage of inhibiting both DNA synthesis and RNA activities. The plasma 5-FU level, however, cannot be monitored in most hospitals, so we initiated a pragmatic clinical trial with this weekly 8-h 5-FU Cl regimen and adjusted the drug's dose according to the detected toxicity. METHODS: The initial dose of 5-FU was 1200 mg/m2 and this was escalated by 200 mg/m2 weekly, provided that no evidence of significant (grade 2 or greater) toxicity became apparent. Twenty-six patients entered the study from June 1998 to March 1999. RESULTS: The median dose of 5-FU delivered was 1600 mg/m2. The major symptoms precluding dose escalation were nausea and vomiting. Seven patients demonstrated a partial response (26.9%), 11 patients revealed stable disease (42.3%) and eight exhibited progressive disease (30.8%). CONCLUSION: This weekly 8-h CI 5-FU protocol with the adjustment of dose according to toxicity was not able to achieve the same 5-FU dose and response rate as in previous studies with pharmacokinetic monitoring of 5-FU levels. However, with the concurrent administration of intensive anti-emetic premedication, it is still possible to achieve adequate plasma 5-FU levels by adjusting the 5-FU dose according to elicited toxicity.

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Acrossocheilus paradoxus (Cyprinidae) in Taiwan.

Nucleotide sequences of 3' end of the cytochrome b gene, tRNA genes, D-loop control region, and the 5' end of the 12S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to assess the genetic and phylogeographic structure of Acrossocheilus paradoxus populations, a Cyprinidae fish of Taiwan. A hierarchical examination of populations in 12 major streams from three geographical regions using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates high genetic differentiation both among populations (PhiST = 0.511, P < 0.001) and among regions (PhiCT = 0.368, P < 0.001). Limited migration largely contributed to the genetic differentiation. High nucleotide diversity (1.13%) and haplotype diversity (0.80%) were detected among populations. The degree of genetic differentiation was correlated with geographical distance between populations, a result consistent with the one-dimensional stepping stone models. A neighbour-joining tree recovered by (DAMBE) supports the pattern of isolation by distance and reveals a closer relationship between populations of the central and southern regions. A minimum spanning network based on nucleotide substitutions reflected migration routes from populations of the central region to the northern and southern regions, respectively. Postglacial colonization and expansion can explain the phylogeographical pattern. Single and ancient migration events may have allowed the northern region to attain the monophyly of mtDNA alleles. In contrast, most populations within geographical regions are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic due to the relatively shorter time period for coalescence. Both low haplotype number and genetic variability suggest a bottleneck event in the Chingmei population of northern Taiwan. Based on coalescence theory, the monophyly of the Tungkang population of the southern region may be associated with a founder event.

Primary colorectal lymphoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical presentation and characteristics of primary colorectal lymphoma, analyze the prognostic factors, and assess the results of treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: We identified 37 cases at our institution between 1980 and 1996. They comprised 0.48 percent of all cases of colon malignancies (37/7,658) during this period. The following clinical information was obtained: age, gender, signs and symptoms, tumor site, tumor size, histology grade, pathology, and adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: The most common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal pain (62 percent), abdominal mass (54 percent), and weight loss (43 percent). The most frequent site of involvement was the cecum (45 percent). Histologically, 29 (78 percent) were classified as high-grade, and 8 (22 percent) as intermediate-grade-to-low-grade lymphoma. Nine (24.3 percent) of the cases were Stage EI, 23 (62.2 percent) were Stage EII, and 5 (13.5 percent) were Stage EIV. Twenty-one (57 percent) cases received adjuvant chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate was 33 percent for all patients and 39 percent for patients treated with combination chemotherapy. Overall median survival time was 24 months and 36 months for those with adjuvant chemotherapy. Only histology grade, among the factors examined, was a significant prognostic factor for survival. The mean survival time of the patients with Stage II disease who received chemotherapy was 117.4 months, and it was 47.9 months for the patients with Stage II disease who did not received chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In our retrospective study high-grade lymphoma was the only significant adverse prognostic factor for survival. Receiving adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved survival in patients with Stage II disease. Patients with diffuse large-cell type had better survival than patients with small noncleaved-cell type in Stage II high-grade lymphoma.