A systematic review of the implementation of healthy food retail interventions in settings with multiple food retail outlets (complex food retail settings).

Complex food retail settings, where multiple food retail outlets operate in close proximity are common. Despite their ubiquity, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding healthy food retail interventions implemented within these settings. Furthermore, understanding the factors affecting the implementation of interventions in these settings remains limited. This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and describe complex food retail settings where interventions were implemented to promote the healthiness of foods purchased, (2) synthesise the evidence on the effectiveness of the interventions implemented, and (3) identify enablers and barriers to the implementation of the interventions in these settings. Four databases, namely, MEDLINE Complete, Global Health, Embase, and Business Source Complete, were searched until December 2022. The Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool was used. Six studies reported on the implementation of interventions promoting healthy food purchases across multiple food retail outlets. Three studies each described two complex food retail settings: university and hospital. Interventions including promotion and promotion plus price improved the healthiness of foods purchased. There was limited description of institutional food policies, conceptual frameworks, formative research, or evaluation outcomes to inform the implementation of interventions in these settings. No study analysed enablers and barriers to the implementation of interventions. No study identified their settings as complex food retail settings. There is limited evidence describing complex food retail settings, their impact on intervention effectiveness, and associated enablers or barriers. Investigating factors influencing the effectiveness of interventions implemented within complex food retail settings is critical to support their implementation at scale.

Effect of Communication Mode on Disclosure of Nutrition Impact Symptoms During Nutrition Intervention Delivered to People With Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer.

Individuals diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancers experience a myriad of nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) compromise a person's ability to adequately meet their nutritional requirements leading to malnutrition, reduced quality of life and poorer survival. Electronic health (eHealth) is a potential strategy for improving the delivery of nutrition interventions by improving early and sustained access to dietitians to address both NIS and malnutrition. This study aimed to explore whether the mode of delivery affected participant disclosure of NIS during a nutrition intervention. Participants in the intervention groups received a nutrition intervention for 18 weeks from a dietitian via telephone or mobile application (app) using behaviour change techniques to assist in goal achievement. Poisson regression determined the proportion of individuals who reported NIS compared between groups. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of demographic variables explored the relationship between demographics and reporting of NIS. The incidence of reporting of NIS was more than 1.8 times higher in the telephone group (n = 38) compared to the mobile group (n = 36). Telephone predicted a higher likelihood of disclosure of self-reported symptoms of fatigue, nausea, and anorexia throughout the intervention period. A trusting therapeutic relationship built on human connection is fundamental and may not be achieved with current models of mobile health technologies.

Digital Health Literacy and Its Association With Sociodemographic Characteristics, Health Resource Use, and Health Outcomes: Rapid Review.

BACKGROUND: Digital health literacy has emerged as a critical skill set to navigate the digital age. OBJECTIVE: This review sought to broadly summarize the literature on associations between digital health literacy and (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) health resource use, and (3) health outcomes in the general population, patient groups, or parent or caregiver groups. METHODS: A rapid review of literature published between January 2016 and May 2022 was conducted through a search of 4 web-based databases. Articles were included on the basis of the following keywords: "measured digital health literacy," "digital literacy," "ehealth literacy," "e-health literacy," "electronic health literacy," or "internet health literacy" in adult populations; participants were from countries where English was the primary language; studies had to be cross-sectional, longitudinal, prospective, or retrospective, and published in English. RESULTS: Thirty-six articles met the inclusion criteria. Evidence on the associations between digital health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics varied (27/36, 75% included studies), with higher education (16/21, 76.2% studies that examined the association) and younger age (12/21, 57.1% studies) tending to predict higher digital health literacy; however, other studies found no associations. No differences between genders were found across the majority of studies. Evidence across ethnic groups was too limited to draw conclusions; some studies showed that those from racial and ethnic minority groups had higher digital health literacy than White individuals, while other studies showed no associations. Higher digital health literacy was associated with digital health resource use in the majority of studies (20/36, 55.6%) that examined this relationship. In addition, higher digital health literacy was also associated with health outcomes across 3 areas (psychosocial outcomes; chronic disease and health management behaviors; and physical outcomes) across 17 included studies (17/36, 47.2%) that explored these relationships. However, not all studies on the relationship among digital health literacy and health resource use and health outcomes were in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS: The review presents mixed results regarding the relationship between digital health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics, although studies broadly found that increased digital health literacy was positively associated with improved health outcomes and behaviors. Further investigations of digital health literacy on chronic disease outcomes are needed, particularly across diverse groups. Empowering individuals with the skills to critically access and appraise reliable health information on digital platforms and devices is critical, given emerging evidence that suggests that those with low digital health literacy seek health information from unreliable sources. Identifying cost-effective strategies to rapidly assess and enhance digital health literacy capacities across community settings thus warrants continued investigation.

Use of online food delivery services among adults in five countries from the International Food Policy Study 2018-2021.

Aim: Online food delivery services (OFDS) are popular for purchasing meals prepared outside home, increasing access to energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods. This adversely impacts dietary choices and health outcomes. Our study examined trends in OFDS use in Australia, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) from 2018 to 2021. Methods: Repeated annual cross-sectional data was sourced from the International Food Policy Study for five countries among adults over 18 years (N = 83,337). Weighted estimates for trends in i) the proportion of the respondent's purchasing meals per week using OFDS, and ii) average number (and standard deviation (SD)) of meals purchased per week using OFDS were assessed. Logistic regression models were fitted. Findings: OFDS use increased among adults between 2018-2021 (Australia: 17 % of respondents purchased at least one meal in the last 7 days using OFDS in 2018 to 25 % in 2021, Canada: 12 % to 19 %, Mexico: 28 % to 38 %, UK: 19 % to 28 %, and US: 17 % to 21 %). Average number of meals purchased per week outside home remained consistent for all countries over time (e.g., in Australia, 2.70 (SD 0.06) meals in 2018 and 2.63 (SD 0.06) in 2021). However, average number of meals purchased using OFDS nearly doubled between 2018 and 2021 (e.g., in Australia, 0.45 (SD 0.03) meals in 2018 to 0.81 (SD 0.04) in 2021). Conclusion: OFDS use is increasing and are substituting the conventional forms of purchasing meals outside home. Nutritional quality of foods sold, marketing practices and purchasing patterns on OFDS deserve further attention.

Comparison of Goal Achievement during an Early, Intensive Nutrition Intervention Delivered to People with Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer by Telephone Compared with Mobile Application.

Objective: This study is aimed at exploring whether the mode of nutrition intervention delivery affected participant goal achievement in a three-arm randomised controlled trial of early and intensive nutrition intervention delivered to upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Methods: Newly diagnosed upper gastrointestinal cancer patients were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Participants in the intervention groups received a regular nutrition intervention for 18 weeks from an experienced dietitian via telephone or mobile application (app) using behaviour change techniques to assist in goal achievement. Univariate and multiple regression models using STATA determined goal achievement, dose, and frequency of contact between groups. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The telephone group (n = 38) had 1.99 times greater frequency of contact with the research dietitian (95% CI: 1.67 to 2.36, p < 0.001) and 2.37 times higher frequency of goal achievement (95% CI: 1.1 to 5.11, p = 0.03) compared with the mobile app group (n = 36). The higher dose (RR 0.03) of intervention and more behaviour change techniques employed in the telephone group compared with the mobile app group increased participant goal achievement (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.04, p < 0.001). Discussion. Telephone nutrition intervention delivery led to a higher frequency of goal achievement compared to the mobile app intervention. There was also a higher number of behaviour change techniques employed which may have facilitated the greater goal achievement. Mobile app-based delivery may have poorer acceptance in this population with high levels of withdrawal. Practice Implications. We need to ensure that specifically designed technologies for our target populations are fit for purpose, efficacious, and acceptable to both patients and healthcare providers. This trial is registered with ACTRN12617000152325.

The digital divide in rural and regional communities: a survey on the use of digital health technology and implications for supporting technology use.

OBJECTIVE: A digital divide exists for people from rural and regional areas where they are less likely and confident to engage in digital health technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the digital health literacy and engagement of people from rural and regional communities, with a focus on identifying barriers and facilitators to using technology. RESULTS: Forty adults living in rural/regional areas completed a survey consisting of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) with additional items surveying participants' experience with a range of digital health technologies. All participants had used at least one digital health technology. Most (80%) participants had an eHEALS score of 26 or above indicating confidence in online health information. Commonly reported barriers to digital health technology use centred on product complexity and reliability, awareness of resources, lack of trust, and cost. Effective digital health technology use is becoming increasingly important, there may be a need to prioritise and support people with lower levels of digital health literacy. We present opportunities to support community members in using and accessing digital health technology.

Models and approaches for building knowledge translation capacity and capability in health services: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Building healthcare service and health professionals' capacity and capability to rapidly translate research evidence into health practice is critical to the effectiveness and sustainability of healthcare systems. This review scoped the literature describing programmes to build knowledge translation capacity and capability in health professionals and healthcare services, and the evidence supporting these. METHODS: This scoping review was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. Four research databases (Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo) were searched using a pre-determined strategy. Eligible studies described a programme implemented in healthcare settings to build health professional or healthcare service knowledge translation capacity and capability. Abstracts and full texts considered for inclusion were screened by two researchers. Data from included papers were extracted using a bespoke tool informed by the scoping review questions. RESULTS: Database searches yielded 10,509 unique citations, of which 136 full texts were reviewed. Thirty-four papers were included, with three additional papers identified on citation searching, resulting in 37 papers describing 34 knowledge translation capability building programmes. Programmes were often multifaceted, comprising a combination of two or more strategies including education, dedicated implementation support roles, strategic research-practice partnerships and collaborations, co-designed knowledge translation capability building programmes, and dedicated funding for knowledge translation. Many programmes utilised experiential and collaborative learning, and targeted either individual, team, organisational, or system levels of impact. Twenty-seven programmes were evaluated formally using one or more data collection methods. Outcomes measured varied significantly and included participant self-reported outcomes, perceived barriers and enablers of knowledge translation, milestone achievement and behaviour change. All papers reported that programme objectives were achieved to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge translation capacity and capability building programmes in healthcare settings are multifaceted, often include education to facilitate experiential and collaborative learning, and target individual, team, organisational, or supra-organisational levels of impact. Although measured differently across the programmes, the outcomes were positive. The sustainability of programmes and outcomes may be undermined by the lack of long-term funding and inconsistent evaluation. Future research is required to develop evidence-informed frameworks to guide methods and outcome measures for short-, medium- and longer-term programme evaluation at the different structural levels.

Conceptualizing weight management for night shift workers: A mixed-methods systematic review.

Shift workers have an increased risk of obesity and metabolic conditions. This mixed-methods systematic literature review on night shift workers aimed to: (1) identify barriers/enablers of weight management; (2) examine effectiveness of weight management interventions; and (3) determine whether interventions addressed enablers/barriers. Six databases were searched, articles screened by title/abstract, followed by full-text review, and quality assessment. Eligible qualitative studies documented experiences of behaviors related to weight change. Eligible quantitative studies were behavior change interventions with weight/body mass index outcomes. A thematic synthesis was undertaken for qualitative studies using the social-ecological model (SEM). Interventions were synthesized narratively including: weight/body composition change; components mapped by behavior change taxonomy; and SEM. A synthesis was undertaken to identify if interventions addressed perceived enablers/barriers. Eight qualitative (n = 169 participants) and 12 quantitative studies (n = 1142 participants) were included. Barriers predominated discussions: intrapersonal (time, fatigue, stress); interpersonal (work routines/cultural norms); organizational (fatigue, lack of: routine, healthy food options, breaks/predictable work); community (lack of healthy food options). The primary outcome for interventions was not weight loss and most did not address many identified enablers/barriers. One intervention reported a clinically significant weight loss result. Weight loss interventions that address barriers/enablers at multiple SEM levels are needed.

Evaluation of the "Shifting Weight using Intermittent Fasting in night-shift workers" weight loss interventions: a mixed-methods protocol.

Introduction: Shift workers are at a greater risk for obesity-related conditions. The impacts of working at night presents a challenge for designing effective dietary weight-loss interventions for this population group. The Shifting Weight using Intermittent Fasting in night-shift workers (SWIFt) study is a world-first, randomized controlled trial that compares three weight-loss interventions. While the trial will evaluate the effectiveness of weight-loss outcomes, this mixed-methods evaluation aims to explore for who weight-loss outcomes are achieved and what factors (intervention features, individual, social, organisational and wider environmental) contribute to this. Methods: A convergent, mixed-methods evaluation design was chosen where quantitative and qualitative data collection occurs concurrently, analyzed separately, and converged in a final synthesis. Quantitative measures include participant engagement assessed via: dietary consult attendance, fulfillment of dietary goals, dietary energy intake, adherence to self-monitoring, and rates for participant drop-out; analyzed for frequency and proportions. Regression models will determine associations between engagement measures, participant characteristics (sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, shift type, night-shifts per week, years in night shift), intervention group, and weight change. Qualitative measures include semi-structured interviews with participants at baseline, 24-weeks, and 18-months, and fortnightly audio-diaries during the 24-week intervention. Interviews/diaries will be transcribed verbatim and analyzed using five-step thematic framework analysis in NVivo. Results from the quantitative and qualitative data will be integrated via table and narrative form to interrogate the validity of conclusions. Discussion: The SWIFt study is a world-first trial that compares the effectiveness of three weight-loss interventions for night shift workers. This mixed-methods evaluation aims to further explore the effectiveness of the interventions. The evaluation will determine for who the SWIFt interventions work best for, what intervention features are important, and what external factors need to be addressed to strengthen an approach. The findings will be useful for tailoring future scalability of dietary weight-loss interventions for night-shift workers.Clinical trial registration: This evaluation is based on the SWIFt trial registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry [ACTRN 12619001035112].

Relationship between circulating tumour DNA and skeletal muscle stores at diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a cross-sectional study.

Low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and low skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) are associated with reduced survival time in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The negative prognostic impact of low SMI and low SMD is often reported as independent of cancer stage when using traditional clinical staging tools. Therefore, this study sought to explore the relationship between a novel marker of tumour burden (circulating tumour DNA) and skeletal muscle abnormalities at diagnosis of PDAC. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in patients who had plasma and tumour tissue samples stored in the Victorian Pancreatic Cancer Biobank (VPCB) at diagnosis of PDAC, between 2015 and 2020. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) of patients with G12 and G13 KRAS mutations was detected and quantified. Pre-treatment SMI and SMD derived from analysis of diagnostic computed tomography imaging was tested for its association to presence and concentration of ctDNA, as well as conventional staging, and demographic variables. The study included 66 patients at PDAC diagnosis; 53% female, mean age 68.7 years (SD ± 10.9). Low SMI and low SMD were present in 69.7% and 62.1% of patients, respectively. Female gender was an independent risk factor for low SMI (OR 4.38, 95% CI 1.23-15.55, p = 0.022), and older age an independent risk factor for low SMD (OR 1.066, 95% CI 1.002-1.135, p = 0.044). No association between skeletal muscle stores and concentration of ctDNA (SMI r = - 0.163, p = 0.192; SMD r = 0.097, p = 0.438) or stage of disease according to conventional clinical staging [SMI F(3, 62) = 0.886, p = 0.453; SMD F(3, 62) = 0.717, p = 0.545] was observed. These results demonstrate that low SMI and low SMD are highly prevalent at diagnosis of PDAC, and suggest they are comorbidities of cancer rather than related to the clinical stage of disease. Future studies are needed to identify the mechanisms and risk factors for low SMI and low SMD at diagnosis of PDAC to aid screening and intervention development.

The roles of the dietitian in an 18-week telephone and mobile application nutrition intervention for upper gastrointestinal cancer: a qualitative analysis.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the patient-dietitian experience during an 18-week nutrition counselling intervention delivered using the telephone and a mobile application to people newly diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer to (1) elucidate the roles of the dietitian during intervention delivery and (2) explore unmet needs impacting nutritional intake. METHODS: Qualitative case study methodology was followed, whereby the case was the 18-week nutrition counselling intervention. Dietary counselling conversations and post-intervention interviews were inductively coded from six case participants which included fifty-one telephone conversations (17 h), 244 written messages, and four interviews. Data were coded inductively, and themes constructed. The coding framework was subsequently applied to all post-study interviews (n = 20) to explore unmet needs. RESULTS: Themes describing the roles of the dietitian were as follows: regular collaborative problem-solving to encourage empowerment, a reassuring care navigator including anticipatory guidance, and rapport building via psychosocial support. Psychosocial support included provision of empathy, reliable care provision, and delivery of positive perspective. Despite intensive counselling from the dietitian, nutrition impact symptom management was a core unmet need as it required intervention beyond the scope of practice for the dietitian. CONCLUSION: Delivery of nutrition care via the telephone or an asynchronous mobile application to people with newly diagnosed UGI cancer required the dietitian to adopt a range of roles to influence nutritional intake: they empower people, act as care navigators, and provide psychosocial support. Limitations in dietitians' scope of practice identified unmet patient's needs in nutrition impact symptom management, which requires medication management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 27th January 2017 Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12617000152325).

Virtual Care Initiatives for Older Adults in Australia: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: There has been a rapid shift toward the adoption of virtual health care services in Australia. It is unknown how widely virtual care has been implemented or evaluated for the care of older adults in Australia. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to review the literature evaluating virtual care initiatives for older adults across a wide range of health conditions and modalities and identify key challenges and opportunities for wider adoption at both patient and system levels in Australia. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was conducted. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AgeLine, and gray literature (January 1, 2011, to March 8, 2021) to identify virtual care initiatives for older Australians (aged ≥65 years). The results were reported according to the World Health Organization's digital health evaluation framework. RESULTS: Among the 6296 documents in the search results, we identified 94 that reported 80 unique virtual care initiatives. Most (69/80, 89%) were at the pilot stage and targeted community-dwelling older adults (64/79, 81%) with chronic diseases (52/80, 65%). The modes of delivery included videoconference, telephone, apps, device or monitoring systems, and web-based technologies. Most initiatives showed either similar or better health and behavioral outcomes compared with in-person care. The key barriers for wider adoption were physical, cognitive, or sensory impairment in older adults and staffing issues, legislative issues, and a lack of motivation among providers. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual care is a viable model of care to address a wide range of health conditions among older adults in Australia. More embedded and integrative evaluations are needed to ensure that virtually enabled care can be used more widely by older Australians and health care providers.

Shift workers' perceptions and experiences of adhering to a nutrition intervention at night whilst working: a qualitative study.

This study explored the feasibility of implementing a meal timing intervention during night shift work. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. Interviews were coded inductively by two researchers independently, then three major themes were collaboratively developed. Subthemes from each major theme were mapped to the theoretical domains framework and the Capability Opportunity Motivation model of behaviour change. Seventeen night shift workers (rotating or permanent) aged between 25 and 65 years were interviewed. Participants predominately worked as health professionals. The feasibility of a simple meal timing intervention to avoid eating between 1 and 6 am on night shift is largely affected by three major influences (1) physical and emotional burden of shift work which drives food temptations; (2) the workplace context including the meal break environment, social and cultural context at work, and break scheduling; and (3) motivation of the individual. Facilitators to avoiding eating at night were, keeping busy, having co-worker support, management support, education of health benefits and/or belief that the intervention was health promoting. The barriers to avoiding eating at night were the emotional and physical toll of working at night leading to comfort eating and not having rest areas away from food environments. To support night shift workers with changing timing of meals, interventions at work should target both individual and organisational level behaviour change.

How and Why Diets Change Post-Migration: A Qualitative Exploration of Dietary Acculturation among Recent Chinese Immigrants in Australia.

Chinese immigrants living in Western countries are at increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Dietary acculturation has been implicated as a potential contributor, but little is known about why diets change post-migration. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore how and why diets change post-migration for Chinese immigrants living in Australia. Eleven participants undertook semi-structured interviews exploring and comparing their diets when they lived in China to their post-migration diets. Thematic analysis revealed that participants exhibited changed social structures of meal preparation, and made unacknowledged dietary changes, such as recipe modification, to maintain their traditional Chinese diet post-migration. Implications of both deliberate and unrecognized dietary changes post-migration include connections to increased risk for metabolic disease post-migration.

Effect of Early and Intensive Telephone or Electronic Nutrition Counselling Delivered to People with Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer on Quality of Life: A Three-Arm Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Delay in dietetic service provision for upper gastrointestinal cancer exacerbates disease-related malnutrition and consequently increases morbidity and mortality. Dietetic services are usually referral-based and provided face-to-face in inpatient or outpatient settings, which can delay the commencement of nutrition care. The aim of this study was to provide intensive dietetic intervention close to the time of diagnosis for upper gastrointestinal cancer and assess the effect on quality-adjusted life years. METHODS: A three-arm randomised controlled trial of adults newly diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancer was performed. A behavioural-based, individually tailored, symptom-directed nutrition intervention was provided in addition to usual care, delivered by a dietitian using a telephone (synchronously) or a mobile application (asynchronously) for 18 weeks, compared with a usual care control group. Data were collected at baseline, three, six, and twelve months post-randomisation. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (EQ-5D-5L quality of life assessment tool). Data were analysed using linear mixed models. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven participants were randomised. Quality-adjusted life years were not different in the intervention groups compared with control (telephone: mean (95% CI) 0.04 (0.43, 2.3), p = 0.998; App: -0.08 (-0.18, 0.02), p = 0.135) after adjustment for baseline, nutrition risk status, age, and gender. Survival was similar between groups over 12 months. The asynchronous mobile app group had a greater number of withdrawals compared with the telephone group. CONCLUSION: Early and intensive nutrition counselling, delivered at home, during anticancer treatment did not change quality-adjusted life years or survival over 12 months compared with usual care. Behavioural counselling alone was unable to achieve nutritional adequacy. Dietetic services delivered asynchronously using a mobile app had low acceptance for patients undergoing anticancer treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 27 January 2017 Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12617000152325.

Study protocol for the Shifting Weight using Intermittent Fasting in night shift workers (SWIFt) study: a three-arm randomised controlled trial comparing three weight loss strategies in night shift workers with obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Shift workers are at an increased risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Eating and sleeping out of synchronisation with endogenous circadian rhythms causes weight gain, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Interventions that promote weight loss and reduce the metabolic consequences of eating at night are needed for night shift workers. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of three weight loss strategies on weight loss and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in night shift workers. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multisite 18-month, three-arm randomised controlled trial comparing three weight loss strategies; continuous energy restriction; and two intermittent fasting strategies whereby participants will fast for 2 days per week (5:2); either during the day (5:2D) or during the night shift (5:2N). Participants will be randomised to a weight loss strategy for 24 weeks (weight loss phase) and followed up 12 months later (maintenance phase). The primary outcomes are weight loss and a change in HOMA-IR. Secondary outcomes include changes in glucose, insulin, blood lipids, body composition, waist circumference, physical activity and quality of life. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 24 weeks (primary endpoint) and 18 months (12-month follow-up). The intervention will be delivered by research dietitians via a combination of face-to-face and telehealth consultations. Mixed-effect models will be used to identify changes in dependent outcomes (weight and HOMA-IR) with predictor variables of outcomes of group, time and group-time interaction, following an intention-to-treat approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by Monash Health Human Research Ethics Committee (RES 19-0000-462A) and registered with Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. Ethical approval has also been obtained from the University of South Australia (HREC ID: 202379) and Ambulance Victoria Research Committee (R19-037). Results from this trial will be disseminated via conference presentations, peer-reviewed journals and student theses. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN-12619001035112).

Association between skeletal muscle mass and quality of life in adults with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Low skeletal muscle mass is known to be associated with poor morbidity and mortality outcomes in cancer, but evidence of its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is less established. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and HRQOL in adults with cancer. Five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase via Ovid, CINAHL plus, Scopus, and PsycInfo) were systematically searched from 1 January 2007 until 2 September 2020. Studies reporting on the association between measures of skeletal muscle (mass and/or radiodensity) derived from analysis of computed tomography imaging, and a validated measure of HRQOL in adults with cancer, were considered for inclusion. Studies classifying skeletal muscle mass as a categorical variable (low or normal) were combined in a meta-analysis to investigate cross-sectional association with HRQOL. Studies reporting skeletal muscle as a continuous variable were qualitatively synthesized. A total of 14 studies involving 2776 participants were eligible for inclusion. Skeletal muscle mass classified as low or normal was used to dichotomize participants in 10 studies (n = 1375). Five different cut points were used for classification across the 10 studies, with low muscle mass attributed to 58% of participants. Low muscle mass was associated with poorer global HRQOL scores [n = 985 from seven studies, standardized mean difference -0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.40 to -0.14, P < 0.0001], and poorer physical functioning domain HRQOL scores (n = 507 from five studies, standardized mean difference -0.40, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.05, P = 0.02), but not social, role, emotional, or cognitive functioning domain scores (all P > 0.05). Five studies examined the cross-sectional relationship between HRQOL and skeletal muscle mass as a continuous variable and found little evidence of an association unless non-linear analysis was used. Two studies investigated the relationship between longitudinal changes in both skeletal muscle and HRQOL, reporting that an association exists across several HRQOL domains. Low muscle mass may be associated with lower global and physical functioning HRQOL scores in adults with cancer. The interpretation of this relationship is limited by the varied classification of low muscle mass between studies. There is a need for prospective, longitudinal studies examining the interplay between skeletal muscle mass and HRQOL over time, and data should be made accessible to enable reanalysis according to different cut points. Further research is needed to elucidate the causal pathways between these outcomes.

Factors Influencing Implementation, Sustainability and Scalability of Healthy Food Retail Interventions: A Systematic Review of Reviews.

The aim of this systematic review of reviews was to synthesise the evidence on factors influencing the implementation, sustainability and scalability of food retail interventions to improve the healthiness of food purchased by consumers. A search strategy to identify reviews published up until June 2020 was applied to four databases. The Risk of Bias in Systematic Review tool was used. Review findings were synthesised narratively using the socio-ecological model. A total of 25 reviews met the inclusion criteria. A number of factors influenced implementation; these included retailers' and consumers' knowledge and preferences regarding healthy food; establishing trust and relationships; perceived consumer demand for healthy food; profitability; store infrastructure; organizational support, including resources; and enabling policies that promote health. Few reviews reported on factors influencing sustainability or scalability of the interventions. While there is a large and rapidly growing body of evidence on factors influencing implementation of interventions, more work is needed to identify factors associated with their sustainability and scalability. These findings can be used to develop implementation strategies that consider the multiple levels of influence (individual, intrapersonal and environmental) to better support implementation of healthy food retail interventions.

Does rearranging meal times at night improve cardiovascular risk factors? An Australian pilot randomised trial in night shift workers.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Shift workers face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type-2 diabetes and obesity. Eating during the night is a likely contributing factor, as it coincides with the time at which postprandial metabolism is least efficient. In this pilot randomised crossover trial, we examine the effects of a short overnight fast on CVD risk markers (primarily postprandial triglyceride and glucose response) of night shift workers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Night shift workers with abdominal obesity underwent 4-week intervention and control periods, separated by ≥ 2 weeks washout. In the intervention period, an overnight fast (0100 h-0600 h) was implemented, by redistributing 24-h energy intake. Usual dietary habits were followed in the control period. Outcomes between intervention and control were compared using mixed effects linear regression models. Nineteen adults completed the trial [13 females, mean (±SD) age 41 ± 10 years, BMI 30.7 ± 5.7 kg/m2]. Postprandial triglyceride and glucose response post intervention were not different to post control. The overnight fast was well-tolerated by participants with an adherence rate of 95%, assessed by weekly 24-h dietary recalls. Exploratory analysis indicates lower mean body weight post intervention compared to post control (mean difference: -0.9 kg, 95% CI: -1.3 to -0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Night shift workers who habitually ate during their night shifts were able to rearrange their meal times to maintain a small overnight fast, which may have promoted small weight changes. This warrants further investigation into the role of meal timing in mitigating the metabolic consequences of night shift work. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://anzctr.org.au/) registered on the 30th May 2017 (ACTRN12617000791336).

Diurnal variation in gene expression of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after eating a standard meal compared with a high protein meal: A cross-over study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Eating at night has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia that is likely a consequence of an underlying disrupted circadian rhythm in metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to explore the gene expression differences after eating a standard test meal or high protein test meal at night compared with the same meal in the morning. METHODS: In a cross over design, 10 healthy adults fasted for >10 h and then completed four acute meal challenges at 8am and 8pm on non-consecutive days separated by a wash out, consuming either a high protein low carbohydrate test meal or an isocaloric standard protein and carbohydrate test meal. Fasting and two-hour postprandial blood samples were collected to measure gene expression. For a subset of five participants RNA sequencing was completed on the Illumina NextSeq500. RESULTS: The time of day a meal is consumed had an effect on which genes were differentially regulated in the acute postprandial period, with only 6.5% of differentially expressed genes the same both morning and night. More genes were involved in lipid metabolic pathways in the morning and immune pathways at night. RTqPCR analysis of target genes suggested that key regulatory genes responsible for nutrient sensing and lipid and glucose metabolism are differentially expressed at night. These may play a role in improved blood glucose control in peripheral tissues that is observed after eating in the morning but to a lesser extent or not at all at night. Modulation of the macronutrient composition of a meal led to changes in expression of genes involved in the circadian clock and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Investigating the differences in the transcriptomic response to food at night provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the changing metabolic phenotypes, characterised by circulating metabolic biomarkers, according to the time of day.