Upregulation of LncRNA UCA1 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation by inhibiting the miR-128/SUZ12/P27 pathway.

Enhancing cardiomyocyte proliferation is essential to reverse or slow down the heart failure progression in many cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation. In particular, lncRNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (lncUCA1) played multiple roles in regulating cell cycle progression and cardiovascular diseases, making lncUCA1 a potential target for promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation. However, the role of lncUCA1 in cardiomyocyte proliferation remains unknown. This study aimed at exploring the function and underlying molecular mechanism of lncUCA1 in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that lncUCA1 expression decreased in postnatal hearts. Gain-and-loss-of-function experiments showed that lncUCA1 positively regulated cardiomyocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The bioinformatics program identified miR-128 as a potential target of lncUCA1, and loss of miR-128 was reported to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation by inhibiting the SUZ12/P27 pathway. Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunostaining experiments further revealed that lncUCA1 acted as a ceRNA of miR-128 to upregulate its target SUZ12 and downregulate P27, thereby increasing cyclin B1, cyclin E, CDK1 and CDK2 expression to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. In conclusion, upregulation of lncRNA UCA1 promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation by inhibiting the miR-128/SUZ12/P27 pathway. Our results indicated that lncUCA1 might be a new therapeutic target for stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation.

Induction of astrocyte reactivity promotes neurodegeneration in human pluripotent stem cell models.

Reactive astrocytes are known to exert detrimental effects upon neurons in several neurodegenerative diseases, yet our understanding of how astrocytes promote neurotoxicity remains incomplete, especially in human systems. In this study, we leveraged human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) models to examine how reactivity alters astrocyte function and mediates neurodegeneration. hPSC-derived astrocytes were induced to a reactive phenotype, at which point they exhibited a hypertrophic profile and increased complement C3 expression. Functionally, reactive astrocytes displayed decreased intracellular calcium, elevated phagocytic capacity, and decreased contribution to the blood-brain barrier. Subsequently, co-culture of reactive astrocytes with a variety of neuronal cell types promoted morphological and functional alterations. Furthermore, when reactivity was induced in astrocytes from patient-specific hPSCs (glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), the reactive state exacerbated astrocytic disease-associated phenotypes. These results demonstrate how reactive astrocytes modulate neurodegeneration, significantly contributing to our understanding of a role for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases.

CircSorbs1 regulates myocardial regeneration and reduces cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity through the Mir-99/GATA4 pathway.

Due to the cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity, heart failure following cancer therapy has a significant mortality rate. Gene-targeted therapy promotes the re-entry of existing cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle to achieve myocardial regeneration, which is a promising strategy for preventing and treating heart failure after myocardial infarction. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered as potential targets for myocardial regeneration due to their strong stability, resistance to degradation, and potential role in heart development and cardiovascular diseases. By comparing the myocardial tissue of mice in the sham operation group and the Doxorubicin therapy group (DOX), we observed a significant decrease in Cirsorbs expression in the DOX group. Cirsorbs was predominantly localized in cardiomyocytes and exhibited high conservation. Subsequent investigations revealed that Cirsorbs could promote myocardial proliferation and inhibit myocardial apoptosis. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that Cirsorbs could bind to miR99 and reduce its expression level. Meanwhile, miR99 was found to bind to GATA4 mRNA and decrease its expression level. The binding of Cirsorbs to miR99 alleviated the repression of miR99, thereby enhancing GATA4 expression and the transcription of downstream cyclin A2 and cyclin E1. This, in turn, increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and reduced apoptosis. In conclusion, Cirsorbs holds promise as an effective target for myocardial regeneration in reducing cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity.

Microscale Normal Compression Behaviors of Clay Aggregates: A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study.

Given the limitations of micromechanical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, the normal compression process of clay aggregates was simulated under different vertical pressures (P), numbers of particles, loading methods, and environments by a Gay-Berne potential model. On the basis of the variations of particle orientation and the distribution of stacks, the evolution of deformation and stresses was elucidated. The results showed that the effects of the pressure level and loading environment on the deformation were significant. In the range of 0.1-10 MPa, the changes in the void ratio were essentially the evolution of the distribution of stacks determined by attractive short-range van der Waals interactions. The deformation under constant pressure was larger than that under step loading. Because the interactions between clay particles were mainly controlled by mechanical force when in the range of 40-100 MPa, the void ratios under various loading conditions were consistent. It was also found that changes in three-dimensional stresses during compression were dependent on those of the distribution of stacks. In the vacuum environment, owing to the lateral movement of interlocked small stacks, the horizontal stress decreased. The lateral pressure coefficients (k) were greater in an atmospheric environment because the anisotropic particle orientation was relatively less obvious. In the range of 10-100 MPa, when the loading path became longer, k was similar in vacuum but became smaller in an atmosphere. If the initial loading pressure was increased, the number of large stacks sharply increased and the anisotropy was significant in a vacuum environment, which was less prone to lateral expansion. In contrast, more consistent particle arrangements were maintained in an atmosphere. This work will be conducive to explaining experimental observations of long-term ripening.

A multi-classifier system integrated by clinico-histology-genomic analysis for predicting recurrence of papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Integrating genomics and histology for cancer prognosis demonstrates promise. Here, we develop a multi-classifier system integrating a lncRNA-based classifier, a deep learning whole-slide-image-based classifier, and a clinicopathological classifier to accurately predict post-surgery localized (stage I-III) papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) recurrence. The multi-classifier system demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy for recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared to the three single classifiers alone in the training set and in both validation sets (C-index 0.831-0.858 vs. 0.642-0.777, p < 0.05). The RFS in our multi-classifier-defined high-risk stage I/II and grade 1/2 groups is significantly worse than in the low-risk stage III and grade 3/4 groups (p < 0.05). Our multi-classifier system is a practical and reliable predictor for recurrence of localized pRCC after surgery that can be used with the current staging system to more accurately predict disease course and inform strategies for individualized adjuvant therapy.

An Ecofriendly Nature-Inspired Microcarrier for Enhancing Delivery, Stability, and Biocidal Efficacy of Phage-Based Biopesticides.

In pursuit of sustainable agricultural production, the development of environmentally friendly and effective biopesticides is essential to improve food security and environmental sustainability. Bacteriophages, as emerging biocontrol agents, offer an alternative to conventional antibiotics and synthetic chemical pesticides. The primary challenges in applying phage-based biopesticides in agricultural settings are their inherent fragility and low biocidal efficacy, particularly the susceptibility to sunlight exposure. This study addresses the aforementioned challenges by innovatively encapsulating phages in sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which are derived from plant pollen grains. The size of the apertures on SECs could be controlled through a non-thermal and rapid process, combining reinflation and vacuum infusion techniques. This unique feature facilitates the high-efficiency encapsulation and controlled release of phages under various conditions. The proposed SECs could encapsulate over 9 log PFU g-1 of phages and significantly enhance the ultraviolet (UV) resistance of phages, thereby ensuring their enhanced survivability and antimicrobial efficacy. The effectiveness of SECs encapsulated phages (T7@SECs) in preventing and treating bacterial contamination on lettuce leaves is further demonstrated, highlighting the practical applicability of this novel biopesticide in field applications. Overall, this study exploits the potential of SECs in the development of phage-based biopesticides, presenting a promising strategy to enhancing agricultural sustainability.

Rationale Design for Anchoring Pendant Groups of Zwitterionic Polymeric Medical Coatings.

A biocompatible and antifouling polymeric medical coating was developed through rational design for anchoring pendant groups for the modification of stainless steel. Zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was copolymerized individually with three anchoring monomers of carboxyl acrylamides with different alkyl spacers, including acryloylglycine (2-AE), 6-acrylamidohexanoic acid (6-AH), and 11-acrylamidoundecanoic acid (11-AU). The carboxylic acid groups are responsible for the stable grafting of copolymers onto stainless steel via a coordinative interaction with metal oxides. Due to hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, the anchoring monomers enable the formation of self-assembling structures in solution and at a metallic interface, which can play an important role in the thin film formation and functionality of the coatings. Therefore, surface characterizations of anchoring monomers on stainless steel were conducted to analyze the packing density and strength of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The corresponding copolymers were synthesized, and their aggregate structures were assessed, showing micelle aggregation for copolymers with higher hydrophobic compositions. The synergistic effects of inter/intramolecular interactions and hydrophobicity of the anchoring monomers result in the diversity of the thickness, surface coverage, wettability, and friction of the polymeric coatings on stainless steel. More importantly, the antifouling properties of the coatings against bacteria and proteins were strongly correlated to thin film formation. Ultimately, the key lies in deciphering the molecular structure of the anchoring pendants in thin film formation and assessing the effectiveness of the coatings, which led to the development of medical coatings through the graft-onto approach.

A highly reproducible and efficient method for retinal organoid differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells.

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal organoids are three-dimensional cellular aggregates that differentiate and self-organize to closely mimic the spatial and temporal patterning of the developing human retina. Retinal organoid models serve as reliable tools for studying human retinogenesis, yet limitations in the efficiency and reproducibility of current retinal organoid differentiation protocols have reduced the use of these models for more high-throughput applications such as disease modeling and drug screening. To address these shortcomings, the current study aimed to standardize prior differentiation protocols to yield a highly reproducible and efficient method for generating retinal organoids. Results demonstrated that through regulation of organoid size and shape using quick reaggregation methods, retinal organoids were highly reproducible compared to more traditional methods. Additionally, the timed activation of BMP signaling within developing cells generated pure populations of retinal organoids at 100% efficiency from multiple widely used cell lines, with the default forebrain fate resulting from the inhibition of BMP signaling. Furthermore, given the ability to direct retinal or forebrain fates at complete purity, mRNA-seq analyses were then utilized to identify some of the earliest transcriptional changes that occur during the specification of these two lineages from a common progenitor. These improved methods also yielded retinal organoids with expedited differentiation timelines when compared to traditional methods. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the development of a highly reproducible and minimally variable method for generating retinal organoids suitable for analyzing the earliest stages of human retinal cell fate specification.

Lipoprotein (a)-Related Inflammatory Imbalance: A Novel Horizon for the Development of Atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The primary objective of this review is to explore the pathophysiological roles and clinical implications of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in the context of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We seek to understand how Lp(a) contributes to inflammation and arteriosclerosis, aiming to provide new insights into the mechanisms of ASCVD progression. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent research highlights Lp(a) as an independent risk factor for ASCVD. Studies show that Lp(a) not only promotes the inflammatory processes but also interacts with various cellular components, leading to endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The dual role of Lp(a) in both instigating and, under certain conditions, mitigating inflammation is particularly noteworthy. This review finds that Lp(a) plays a complex role in the development of ASCVD through its involvement in inflammatory pathways. The interplay between Lp(a) levels and inflammatory responses highlights its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention. These insights could pave the way for novel approaches in managing and preventing ASCVD, urging further investigation into Lp(a) as a therapeutic target.

Lattice-Disordered High-Entropy Alloy Engineered by Thermal Dezincification for Improved Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

A disordered crystal structure is an asymmetrical atomic lattice resulting from the missing atoms (vacancies) or the lattice misarrangement in a solid-state material. It has been widely proven to improve the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process. In the present work, due to the special physical properties (the low evaporation temperature of below 900 °C), Zn is utilized as a sacrificial component to create senary PtIrNiCoFeZn high-entropy alloy (HEA) with highly disordered lattices. The structure of the lattice-disordered PtIrNiCoFeZn HEA is characterized by the thermal diffusion scattering (TDS) in transmission electron microscope. Density functional theory calculations reveal that lattice disorder not only accelerates both the Volmer step and Tafel step during the HER process but also optimizes the intensity and distribution of projected density of states near the Fermi energy after the H2O and H adsorption. Anomalously high alkaline HER activity and stability are proven by experimental measurements. This work introduces a novel approach to preparing irregular lattices offering highly efficient HEA and a TDS characterization method to reveal the disordered lattice in materials. It provides a new route toward exploring and developing the catalytic activities of materials with asymmetrically disordered lattices.

Landform and lithospheric development contribute to the assembly of mountain floras in China.

Although it is well documented that mountains tend to exhibit high biodiversity, how geological processes affect the assemblage of montane floras is a matter of ongoing research. Here, we explore landform-specific differences among montane floras based on a dataset comprising 17,576 angiosperm species representing 140 Chinese mountain floras, which we define as the collection of all angiosperm species growing on a specific mountain. Our results show that igneous bedrock (granitic and karst-granitic landforms) is correlated with higher species richness and phylogenetic overdispersion, while the opposite is true for sedimentary bedrock (karst, Danxia, and desert landforms), which is correlated with phylogenetic clustering. Furthermore, we show that landform type was the primary determinant of the assembly of evolutionarily older species within floras, while climate was a greater determinant for younger species. Our study indicates that landform type not only affects montane species richness, but also contributes to the composition of montane floras. To explain the assembly and differentiation of mountain floras, we propose the 'floristic geo-lithology hypothesis', which highlights the role of bedrock and landform processes in montane floristic assembly and provides insights for future research on speciation, migration, and biodiversity in montane regions.

Curvature-mediated rapid extravasation and penetration of nanoparticles against interstitial fluid pressure for improved drug delivery.

Elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) within pathological tissues (e.g., tumors, obstructed kidneys, and cirrhotic livers) creates a significant hindrance to the transport of nanomedicine, ultimately impairing the therapeutic efficiency. Among these tissues, solid tumors present the most challenging scenario. While several strategies through reducing tumor IFP have been devised to enhance nanoparticle delivery, few approaches focus on modulating the intrinsic properties of nanoparticles to effectively counteract IFP during extravasation and penetration, which are precisely the stages obstructed by elevated IFP. Herein, we propose an innovative solution by engineering nanoparticles with a fusiform shape of high curvature, enabling efficient surmounting of IFP barriers during extravasation and penetration within tumor tissues. Through experimental and theoretical analyses, we demonstrate that the elongated nanoparticles with the highest mean curvature outperform spherical and rod-shaped counterparts against elevated IFP, leading to superior intratumoral accumulation and antitumor efficacy. Super-resolution microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations uncover the underlying mechanisms in which the high curvature contributes to diminished drag force in surmounting high-pressure differentials during extravasation. Simultaneously, the facilitated rotational movement augments the hopping frequency during penetration. This study effectively addresses the limitations posed by high-pressure impediments, uncovers the mutual interactions between the physical properties of NPs and their environment, and presents a promising avenue for advancing cancer treatment through nanomedicine.

ADAMTSL2 is a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for colorectal cancer: Bioinformatic analysis and experimental verification.

The ADAMTS Like 2 (ADAMTSL2) mutation has been identified to be associated with different human genetic diseases. The role of ADAMTSL2 is unclear in colorectal cancer (CRC). The study investigated the expression of ADAMTSL2 in both pan cancer and CRC, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to assess its diagnostic value. The study examined the correlation between ADAMTSL2 expression levels and clinical characteristics, as well as prognosis in CRC. The study explored potential regulatory networks involving ADAMTSL2, including its association with immune infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutational burden (TMB) / microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor stemness index (mRNAsi), and drug sensitivity in CRC. ADAMTSL2 expression was validated using GSE71187 and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). ADAMTSL2 was aberrantly expressed in pan cancer and CRC. An increased level of ADAMTSL2 expression in patients with CRC was significantly associated with the pathologic N stage (p < 0.001), pathologic stage (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), histological type (p < 0.001), and neoplasm type (p = 0.001). The high expression of ADAMTSL2 in patients with CRC was found to be significantly associated with a poorer overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.18-2.38; p = 0.004), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.14-2.11; p = 0.005) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.16-2.89; p = 0.010). The expression of ADAMTSL2 in patients with CRC (p = 0.009) was identified as an independent prognostic determinant. ADAMTSL2 was associated with extracellular matrix receptor (ECM-receptor) interaction, transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) signaling pathway, and more. ADAMTSL2 expression was correlated with immune infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, TMB / MSI and mRNAsi in CRC. ADAMTSL2 expression was significantly and negatively correlated with 1-BET-762, Trametinib, and WZ3105 in CRC. ADAMTSL2 was significantly upregulated in CRC cell lines. The high expression of ADAMTSL2 is significantly correlated with lower OS and immune infiltration of CRC. ADAMTSL2 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for CRC patients.

Case report: A successful clinical experience of transplantation of liver and kidney from a donor with myelodysplastic syndromes.

With a shortage of organs for transplant, the use of marginal donors can be an effective measure to meet the shortfall. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are considered an absolute contraindication for organ donation because of the high invasive potential. Currently, organ transplantation from donors with a past history of MDS has not been reported. In this paper, we report the successful clinical experience of one liver transplantation and two kidney transplantations, with organs donated by a 39-year-old patient diagnosed with a past history of MDS following intracranial hemorrhage. Four and a half years after transplantation, the three recipients are all doing well. However, it is still not clear to what extent organs donated by patients with a past history of MDS can be safely transplanted. This report provides support for the careful use of marginal donors. With effective treatment and full peer assessment, livers and kidneys from donors with a past history of MDS may be safely transplanted.

Radiomics signature for dynamic changes of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and macrophages in cervical cancer during chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study suggests that tumor CD8+ T cells and macrophages (defined as CD68+ cells) infiltration underwent dynamic and heterogeneous changes during concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in cervical cancer patients, which correlated with their short-term tumor response. This study aims to develop a CT image-based radiomics signature for such dynamic changes. METHODS: Thirty cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients, who were treated with CCRT followed by brachytherapy, were included in this study. Pre-therapeutic CT images were acquired. And tumor biopsies with immunohistochemistry at primary sites were performed at baseline (0 fraction (F)) and immediately after 10F. Radiomics features were extracted from the region of interest (ROI) of CT images using Matlab. The LASSO regression model with ten-fold cross-validation was utilized to select features and construct an immunomarker classifier and a radiomics signature. Their performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The changes of tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells and macrophages after 10F radiotherapy as compared to those at baseline were used to generate the immunomarker classifier (AUC= 0.842, 95% CI:0.680-1.000). Additionally, a radiomics signature was developed using 4 key radiomics features to predict the immunomarker classifier (AUC=0.875, 95% CI:0.753-0.997). The patients stratified based on this signature exhibited significant differences in treatment response (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The radiomics signature could be used as a potential predictor for the CCRT-induced dynamic alterations of CD8+ T cells and macrophages, which may provide a less invasive approach to appraise tumor immune status during CCRT in cervical cancer compared to tissue biopsy.

Porous Ceramic Metal-Based Flow Battery Composite Membrane.

In metal-based flow battery, membranes significantly impact energy conversion efficiency and security. Unfortunately, damages to the membrane occur due to gradual accumulation of metal dendrites, causing short circuits and shortening cycle life. Herein, we developed a rigid hierarchical porous ceramic flow battery composite membrane with a sub-10-nm-thick polyelectrolyte coating to achieve high ion selectivity and conductivity, to restrain dendrite, and to realize long cycle life and high areal capacity. An aqueous zinc-iron flow battery prepared using this membrane achieved an outstanding energy efficiency of >80%, exhibiting excellent long-term stability (over 1000 h) and extremely high areal capacity (260 mAh cm-2). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, in situ infrared spectroscopy, solid-state NMR analysis, and nano-computed tomography revealed that the rigid hierarchical pore structures and numerous hydrogen bonding networks in the membrane contributed to the stable operation and superior battery performance. This study contributes to the development of next-generation metal-based flow battery membranes for energy and power generation.

Novel polymorphisms in CYP4A22 associated with susceptibility to coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become a worldwide public health problem. Genetic factors are considered important risk factors for CHD. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between CYP4A22 gene polymorphism and CHD susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. METHODS: We used SNPStats online software to complete the association analysis among 962 volunteers. False-positive report probability analysis was used to confirm whether a positive result is noteworthy. Haploview software and SNPStats were used for haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium. Multi-factor dimensionality reduction was applied to evaluate the interaction between candidate SNPs. RESULTS: In overall and some stratified analyses (male, age ≤ 60 years or CHD patients complicated with hypertension), CYP4A22-rs12564525 (overall, OR = 0.83, p-value is 0.042) and CYP4A22-rs2056900 (overall, OR = 1.22, p-value is 0.032) were associated with the risk of CHD. CYP4A22-4926581 was associated with increased CHD risk only in some stratified analyses. FPRP indicated that all positive results in our study are noteworthy findings. In addition, MDR showed that the single-locus model composed of rs2056900 is the best model for predicting susceptibility to CHD. CONCLUSION: There are significant associations between susceptibility to CHD and CYP4A22 rs12564525, and rs2056900.

Eco-Friendly and Self-Sanitizing Microporous Cellulose Sponge (MCS)-Based Cooling Media for Mitigating Microbial Cross-Contamination in the Food Cold Chain.

Maintaining precise temperature control is vital for cold chain food transport, as temperature fluctuations can cause significant food safety and quality issues. During transport, ice that melts can promote the growth of microbes and their spread, resulting in microbial cross-contamination. This study developed sustainable, non-melting, self-sanitizing "ice cubes" using food grade compositions including microporous cellulose sponges (MCS) and photosensitizers, aimed at enhancing temperature regulation and minimizing microbial contamination in the cold chain. Upon absorbing water, the MCS matched traditional ice in cooling efficiency and heat absorption and exhibit remarkable mechanical and thermal durability, withstanding multiple freeze-thaw cycles and compressive stresses. The cationic MCS combined with erythrosine B demonstrated strong self-sanitizing capabilities, effectively reducing microbial cross-contamination in food models. Additionally, the release rates of photosensitizers from the MCS can be modulated by altering environmental ionic strength. This research offers viable solutions to address microbial cross-contamination challenges in current cold chain systems.

Insights into the potential mechanism of liquid nitrogen spray freezing's influence on volatile compounds in surimi gels with different cross-linking degrees: Focus on oxidation, protein structure, intermolecular force and free amino acid alterations.

This study revealed the variations in odor characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different cross-linked surimi gels under liquid nitrogen (LN) spray freezing. The results demonstrated that LN spray freezing had an essential effect on the gels' odor. The odor changes in the -80 °C LN spray freezing group were closer to the control group, while -35 °C LN spray freezing treatment had the greatest impact on the aroma quality of gels. Freezing reduced gels' texture properties, intensified lipid and protein oxidation, altered protein conformation, increased surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic interactions. These changes affected the gels' odor characteristics, leading to a reduction in fish aroma and an increase in fishy and oil odors after freezing. These tendencies were more pronounced at -35 °C LN spray freezing with lower cross-linking degrees, and reducing the freezing temperature to -80 °C and increasing the cross-linking degree to 62.99% mitigated the extent of deterioration in gel flavor quality.