Prediction of water level at Huayuankou station based on rating curve.

The construction of large reservoirs has modified the process of water and sediment transport downstream, resulting in changes in the morphology of the river cross-section. Changes in water and sand transport and cross-sectional morphology are reflected in the rating curve at the cross-section. This study analyzed the variations in the rating curve at the Huayuankou (HYK) section and their influencing factors, and conducted water level predictions based on this relationship. The findings revealed that while the annual mean water level has shown a declining tendency over the past 20 years, the annual mean discharge has shown a constant pattern. The rating curve at this stretch narrowed from a rope-loop type curve in its natural condition to a more stable single curve as a result of the construction of the dam upstream of the HYK section. The effect of pre-flood section morphology and the water-sediment process on the scattering degree of the rating curve is inverse; increasing roughness and hydraulic radius decreases scattering degree, while increasing sand content and sand transport rate increases scattering degree. Using the measured data from 2020 as an example, the feasibility of predicting cross-sectional water levels using the rating curve was verified. The prediction results were accurate when the flow was between 1000 and 2800 m3/s; However, when the flow was between 2800 and 4000 m3/s, the forecast results were typically slightly lower than the measured values. Overall, the method demonstrates good predictive accuracy. Insight from the method can be used to predict water levels to better inform decision making about water resources management, and flood emergency response in the lower Yellow River.

Study on long short-term memory based on vector direction of flood process for flood forecasting.

Accurate flood forecasting is crucial for flood prevention and mitigation, safeguarding the lives and properties of residents, as well as the rational use of water resources. The study proposes a model of long and short-term memory (LSTM) combined with the vector direction (VD) of the flood process. The Jingle and Lushi basins were selected as the research objects, and the model was trained and validated using 50 and 49 measured flood rainfall-runoff data in a 7:3 division ratio, respectively. The results indicate that the VD-LSTM model has more advantages than the LSTM model, with increased NSE, and reduced RMSE and bias to varying degrees. The flow simulation results of VD-LSTM better match the observed flow hydrographs, improving the underestimation of peak flows and the lag issue of the model. Under the same task and dataset, with the same hyperparameter settings, VD-LSTM can more quickly reduce the loss function value and achieve a better fit compared to LSTM. The proposed VD-LSTM model couples the vectorization process of flood runoff with the LSTM neural network, which contributes to the model better exploring the change characteristics of rising and receding water in flood runoff processes, reducing the training gradient error of input-output data for the LSTM model, and more effectively simulating flood process.

Hesperidin Alleviated Intestinal Barrier Injury, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Disorder of Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Contact Sites under Oxidative Stress.

As primary flavonoids extracted from citrus fruits, hesperidin has been attracting attention widely for its capacity to act as antioxidants that are able to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many factors have made oxidative stress a risk factor for the occurrence of intestinal barrier injury, which is a serious health threat to human beings. However, little data are available regarding the underlying mechanism of hesperidin alleviating intestinal injury under oxidative stress. Recently, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondria contact sites (ERMCSs) have aroused increasing concerns among scholars, which participate in mitochondrial dynamics and Ca2+ transport. In our experiment, 24 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups. Piglets in the diquat group and hesperidin + diquat group received an intraperitoneal injection of diquat (10 mg/kg), while piglets in the hesperidin group and hesperidin + diquat group received hesperidin (300 mg/kg) with feed. The results indicated that hesperidin alleviated growth restriction and intestinal barrier injury in piglets compared with the diquat group. Hesperidin ameliorated oxidative stress and restored antioxidant capacity under diquat exposure. The mitochondrial dysfunction was markedly alleviated via hesperidin versus diquat group. Meanwhile, hesperidin alleviated ER stress and downregulated the PERK pathway. Furthermore, hesperidin prevented the disorder of ERMCSs by downregulating the level of ERMCS proteins, decreasing the percentage of mitochondria with ERMCSs/total mitochondria and the ratio of ERMCSs length/mitochondrial perimeter. These results suggested hesperidin could alleviate ERMCS disorder and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, which subsequently decreased ROS production and alleviated intestinal barrier injury of piglets under oxidative stress.

From lake to fisheries: Interactive effect of climate and landuse changes hit on lake fish catch?

Global warming and unpredictable nature possess a negative impact on fisheries and the daily activities of other habitats. GIS and remote sensing approach is an effective tool to determine the morphological characteristics of the lake. The present study addresses the interactive effect of climate and landuse changes hit on fish catch in lake fisheries. We used a combination of the landscape disturbance index, vulnerability index, and loss index to construct a complete ecological risk assessment framework based on the landscape structure of regional ecosystems. The results indicate an increase from around 45%-76% in the percentage of land susceptible to moderate to ecological severe risk in the landscape from 2004 to 2023. Since 1950, temperature changes have increased by 0.4%, precipitation has decreased by 6%, and water levels have decreased by 4.2%, based on the results. The results indicate that landuse, water temperature, precipitation, and water depth significantly impact the aquaculture system. The findings strongly suggest integrating possible consequences of environmental change on fish yield for governance modeling techniques to minimize their effects.

Research on runoff process vectorization and integration of deep learning algorithms for flood forecasting.

Accurate multi-step ahead flood forecasting is crucial for flood prevention and mitigation efforts as well as optimizing water resource management. In this study, we propose a Runoff Process Vectorization (RPV) method and integrate it with three Deep Learning (DL) models, namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), and Transformer, to develop a series of RPV-DL flood forecasting models, namely RPV-LSTM, RPV-TCN, and RPV-Transformer models. The models are evaluated using observed flood runoff data from nine typical basins in the middle Yellow River region. The key findings are as follows: Under the same lead time conditions, the RPV-DL models outperform the DL models in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, root mean square error, and relative error for peak flows in the nine typical basins of the middle Yellow River region. Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of the train and test periods, the RPV-DL model outperforms the DL model by an average of 2.82%-22.21% in terms of NSE across nine basins, with RMSE and RE reductions of 10.86-28.81% and 36.14%-51.35%, respectively. The vectorization method significantly improves the accuracy of DL flood forecasting, and the RPV-DL models exhibit better predictive performance, particularly when the lead time is 4h-6h. When the lead time is 4-6h, the percentage improvement in NSE is 9.77%, 15.07%, and 17.94%. The RPV-TCN model shows superior performance in overcoming forecast errors among the nine basins. The research findings provide scientific evidence for flood prevention and mitigation efforts in river basins.

Research on machine learning hybrid framework by coupling grid-based runoff generation model and runoff process vectorization for flood forecasting.

One of the important non-engineering measures for flood forecasting and disaster reduction in watersheds is the application of machine learning flood prediction models, with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) being one of the most representative time series prediction models. However, the LSTM model has issues of underestimating peak flows and poor robustness in flood forecasting applications. Therefore, based on a thorough analysis of complex underlying surface attributes, this study proposes a framework for distinguishing runoff models and integrates a Grid-based Runoff Generation Model (GRGM). Simultaneously considering the time series characteristics of runoff processes, including rising, peak, and recession, a runoff process vectorization (RPV) method is proposed. In this study, a hybrid deep learning flood forecasting framework, GRGM-RPV-LSTM, is constructed by coupling the GRGM, RPV, and LSTM neural network models. Taking the Jialu River in the Zhongmu station control basin as an example, the model is validated using 18 instances of measured floods and compared with the LSTM and GRGM-LSTM models. The study shows that the GRGM model has a relative error and average coefficient of determination for simulating runoff of 8.41% and 0.976, respectively, indicating that considering the spatial distribution of runoff patterns leads to more accurate runoff calculations. Under the same lead time conditions, the GRGM-RPV-LSTM hybrid forecasting model has a Nash efficiency coefficient greater than 0.9, demonstrating better simulation performance compared to the GRGM-LSTM and LSTM models. As the lead time increases, the GRGM-RPV-LSTM model provides more accurate peak flow predictions and exhibits better robustness. The research findings can provide scientific basis for coordinated management of flood control and disaster reduction in watersheds.

Effects of hesperidin on mitochondrial function, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and IP3R-MCU calcium axis in the intestine of piglets exposed to deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) pollution is prevalent in crops, and can induce oxidative stress and intestinal injury. Hesperidin is one of the major flavonoids in citrus fruits that has various biological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, whether hesperidin could alleviate DON-induced intestinal injury and the mechanism remain unclear. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) have attracted attention for their crucial signaling points to regulate ER-mitochondria calcium transfer. This study aims to evaluate the effects of hesperidin on the intestinal barrier, mitochondrial function, MAMs, and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis in the intestine of piglets exposed to DON. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for a 21-d experiment: Control: basal diet; hesperidin group: basal diet + 300 mg kg-1 hesperidin; DON: basal diet + 1.5 mg kg-1 DON; DON + hesperidin group: basal diet + 1.5 mg kg-1 DON + 300 mg kg-1 hesperidin. The data showed that when compared with the DON group, hesperidin improved growth performance and the intestinal barrier, alleviated intestinal oxidative stress and ER stress, and decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (P < 0.05). Hesperidin also alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in the intestine of piglets exposed to DON (P < 0.05). Importantly, hesperidin prevented excessive MAM formation by downregulating the protein levels of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75), decreasing the ratio of the mitochondria with MAMs/total mitochondria and the ratio of MAM length/mitochondrial perimeter and lengthening the mitochondria-ER distance in MAMs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hesperidin regulated the IP3R-glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)-voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)-MCU calcium axis by decreasing the protein levels of GRP75 and MCU and the calcium level of the mitochondria compared with the DON group (P < 0.05). An in vitro experiment was conducted to further explore whether IP3R-mediated ER-mitochondria calcium transfer was involved in the protective effects of hesperidin on the intestinal epithelium barrier and mitochondria. Data showed that hesperidin may exert protective effects on the intestinal epithelium barrier and mitochondria via inhibiting ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer mediated by IP3Rs. These data suggested that hesperidin could alleviate MAM-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload, thereby improving mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative stress and intestinal injury in DON-challenged piglets.

MiR-30a-5p isoform -1|1 promotes the progression of gastric cancer by inhibiting TMEM66 and reducing intratumoral cytotoxic T cells.

Gastric cancer is histologically classified into the intestinal subtype, which forms tubular structures, and the aggressive diffuse subtype, characterized by rapid invasion and poor prognosis. The variety and quantity of miRNA isoforms between different histological subtypes of gastric cancer were unknown. Through systematic filtering, we found that more diverse miR-30a-5p isoforms was present in the diffuse subtype of gastric cancer, and was associated with patients' worse survival independent of tumor stage based on the TCGA miRNA-seq data. Among all nine isoforms of miR-30a-5p, miR-30a-5p -1|1 was more abundant than the archetype of miR-30a-5p. Higher expression of miR-30a-5p -1|1 was observed in patients with advanced tumor stage and poor survival. Furthermore, miR-30a-5p -1|1 could promote the metastasis of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by down-regulating TMEM66. In clinical samples, decreased expression of TMEM66 was characteristic of gastric cancer, and the low level of TMEM66 correlated with deceased CD8 positive cells in the tumor microenvironment probably due to decreased cytokines production. In conclusion, the variety of miR-30a-5p isoforms correlates with worse survival in gastric cancer patients. Moreover, miR-30a-5p -1|1 could promote gastric cancer metastasis by inhibiting TMEM66 and the infiltration of intratumoral CD8 positive cells.

Effects of electrolyte balance on intestinal barrier, amino acid metabolism, and mTORC1 signaling pathway in piglets fed low-protein diets.

A proper dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) is essential to ensure optimal growth performance of piglets. In the low-protein diet, this balance may be affected by the reduction of soybean meal and the inclusion of high levels of synthetic amino acids. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dEB of low-protein diets and its impact on the growth performance of piglets. A total of 108 piglets (initial age of 35 d) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 6 pigs each as follows: low electrolyte diet (LE group; dEB = 150 milliequivalents [mEq]/kg); medium electrolyte diet (ME group; dEB = 250 mEq/kg); high electrolyte diet (HE group; dEB = 350 mEq/kg). Results indicated that the LE and HE diet significantly decreased the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and crude protein digestibility (P < 0.05) in piglets. Meanwhile, LE diets disrupted the structural integrity of the piglets' intestines and decreased jejunal tight junction protein (occludin and claudin-1) expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, the pH and HCO3- in the arterial blood of piglets in the LE group were lower than those in the ME and HE groups (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the LE diet significantly increased lysine content in piglet serum (P < 0.05), decreased the levels of arginine, leucine, glutamic acid, and alanine (P < 0.05), and inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway by decreasing the phosphorylation abundance of key proteins. In summary, the dietary electrolyte imbalance could inhibit the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, which might be a key factor in the influence of the dEB on piglet growth performance and intestinal health. Moreover, second-order polynomial (quadratic) regression analysis showed that the optimal dEB of piglets in the low-protein diet was 250 to 265 mEq/kg.

Application of a hybrid algorithm of LSTM and Transformer based on random search optimization for improving rainfall-runoff simulation.

Flood forecasting using traditional physical hydrology models requires consideration of multiple complex physical processes including the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall, the spatial heterogeneity of watershed sub-surface characteristics, and runoff generation and routing behaviours. Data-driven models offer novel solutions to these challenges, though they are hindered by difficulties in hyperparameter selection and a decline in prediction stability as the lead time extends. This study introduces a hybrid model, the RS-LSTM-Transformer, which combines Random Search (RS), Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM), and the Transformer architecture. Applied to the typical Jingle watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, this model utilises rainfall and runoff data from basin sites to simulate flood processes, and its outcomes are compared against those from RS-LSTM, RS-Transformer, RS-BP, and RS-MLP models. It was evaluated against RS-LSTM, RS-Transformer, RS-BP, and RS-MLP models using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (NSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Bias percentage as metrics. At a 1-h lead time during calibration and validation, the RS-LSTM-Transformer model achieved NSE, RMSE, MAE, and Bias values of 0.970, 14.001m3/s, 5.304m3/s, 0.501% and 0.953, 14.124m3/s, 6.365m3/s, 0.523%, respectively. These results demonstrate the model's superior simulation capabilities and robustness, providing more accurate peak flow forecasts as the lead time increases. The study highlights the RS-LSTM-Transformer model's potential in flood forecasting and the advantages of integrating various data-driven approaches for innovative modelling.

Interpretable baseflow segmentation and prediction based on numerical experiments and deep learning.

Baseflow is a crucial water source in the inland river basins of high-cold mountainous region, playing a significant role in maintaining runoff stability. It is challenging to select the most suitable baseflow separation method in data-scarce high-cold mountainous region and to evaluate effects of climate factors and underlying surface changes on baseflow variability and seasonal distribution characteristics. Here we attempt to address how meteorological factors and underlying surface changes affect baseflow using the Grey Wolf Optimizer Digital Filter Method (GWO-DFM) for rapid baseflow separation and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model for baseflow prediction, clarifying interpretability of the LSTM model in baseflow forecasting. The proposed method was successfully implemented using a 63-year time series (1958-2020) of flow data from the Tai Lan River (TLR) basin in the high-cold mountainous region, along with 21 years of ERA5-land meteorological data and MODIS data (2000-2020). The results indicate that: (1) GWO-DFM can rapidly identify the optimal filtering parameters. It employs the arithmetic average of three methods, namely Chapman, Chapman-Maxwell and Eckhardt filter, as the best baseflow separation approach for the TLR basin. Additionally, the baseflow significantly increases after the second mutation of the baseflow rate. (2) Baseflow sources are mainly influenced by precipitation infiltration, glacier frozen soil layers, and seasonal ponding. (3) Solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and NDVI are the primary factors influencing baseflow changes, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients exceeding 0.78 in both the LSTM model training and prediction periods. (4) Changes in baseflow are most influenced by solar radiation, temperature, and NDVI. This study systematically analyzes the changes in baseflow and response mechanisms in high-cold mountainous region, contributing to the management of water resources in mountainous basins under changing environmental conditions.

Quality evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for placenta accreta spectrum disorders.

Introduction: We evaluated the quality of the published clinical practice guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders to provide reference for the development of high-quality PAS guidelines. Methods: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Quality assessments were conducted using the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation (AGREE) II framework and Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) checklist. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to measure the agreement among reviewers. Results: In total, 13 guidelines from different countries, published between 2015 and 2021 were included. There included 9 official guidelines, 3 consensuses, and 1 standard reference and covered subjects including epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. The mean standardized scores across 6 domains (scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence) were 53.63%, 27.35%, 33.57%, 72.01%, 19.39% and 41.02%, respectively. Of the 13 guidelines, 11 were classified as grade B, whereas 2 as grade C. According to the RIGHT checklist, the overall reporting rate of the 13 guidelines ranged from 28.57% to 54.29%. Conclusion: The current guidelines for PAS demonstrate commendable methodological and reporting qualities. However, the methodological and reporting quality of PAS CPGs still need to be further improved, particularly in stakeholder involvement, the rigor of development, applicability, and editorial independence domains.

Effects of low protein diets on acid-base balance, electrolyte balance, intestinal structure, and amino acid transport in piglets.

Reducing the dietary crude protein (CP) could effectively reduce pressure on protein ingredient supplies. However, few data have been reported about the extent to which CP can be reduced and whether limiting the use of soybean meal leads to electrolyte imbalance. In this experiment, using the low protein (LP) diet [2% lower than NRC (2012)], seventy-two piglets (35 days old) were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates of 6 piglets each: CON group (CP = 18.5%) and LP group (CP = 16.5%), to investigate the effect of the LP diet on electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, intestinal structure and amino acid transport in piglets. The results revealed that the LP diet decreased the average daily gain and dietary CP digestibility, and damaged the villi structure of the small intestine. Compared with the CON diet, the potassium content decreased and the chlorine content increased in the LP diet, and similar trends were shown in piglet serum. The arterial pH, pCO2, HCO3 -, and base excess of piglets in the LP group were lower than those in the CON group, while pO2 was higher than those in the CON group. Interestingly, the LP diet significantly increased the lysine content in piglet serum and significantly decreased the levels of arginine, leucine, and glutamic acid. Furthermore, the LP diet significantly affected the expression of some amino acid transport vectors (B0AT1, EAAC1, and y+LAT1). In summary, these findings suggested that the LP diet leads to acid-base imbalance, amino acid transport disorder and amino acids imbalance in piglets, and the dietary electrolyte may be a key factor in the impact of the LP diet on piglet growth performance and intestinal health.

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes involve in oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction under diquat exposing.

Many factors induced by environmental toxicants have made oxidative stress a risk factor for the intestinal barrier injury and growth restriction, which is serious health threat for human and livestock and induces significant economic loss. It is well-known that diquat-induced oxidative stress is implicated in the intestinal barrier injury. Although some studies have shown that mitochondria are the primary target organelle of diquat, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Recently, mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) have aroused increasing concerns among scholars, which participate in mitochondrial dynamics and signal transduction. In this study, we investigated whether MAMs involved in intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells). The results showed that diquat induced growth restriction and impaired intestinal barrier. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased and mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased following diquat exposure. The ultrastructure of mitochondria and MAMs was also disturbed. Meanwhile, diquat upregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress marker protein and activated PERK pathway. Furthermore, loosening MAMs alleviated intestinal barrier injury, decrease of antioxidant enzyme activity and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat in IPEC-J2 cells, while tightening MAMs exacerbated diquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggested that MAMs may be associated with the intestinal barrier injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by diquat in the jejunum of piglets.

Ferroptosis Altered microRNAs Expression in HT-1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells Based on Small RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis.

Iron is an essential trace element in the human body. However, excess iron is harmful and may cause ferroptosis. The expression and role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ferroptosis remain largely unknown. A model of ferroptosis induced by ferric ammonium citrate in HT-1080 cells was established in this study. The miRNAs expression profiles of the control and iron groups were obtained using small RNA sequencing and verified using qRT-PCR. A total of 1346 known miRNAs and 80 novel miRNAs were identified, including 12 up-regulated differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and 16 down-regulated DE-miRNAs. SP1 was the most important upstream transcription factor regulating DE-miRNAs. The downstream target genes of DE-miRNAs were predicted based on miRDB, TargetScan, and miRBase databases, and 403 common target genes were screened. GO annotation and KEGG analysis revealed that the target genes were mainly involved in various biological processes and regulatory pathways, especially the MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Afterwards, a target genes network was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, and the hub genes were compared with the ferroptosis database (FerrDb V2) to discover the hub genes related to ferroptosis. EGFR, GSK3B, PARP1, VCP, and SNCA were screened out. Furthermore, a DE-miRNAs-target genes network was constructed to explore key DE-miRNAs. hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, and hsa-miR-7-5p were filtered out. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs and its upstream and downstream regulation in ferroptosis in HT-1080 cells using small RNA sequencing is helpful for understanding the role of miRNAs in iron overload-related diseases and ferroptosis-targeted therapy for cancer.

Study on the response analysis of LID hydrological process to rainfall pattern based on framework for dynamic simulation of urban floods.

An in-depth analysis of the urban flood disaster level in response to different rainfall characteristics and Low Impact Development (LID) measures is of significant importance for addressing unfavorable management conditions and implementing effective flood control measures. This study proposes a dynamic urban flood simulation framework based on the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis, incorporating an active inundation seed search algorithm. The framework is calibrated and validated using nine historical urban flood events. Subsequently, the impact of rainfall patterns on urban inundation under LID measures is analyzed based on the dynamic urban flood simulation framework. The results show that the urban flood simulation framework exhibits good applicability, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.825 and 0.763 during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The extent of inundation shows little variation for rainfall events with a return period greater than 20 years, and the location of flooding is minimally affected by rainfall patterns. LID measures have a decreasing effect on urban inundation control as the return period of rainfall increases, and there are variations in hydrological responses to different rainfall patterns under the same return period. For single-peak rainfall events with the same return period, the control rates of inundation volume, flow, and infiltration decrease as the rainfall peak coefficient increases, indicating a weakening effect of LID measures on flood control with increasing rainfall peak coefficient. Under the same return period conditions, LID measures exhibit the best runoff control effect for uniform rainfall, while their effectiveness is lower for double-peak rainfall events and single-peak rainfall events with an r = 0.75 coefficient. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for urban flood warning and management of Low Impact Development measures.

Knowledge and practices related to salt consumption in China: findings from a national representative cross-sectional survey.

There is limited information on the knowledge and practice of salt-reduction in China. The purpose of this study was to describe the status of the knowledge and practice of salt-reduction among the Chinese population from a nationally representative survey stratified according to hypertension status. The association between hypertensive status and salt-reduction knowledge and practice was calculated using multivariate hierarchical logistic regression adjusting for related confounders. The study included 179,834 participants; 51.7% were women, and the mean age was 44 years. The levels of overall salt-reduction knowledge (7.9%) and practice (37.1%) were low. The percentage of the use of salt-control spoons and low-sodium salt was 10.7% and 12.2%. The aging population (≥60 years) had the lowest levels of salt-reduction knowledge (5.7%) than other age groups (P < 0.0001). People living in rural areas (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.81) had lower odds of using salt-control spoons. Females (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.36) had higher odds of using salt-control spoons. People living in rural areas (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.63) had lower odds of using low-sodium salt. Females (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.41) and people living in the southern region (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.83) had higher odds of using low-sodium salt. Our work highlights the need to promote education related to hypertension, salt-reduction knowledge and methods among the public and the need to strengthen strategies for the popularization of salt-reduction knowledge and practices among males, people living in rural areas, people living in the northern region and the aging population in China.

Deoxynivalenol induced intestinal barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination is widespread in crops and could easily cause intestinal injury, which brings hazards to animals. Mitochondria are considered as an important target of DON, nevertheless, the mechanism is still unclear. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) have gained arousing interest and are recognized as critical signaling hubs that control calcium signaling transduction between ER and mitochondria. This study aims to investigate the effects of DON on intestinal barrier, mitochondria, MAMs and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs)-mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) calcium axis in piglets and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Furthermore, inhibition of IP3Rs or MCU was used to explore whether IP3Rs-MCU axis of MAMs was involved in the mitochondria dysfunction and intestinal epithelium barrier injury induced by DON in IPEC-J2. The data showed that DON induced intestinal barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS in piglets' jejunum and IPEC-J2. Moreover, DON increased MAMs by upregulating the protein level of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), increasing the percentage of mitochondria with MAMs/total mitochondria and the ratio of MAMs length/mitochondrial perimeter and shortening the distance between mitochondria and ER of MAMs. Importantly, DON influenced IP3Rs-glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)-voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)-MCU calcium axis by increasing the protein levels of GRP75 and MCU and the interaction of VDAC1-GRP75-IP3Rs complex, which in turn induced mitochondrial calcium overload. Furthermore, inhibition of IP3Rs or MCU alleviated DON-induced intestinal epithelium barrier injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial calcium overload of IPEC-J2. The current investigation proposed that DON induced intestinal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload via IP3Rs-GRP75-VDAC1-MCU calcium axis.

GW1929 (an agonist of PPARγ) inhibits excessive production of reactive oxygen species in cisplatin-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells, hampers cell apoptosis, and ameliorates renal injury.

Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has long been explored for development of preventative and therapeutic drugs. The current investigation focused on the renal protective effect of GW1929, an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ), on cisplatin-induced kidney injury. HK2 cells treated with 20 µM cisplatin and C57BL/6 mice injected with 20 mg/kg cisplatin were used as the cell model and animal model for acute kidney injury. HK2 cell viability after cisplatin or GW1929 (0-80 µM) treatment was tested using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays. Flow cytometry analysis and TUNEL assays were used to measure cell apoptosis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured through fluorescence intensities. Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were measured to evaluate the renal function of mice. For renal morphology observation and cell apoptosis assessment in vivo, hematoxylin-eosin staining and TUNEL assays were conducted. The concentrations of oxidative stress markers in renal samples were measured using colorimetric tests. It was found that GW1929 dose-dependently enhanced protein levels of PPARγ, PGC-1α and TFEB in HK2 cells. Meanwhile, intracellular ROS overproduction, the decrease in cell viability and excessive cell apoptosis mediated by cisplatin were reversed by GW1929. For in vivo experiments, GW1929 notably attenuated cisplatin-stimulated nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress while reducing BUN and Scr levels in cisplatin-challenged model mice. Moreover, GW1929 significantly dampened renal cell apoptosis in vivo. GW1929 mitigates renal tubular epithelial cell injury and renal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and renal cell apoptosis.

Lactobacillus plantarum Decreased Ammonia Emissions through Modulating Cecal Microbiotain Broilers Challenged with Ammonia.

Probiotic supplementation has become a prominent method of decreasing ammonia emissions in poultry production. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum on ammonia emission, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, cecal microflora and short chain fatty acids, and serum metabolites in broilers challenged with ammonia. A total of 360 1-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into three treatment groups: birds fed with a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with ammonia (AN), and a basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × 108 CFU L. plantarum kg-1 and challenged with ammonia (LP). Data showed that L. plantarum supplementation decreased ammonia more than 30% from day 48, and significantly reduced the levels of serum urea nitrogen and ammonia, fecal urease, and ammonium nitrogen compared with those on CON. Compared with AN and CON treatments, LP administration increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY), IgM, and IL-10, as well as the serum total-antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and GSH-Px, and decreased (p < 0.05) IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, birds supplemented with LP had higher (p < 0.05) cecal contents of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) than AN birds and had more butyrate than CON birds. Data from 16s high throughput sequencing showed that LP supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the Shannon and Simpson indices of bird cecal microflora, and Alloprevotella dominated the LP birds. The function prediction of cecal microflora indicated that LP treatment significantly increased alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, exosome, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, DNA repair and recombination proteins, and amino acid-related enzymes. The serum metabolome showed that LP supplementation significantly changed the aminoacyl-tRNA, pantothenate and acetyl-coenzyme A, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; purine, beta-alanine, galactose, histidine, alanine, aspartate and glutamate, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, pyruvate and thiamine metabolism, melanogenesis, and citrate cycle.