Detection of NTRK gene fusions in solid tumors: recommendations from a Latin American group of oncologists and pathologists.

NTRK gene fusions have been detected in more than 25 types of tumors and their prevalence is approximately 0.3% in solid tumors. This low prevalence makes identifying patients who could benefit from TRK inhibitors a considerable challenge. Furthermore, while numerous papers on the evaluation of NTRK fusion genes are available, not all countries have guidelines that are suitable for their setting, as is the case with Latin America. Therefore, a group of oncologists and pathologists from several countries in Latin America (Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay) met to discuss and reach consensus on how to identify patients with NTRK gene fusions in solid tumors. To do so, they developed a practical algorithm, considering their specific situation and limitations.

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa in the practice of the paediatric dentist.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to highlight the usefulness of the clinical examination of the oral cavity for the diagnostic suspicion of anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), being of main interest to the paediatric dentist and paediatrician due to the early onset of symptoms in Eating Disorders (EDs). METHOD: A systematic search, applying PICO question, was carried out in biomedical and other electronic databases from 2005 to 2020. Both case reports and case series of patients under 65 years of age with AN and BN were included. Data were extracted and statistically analysed. RESULTS: A sample of 111 studies was obtained (n = 192; 92.78% female). The most prevalent diagnosis was restrictive type AN (n = 110; 57.29%). Only 16 (8.33%) patients had been clinically examined at the oral cavity, indicating the presence or absence of oral manifestations (OM) and showing dental erosion (n = 10) as the most frequent. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of information about the oral examination of anorexic and bulimic patients. Dental erosion and other oral manifestations can help us to make an early ED diagnosis. Clinical observation and basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) Index are necessary steps to detect and record any anomaly in oral cavity during the evaluation of these patients.

Neoplasia tiroidea folicular no invasiva con características nucleares de tipo papilar (NIFTP): Reporte de un caso / Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papil-lary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): A case report

Introducción: En la última década ha habido un incremento en la incidencia del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, especialmente de microcarcinomas, cuyo comportamiento suele ser indolente, existiendo sobrediagnósticos y terapias agresivas innecesarias con grandes implicaciones económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir un caso de un paciente con una neoplasia tiroidea con bajo potencial maligno, cuyo tratamiento es netamente quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Hombre de 36 años sometido a cirugía por nódulo tiroideo clasificado Bethesda VI donde la histopatológica postquirúrgica evidenció una neoplasia tiroidea folicular no invasiva con características nucleares papilar (NIFTP). La evolución fue favorable, no necesitó sustitución de levo tiroxina ni yodo radioactivo. Discusión: Las variantes foliculares no invasivas del CPT tienen un potencial maligno muy bajo, por lo que la ATA la clasificó como neoplasia de bajo riesgo cuyo tratamiento es netamente quirúrgico, cambiando su nombre a NIFTP. Conclusión: NIFTP tiene excelente pronóstico, siendo suficiente la hemitiroidectomía en la mayoría de los casos.

Introduction: In the last decade, there has been an increase in the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer, especially microcarcinomas, whose behavior is usually indolent, with overdiagnosis and unnecessary aggressive therapies with significant economic implications. This study's objective was to describe a patient with a thyroid neoplasm with low malignant potential whose treatment is purely surgical. Clinical case: A 36-year-old man underwent surgery for a thyroid nodule classified Bethesda VI, where the post-surgical histopathology showed a non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with nuclear papillary characteristics (NIFTP). The evolution was favorable; he did not need the substitution of levothyroxine or radioactive iodine. Discussion: Non-invasive follicular variants of PTC have a meager malignant potential, so the ATA classified it as a low-risk neoplasm whose treatment is purely surgical, changing its name to NIFTP. Conclusion: NIFTP has an excellent prognosis, hemithyroidectomy being sufficient in most cases.

Linfoma T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico: Reporte de Caso / Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T lymphoma: A case report / Linfoma T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico: relato de caso

Introducción: El linfoma de células T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico es una neoplasia derivada de linfocitos intraepiteliales. La etiología es desconocida, pero se ha asociado a enfermedad celíaca o a síndrome de malabsorción, aunque en la actualidad se considera un linfoma esporádico. La histopatología se caracteriza por linfocitos de tamaño intermedio a pequeño, con mínimo pleomorfismo, que generalmente expresan CD8 y CD56. Reporte de caso: Mujer de 60 años con dispepsia de larga evolución, fue ingresada por dolor abdominal agudo, diarrea, nausea, vómito bilioso y pérdida de peso. En los estudios se determinó anemia microcítica hipocrómica y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Se evidenció por tomografía de abdomen una lesión nodular esplénica y engrosamiento concéntrico segmentario de yeyuno e íleon distal asociado a la presencia de líquido libre en cavidad abdominal, se consideró una masa tumoral. Evolución: Se realizó una laparotomía exploratoria con resección de yeyuno-transverso, en patología se determinó la presencia de 3 tumores: a nivel de yeyuno de 16x8.5x6 cm, en el íleon distal de 13x6.5x3 cm y en el ciego de 5x4x2cm con histología de linfoma no Hodgkin T de alto grado, intestinal primario, de tipo monomórfico epiteliotrópico (MEITL). Fue dada de alta diez días después. Dos semanas luego desarrollo sepsis de foco urinario, deshidratación, síndrome de intestino corto, hiper-amonemia y neumonía de focos múltiples con derrame pleural bilateral. Falleció al sexto día de hospitalización. Conclusiones: El MEITL es una neoplasia agresiva primaria intestinal de reciente identificación y pobre pronóstico. No se conocen en su totalidad los mecanismos moleculares asociados a esta entidad. El caso presentado demostró un curso clínico similar al reportado en la literatura.

Introduction: Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma is a derived neoplasia of intraepithelial lymphocytes. The etiology is unknown, but it has been associated with celiac disease or malabsorption syndrome, although it is currently considered a sporadic lymphoma. Histopatholo-gy is characterized by medium to small lymphocytes with minimal pleo-morphism, which generally express CD8 and CD56. Case report: A 60-year-old woman with long-standing dyspepsia was admitted for acute abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, bilious vomiting, and weight loss. In the studies, hypochromic microcytic anemia and fluid and electrolyte imbalance were determined. A splenic nodular lesion and segmental concentric thickening of the jejunum and distal ileum associated with the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity was evidenced by abdominal tomography, it was considered a tumor mass. Evolution: An exploratory laparotomy was performed with transverse jejunum resection, in pathol-ogy the presence of 3 tumors was determined: at the jejunum level of 16x8.5x6 cm, in the distal ileum of 13x6.5x3 cm and in the cecum of 5x4x2cm with histology of high-grade non-Hodgkin T lymphoma, primary intestinal, epitheliotropic monomorphic type (MEITL). She was discharged ten days later. Two weeks later, she developed sepsis with a urinary focus, dehydration, short bowel syn-drome, hyper-amonemia, and multiple-focus pneumonia with bilateral pleural effusion. He died on the sixth day of hospitalization. Conclusions: MEITL is a recently identified aggressive primary intestinal neoplasm and poor prog-nosis. The molecular mechanisms associated with this entity are not fully known. The case presented showed a clinical course similar to that reported in the literature.

Introdução: O linfoma intestinal monomórfico epiteliotrópico de células T é uma neoplasia derivada de linfócitos intraepiteliais. A etiologia é desconhecida, mas tem sido associada à doença celíaca ou síndrome de má absorção, embora seja atualmente considerado um linfoma esporádico. A histopatologia é caracterizada por linfócitos médios a pequenos com pleomorfismo mínimo, que geralmente expressam CD8 e CD56. Relato do caso: Mulher de 60 anos com dispepsia de longa data foi admitida por dor abdominal aguda, diarreia, náuseas, vômitos biliosos e perda de peso. Nos estudos, foram determinados a anemia microcítica hipocrômica e o desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Lesão nodular esplênica e espessamento concêntrico segmentar do jejuno e íleo distal associado à presença de líquido livre na cavidade abdominal foi evidenciado pela tomografia abdominal, considerada massa tumoral. Evolução: Foi realizada laparotomia exploradora com ressecção transversa do jejuno, na anatomia patológica foi determinada a presença de 3 tumores: ao nível do jejuno de 16x8,5x6 cm, no íleo distal de 13x6,5x3 cm e no ceco de 5x4x2cm com histologia de epiteliotrópico monomórfico monomórfico tipo linfoma T intestinal primário não-Hodgkin (MEITL). Ela teve alta dez dias depois. Duas semanas depois, desenvolvimento de sepse de foco urinário, desidratação, síndrome do intestino curto, hiperamonemia e pneumonia de foco múltiplo com derrame pleural bilateral. Ele morreu no sexto dia de internação. Conclusões: MEITL é uma neoplasia intestinal primária agressiva recentemente identificada e de mau prognóstico. Os mecanismos moleculares associados a esta entidade não são totalmente conhecidos. O caso apresentado apresentou evolução clínica semelhante à relatada na literatura.

Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.

Utilidad diagnóstica de la biopsia de médula ósea en pediatría / Diagnostic utility of biopsy of bone marrow in Pediatry

La biopsia de médula ósea (BMO) es un procedimiento invasivo que ha ganado campo en la práctica médica ya que se realiza para el diagnóstico, estadificación y seguimiento de enfermedades hematológicas y no hematológicas, benignas o neoplásicas, entre otros. El objetivo fue establecer el rol de la BMO en las hemopatías en Pediatría en el ION SOLCA Guayaquil- Ecuador. Se utilizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo donde se incluyeron a todos los pacientes pediátricos menores de 18 años de edad que se sometieron a BMO, desde Julio de 2014 a Julio de 2017 en el hospital. De las 1511 BMO realizadas en el periodo de estudio, 869 correspondieron a biopsias pediátricas, de las cuales el 57,08% fueron varones. La edad mediana fue 5 (RIC: 3-10) años. El tamaño promedio de la BMO fue de 0,74 (0,1-2,5) cm, con una celularidad media de 20% (4-100%). El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue la fiebre (22,67%). En el hemograma se detectó más frecuentemente bicitopenia (44,65%) y pancitopenia (24,63%). La Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA) fue la enfermedad hematológica maligna más comúnmente encontrada (19,59%). Solo un 0,12% correspondió al grupo de Síndromes Mielodisplásicos (SMD), mientras que un 0,23% fueron Neoplasias Mieloproliferativas (NMP). El 26,93% de las biopsias no fueron aptas para el diagnóstico, el 48,45% se encontraron libres de enfermedad de base. La enfermedad oncohematológica pediátrica más frecuente es la LLA, mientras que los SMD y las NMP son infrecuentes. El rol del patólogo y de la BMO es fundamental en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades hematológicas, siempre en integración con la clínica y los exámenes complementarios.

Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is an invasive procedure that has gained ground in medical practice since it is performed for the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of hematological and non-hematological, benign or neoplastic diseases, among others. This work aims to establish the role of the BMB in hematological diseases in Pediatrics in the ION SOLCA Guayaquil ­ Ecuador. A non-experimental design study, descriptive type was used, that included all pediatric patients under 18 years of age who submitted a BMB, from July 2014 to July 2017 in the hospital. Of the 1511 BMB performed in the study period, 869 corresponded to pediatric biopsies, of which 57.08% belong to male patients. The median age was 5 (interquartile range: 3 - 10) years. The average size of the BMB was 0.74 (0.1 - 2.5) cm, with an average cellularity of 20% (4 - 100%). The most frequent reason for consultation was fever (22.67%). In the complete blood count, bicytopenia (44.65%) and pancytopenia (24.63%) were detected most commonly. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent malignant hematologic disease (19.59%). Only 0.12% corresponded to the group of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), while 0.23% were Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN). 26.93% of the biopsies were not apt for diagnosis, 48.45% were free of base disease. The most cfrequent pediatric onco-hematologic disease is ALL, while MDS and MPN are infrequent. The role of the pathologist and the BMP is fundamental in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, always in integration with the clinic and complementary examinations.

Knowledge of oral cancer among the community served during the stomatological lesion prevention campaign conducted at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil - Ecuador.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge on oral cancer and level of preventive care among the population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate 408 individuals through a face-to-face survey at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil during the 2016 academic year. Sixty-one percent (61%) of respondents said they knew of the existence of oral cancer, but 56.1% did not know that 'white spots' in the oral cavity could become malignant, and 50.7% did not know that 'lumps'could be oral cancer. Moreover, 81.8% said they had never undergone screening for oral cancer. This shows the continued need to implement preventive measures such as educating patients in self-examination of the oral cavity, intensifying prevention campaigns and raising awareness among dentists regarding their responsibility in early detection.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de la población sobre el cáncer bucal y evaluar el nivel de atención preventiva. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal que evaluó 408 individuos a través de una encuesta de forma personal. El estudio se realizó en la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil durante el periodo lectivo 2016. El 61% de los encuestados indicaron conocer la existencia del cáncer bucal, sin embargo 56,1% ignoraban que las "manchas blancas" en cavidad bucal podrían malignizar; 50,7% desconocían que los "bultos"podrían ser un cáncer bucal. Por otra parte, el 81,8% respondieron nunca haber sido sometidos a un examen de prevención contra el cáncer bucal. Esto nos muestra que es necesario continuar estableciendo medidas preventivas tales como educar a los pacientes en la realización de un autoexamen de la cavidad bucal, intensificar las campañas de prevención y concientizar a los odontólogos en cuanto a su responsabilidad en la detección precoz.

Knowledge of oral cancer among the community served during the stomatological lesion prevention campaign conducted at Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil - Ecuador

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge on oral cancer and level of preventive care among the population. A descriptive crosssectional study was performed to evaluate 408 individuals through a facetoface survey at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil during the 2016 academic year. Sixtyone percent (61%) of respondents said they knew of the existence of oral cancer, but 56.1% did not know that 'white spots' in the oral cavity could become malignant, and 50.7% did not know that 'lumps' could be oral cancer. Moreover, 81.8% said they had never undergone screening for oral cancer. This shows the continued need to implement preventive measures such as educating patients in selfexamination of the oral cavity, intensifying prevention campaigns and raising awareness among dentists regarding their responsibility in early detection (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el nivel de cono cimiento de la población sobre el cáncer bucal y evaluar el nivel de atención preventiva. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal que evaluó 408 individuos a través de una encuesta de forma personal. El estudio se realizó en la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil durante el periodo lectivo 2016. El 61% de los encuestados indicaron conocer la existencia del cáncer bucal, sin embargo 56,1% ignoraban que las "manchas blancas" en cavidad bucal podrían malignizar; 50,7% desconocían que los "bultos" podrían ser un cáncer bucal. Por otra parte, el 81,8% respondieron nunca haber sido sometidos a un examen de prevención contra el cáncer bucal. Esto nos muestra que es necesario continuar estableciendo medidas preventivas tales como educar a los pacientes en la realización de un autoexamen de la cavidad bucal, intensificar las campañas de prevención y concientizar a los odontólogos en cuanto a su responsabilidad en la detec ción precoz (AU)

SOXC and MiR17-92 gene expression profiling defines two subgroups with different clinical outcome in mantle cell lymphoma.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous B-cell lymphoid malignancy where most patients follow an aggressive clinical course whereas others are associated with an indolent performance. SOX4, SOX11, and SOX12 belong to SOXC family of transcription factors involved in embryonic neurogenesis and tissue remodeling. Among them, SOX11 has been found aberrantly expressed in most aggressive MCL patients, being considered a reliable biomarker in the pathology. Several studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRs) from the miR-17-92 cluster are among the most deregulated miRNAs in human cancers, still little is known about this cluster in MCL. In this study we screened the transcriptional profiles of 70 MCL patients for SOXC cluster and miR17, miR18a, miR19b and miR92a, from the miR-17-92 cluster. Gene expression analysis showed higher SOX11 and SOX12 levels compared to SOX4 (P ≤ 0.0026). Moreover we found a negative correlation between the expression of SOX11 and SOX4 (P < 0.0001). miR17-92 cluster analysis showed that miR19b and miR92a exhibited higher levels than miR17 and miR18a (P < 0.0001). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two subgroups with significant differences in relation to aggressive MCL features, such as blastoid morphological variant (P = 0.0412), nodal presentation (P = 0.0492), CD5(+) (P = 0.0004) and shorter overall survival (P < 0.0001). Together, our findings show for the first time an association between the differential expression profiles of SOXC and miR17-92 clusters in MCL and also relate them to different clinical subtypes of the disease adding new biological information that may contribute to a better understanding of this pathology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sífilis secundaria: lesiones orales como única manifestación. Informe de caso en adolescente / Secondary syphilis: oral lesions as the only physical feature: case report in an adolescent

Comunicar un caso clínico poco frecuente para contribuir al conocimiento de las características clínico-diagnósticas de las manifestaciones bucales de la sífilis y del abordaje terapéutico de esta patología. Caso clínico: una paciente femenina de 15 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos, fue derivada a la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, por lesiones orales de 30 días de evolución. Clínicamente, se observaron rosáceas en filtrum, escamas en semimucosa labial, pápulas y erosiones; además, se hallaron adenopatías submaxilares bilaterales y occipitales. Se solicitaron hemograma completo, eritrosedimentación, VDRI cuantitativa y cualitativa, FTA-abs y prueba de Elisa para VIH. Tras los resultados, la paciente fue derivada a un servicio de infectología, con diagnóstico presuntivo de secundarismo sifilítico. Allí recibió tratamiento con penicilina G benzatínica 2.400.000 Ul en dosis única. Conclusión: el diagnóstico oportuno y un tratamiento precoz evitan las complicaciones serias y la diseminación de la enfermedad...