Pediatric Epistaxis and Its Correlation Between Air Pollutants in Beijing From 2014 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Epistaxis is a common symptom in children. The effect of air pollution on epistaxis is not yet clear. OBJECTIVES: To explore the characteristics of pediatric epistaxis in Beijing and its correlation with air pollutants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from 2014 to 2017 in Otolaryngology Department of Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Children diagnosed with epistaxis with relevant information with the same period of municipal air pollutants' concentration were compared. RESULTS: The annual visits of epistaxis showed a bimodal trend. The incidence of epistaxis in infants was low, increased with age, reached the peak between the ages of 4 to 5, and then gradually decreased with age. In different age groups, male patients were more than females. From 2014 to 2017 in Beijing, particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5), particulate matter less than 10 µm in diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) showed a downtrend, lower in summer than in the other 3 seasons. Ozone (O3) was significantly higher in 2016 and 2017, showed an increase trend in summer. The incidence of epistaxis was negatively correlated with PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO, which was positively correlated with O3 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric epistaxis in Beijing changes with age and has obvious seasonal variation. There are some correlations between air pollutants and the incidence of epistaxis in children.

[Study on selenium contents of typical selenium-rich soil in the middle area of Zhejiang and its influencing factors].

Based on the study of typical selenium-rich soil in the middle area of Zhejiang province, the influencing factors of selenium contents were summarized. We found that the selenium contents were controlled by the geological background. It was much higher in Tangxi, Zhijiang, and Jinhua than in other geological background regions. In addition, the contents of selenium in soil under different land use types showed a great difference. The content in the dry land was much more enriched than that in the paddy field. Further research showed that selenium was closely related to soil organic matter because of its adsorption and fixation. Moreover, we found that the soil texture was another important influencing factor. Selenium contents increased with increasing content of clay in the soil.

[Analysis of intractable cough in 128 children].

OBJECTIVE: To disclose the etiological factors and to investigate the therapeutical effect on nasal disorders in 128 children with intractable cough. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight children with intractable cough were consulted by ENT doctors using electronic nasopharyngoscope, for those children with nasal diseases, relevant treatment was given. RESULTS: Among 128 children, one hundred and sixteen had nasal disorders. Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) was diagnosed in 92 cases (71.9%), nasal disorders without UACS was diagnosed in 24 cases (18.7%), no nasal disorders were found in 12 cases (9.4%). Among children with UACS, allergic rhinitis was diagnosed in 76 cases, rhino-sinusitis in 39 cases, adenoid hypertrophy in 54 cases, and chronic rhinitis in 8 cases. However, for those children without UACS, 10 cases had chronic rhinitis and 14 cases had allergic rhinitis. Clinical symptoms, signs and the findings of electronic nasopharyngoscope were analyzed in 92 children with UACS. The results showed that regular cough occurred in 62 cases, nasal disease in 65 cases, subjective feeling of postnasal discharge in 18 cases, mouth breathing or snoring in 32 cases, purulent secretion in nasal meatus in 61 cases, retropharyngeal folliculosis in 58 cases, purulent secretion in pharynges detected from pharynx in 41 cases, and purulent or viscosity secretion were found in 91 cases by first electronic nasopharyngoscopy. After 14 days of treatment, the children with UACS (90/92) had significant higher remission rate (chi² = 32.21, P = 0.000) in cough than those who had nasal disorders but without UACS (13/24). CONCLUSIONS: The nasal disorders, especially for UACS, were common in children with intractable cough. The therapy to nasal disorders could release the chronic cough symptoms in children with intractable cough.

[Analysis of the causes of pediatric rhino-source diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical features of pediatric rhino-source diseases for reducing missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. METHOD: Data of 3588 children with rhino-source diseases seen from April 2005 to May 2006 were retrospectively analyzed in this study in order to disclose the relationship of etiological factor, clinical features and diagnosis. RESULT: Among all these cases, 2090 complained of nasal discomfort including nasal obstruction, discharge, rhinalgia and epistaxis. However 1498 cases (41.76%) did not, of whom 470 cases had snoring and apnea, 332 cases of otalgia and otorrhea, 145 cases had chronic cough, 138 had headache and 92 had lower respiratory infection. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of children who suffered from pediatric rhino-source disease did not develop nasal symptoms. Pediatric rhino-source disease should be considered for patients in whom the therapeutic effect is unexpectedly poor.