Impacts of phosphorus amendments on legacy soil contamination from lead-based paint on a California, USA university campus.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metal urban soil contaminants with well-known toxicity to humans. This incubation study (2-159 d) compared the ability of bone meal (BM), potassium hydrogen phosphate (KP), and triple superphosphate (TSP), at phosphorus:lead (P:Pb) molar ratios of 7.5:1, 15:1, and 22.5:1, to reduce bioaccessible Pb in soil contaminated by Pb-based paint relative to control soil to which no P amendment was added. Soil pH and Mehlich 3 bioaccessible Pb and P were measured as a function of incubation time and amount and type of P amendment. XAS assessed Pb speciation after 30 and 159 d of incubation. The greatest reductions in bioaccessible Pb at 159 d were measured for TSP at the 7.5:1 and 15:1 P:Pb molar ratios. The 7.5:1 KP treatment was the only other treatment with significant reductions in bioaccessible Pb compared to the control soil. It is unclear why greater reductions of bioaccessible Pb occurred with lower P additions, but it strongly suggests that the amount of P added was not a controlling factor in reducing bioaccessible Pb. This was further supported because Pb-phosphates were not detected in any samples using XAS. The most notable difference in the effect of TSP versus other amendments was the reduction in pH. However, the relationship between increasing TSP additions, resulting in decreasing pH and decreasing Pb bioaccessibility was not consistent. The 22.5:1 P:Pb TSP treatment had the lowest pH but did not significantly reduce bioaccessible Pb compared to the control soil. The 7.5:1 and 15:1 P:Pb TSP treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible Pb relative to the control and had significantly higher pH than the 22.5:1 P:Pb treatment. Clearly, impacts of P additions and soil pH on Pb bioaccessibility require further investigation to decipher mechanisms governing Pb speciation in Pb-based paint contaminated soils.

Adapted problem adaptation therapy for depression in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease dementia: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Trials of effectiveness of treatment options for depression in dementia are an important priority. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial to assess adapted Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) for depression in mild/moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-six participants with mild or moderate dementia, >7 on Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), randomized to adapted PATH or treatment as usual. Mean age 77.0 years, 39.0% males, mean Mini-Mental State Examination 21.6, mean CSDD 12.9. For primary outcome (CSDD at 6 months), no statistically significant benefit with adapted PATH on the CSDD (6 months: -0.58; 95% CI -1.71 to 0.54). The CSDD at 3 months showed a small benefit with adapted PATH (-1.38; 95% CI -2.54 to -0.21) as did the EQ-5D (-4.97; 95% CI -9.46 to -0.48). DISCUSSION: An eight-session course of adapted PATH plus two booster sessions administered within NHS dementia services was not effective treatment for depression in people with mild and moderate dementia. Future studies should examine the effect of more intensive and longer-term therapy.

Metastatic Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma Clinically Presenting as Inflammatory Breast Cancer.

Metastatic disease to the breast is a rare event, accounting for 0.5-2% of all breast cancers. Outside of metastases from the contralateral breast, malignant ovarian epithelial tumors are the most common origin of these metastases. Here, we present a very rare case of a high-grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma presenting clinically as inflammatory breast cancer in a 70-year-old woman.

An algorithm for thoracic re-irradiation using biologically effective dose: a common language on how to treat in a "no-treat zone".

BACKGROUND: Re-irradiation (re-RT) is a technically challenging task for which few standardized approaches exist. This is in part due to the lack of a common platform to assess dose tolerance in relation to toxicity in the re-RT setting. To better address this knowledge gap and provide new tools for studying and developing thresholds for re-RT, we developed a novel algorithm that allows for anatomically accurate three-dimensional mapping of composite biological effective dose (BED) distributions from nominal doses (Gy). METHODS: The algorithm was designed to automatically convert nominal dose from prior treatment plans to corresponding BED value maps (voxel size 2.5 mm3 and α/ß of 3 for normal tissue, BED3). Following the conversion of each plan to a BED3 dose distribution, deformable registration was used to create a summed composite re-irradiation BED3 plan for each patient who received two treatments. A proof-of-principle analysis was performed on 38 re-irradiation cases of initial stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) followed by either re-SABR or chemoradiation for isolated locoregional recurrence of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS: Evaluation of the algorithm-generated maps revealed appropriate conversion of physical dose to BED at each voxel. Of 14 patients receiving repeat SABR, there was one case each of grade 3 chest wall pain (7%), pneumonitis (7%), and dyspnea (7%). Of 24 patients undergoing repeat fractionated radiotherapy, grade 3 events were limited to two cases each of pneumonitis and dyspnea (8%). Composite BED3 dosimetry for each patient who experienced grade 2-3 events is provided and may help guide development of precise cumulative dose thresholds for organs at risk in the re-RT setting. CONCLUSIONS: This novel algorithm successfully created a voxel-by-voxel composite treatment plan using BED values. This approach may be used to more precisely examine dosimetric predictors of toxicities and to establish more accurate normal tissue constraints for re-irradiation.

What Motivates People to Start a Graduate Entry Nursing Programme: An Interpretive Multi-Centred Case Study.

INTRODUCTION: While graduate entry nursing programmes are well established in the United Kingdom and the United States of America (USA), they are relatively new to New Zealand and Australia. These programmes have been developed to meet the demands of the health workforce and provide graduates an alternative pathway to becoming a RN. Nursing is viewed as an attractive career option for this growing market of graduate entry students. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the motivations underpinning students choosing a graduate entry MNSc degree over a traditional undergraduate nursing programme. METHODS: A qualitative, longitudinal single case study design, informed by Yin was used. The first phase of the study is reported here. All students commencing a MNSc degree at the beginning of 2020 across four education providers (3 in New Zealand & 1 in Australia) were eligible to take part in the study. Ten students agreed to take part and undertake an interview. Braun and Clarke's approach to thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. RESULTS: Three key themes of motivation were identified from the data: the attraction of nursing; the clarity nursing offers in terms of career progression; and the design of the intensive programme. CONCLUSIONS: The motivations to choose a MNSc degree were deeply considered, multifaceted, and influenced by nursing role models. Students wanting to engage with a graduate entry MNSc programme did so through a reflective process of assessing their current career status and future career values. Participants in this study believed nursing would provide a secure and sustainable career path, potentially creating new horizons or possibilities beyond their previous work and life experiences. Having insight into what motivates individuals to enrol in such programmes may assist both education providers and the health sector with RN graduate recruitment and graduate entry programme enrolment.

Seasonal Impact of Phosphate-Based Fire Retardants on Soil Chemistry Following the Prophylactic Treatment of Vegetation.

A preventative treatment of fire retardants at high-risk locales can potentially stop a majority of wildfires. For example, over 80% of wildfire ignitions in California occur at high-risk locales such as adjacent to roadsides and utility infrastructure. Recently a new class of ammonium polyphosphate retardants was developed with enhanced adherence and retention on vegetation to enable prophylactic treatments of these high-risk locals to provide season-long prevention of ignitions. Here, we compare three different ammonium (poly)phosphate-based wildland retardant formulations and evaluate their resistance to weathering and analyze their seasonal impact on soil chemistry following application onto grass. Soil samples from all three treatments demonstrated no changes in soil pH and total soil carbon and nitrogen amounts. Total soil phosphorus amounts increased by ∼2-3× following early precipitation, always remaining within typical topsoil amounts, and returned to the same level as control soil before spring. Available indices of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate levels for all groups were elevated compared to the untreated control samples, again remaining within typical topsoil ranges across all time points and rainfall amounts evaluated. Microbial activity was decreased, potentially because the addition of available nutrients from retardant application reduced the need for organic decomposition. These results demonstrate that the application of ammonium (poly)phosphate-based retardants does not alter soil chemistry beyond typical topsoil compositions and are thus suitable for use in prophylactic wildfire prevention strategies.

Evaluation of the high definition field of view option of a large-bore computed tomography scanner for radiation therapy simulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the basis for radiation treatment planning, but the 50-cm standard scanning field of view (sFOV) may be too small for imaging larger patients. We evaluated the 65-cm high-definition (HD) FOV of a large-bore CT scanner for CT number accuracy, geometric distortion, image quality degradation, and dosimetric accuracy of photon treatment plans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT number accuracy was tested by placing two 16-cm acrylic phantoms on either side of a 40-cm phantom to simulate a large patient extending beyond the 50-cm-diameter standard scanning FOV. Dosimetric accuracy was tested using anthropomorphic pelvis and thorax phantoms, with additional acrylic body parts on either side of the phantoms. Two volumetric modulated arc therapy beams (a 15-MV and a 6-MV) were used to cover the planning target volumes. Two-dimensional dose distributions were evaluated with GAFChromic film and point dose accuracy was checked with multiple thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) capsules placed in the phantoms. Image quality was tested by placing an American College of Radiology accreditation phantom inside the 40-cm phantom. RESULTS: The HD FOV showed substantial changes in CT numbers, with differences of 314 HU-725 HU at different density levels. The volume of the body parts extending into the HD FOV was distorted. However, TLD-reported doses for all PTVs agreed within ± 3%. Dose agreement in organs at risk were within the passing criteria, and the gamma index pass rate was >97%. Image quality was degraded. CONCLUSIONS: The HD FOV option is adequate for RT simulation and met accreditation standards, although care should be taken during contouring because of reduced image quality.

RapidPlan development of VMAT plans for cervical cancer patients in low- and middle-income countries.

Cervical cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) largely due to limited resources and insufficient staffing. Knowledge-based planning (KBP) could alleviate understaffing issues by streamlining the radiotherapy treatment planning process. Varian's KBP system (RapidPlan) was used to develop a model capable of producing volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for cervical cancer patients. Plan data from 46 patients previously treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) were used to create and train the model which was then applied to 32 patients excluded from the training process. Dose volume histogram (DVH) values for the planning target volume (PTV_High), bladder, rectum, and bowel were evaluated for the validation plans and found to have satisfied the required PTV coverage and organ-at-risk (OAR) dose constraints. The average value for PTV_High D95.0% was 48.0 Gy (sd = 3.0 Gy) for existing clinical plans and 48.4 Gy (sd = 2.6 Gy) for the validation plans. The mean dose for the bladder, rectum, and bowel was 39.8 Gy (sd = 3.9 Gy), 41.6 Gy (sd = 5.2 Gy), and 21.6 Gy (sd = 5.0 Gy) for existing clinical plans and 38.9 Gy (sd = 4.0 Gy), 40.3 Gy (sd = 4.8 Gy), and 21.5 Gy (sd = 4.6 Gy) for validation plans, respectively. A TOST test showed that the p values for the PTV_High D95.0% (p < 0.001), rectum V30Gy (p = 0.039), and mean dose to the bladder (p = 0.0014), rectum (p = 0.025), and bowel (p = 0.006) were statistically significant within a 5% equivalence margin of the clinical value thereby providing strong evidence of equivalence. Based on this statistical analysis, it was determined that the model was capable of generating treatable VMAT plans for cervical cancer patients.

General Surgery Prioritization Tool: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The prioritization of elective surgical wait-lists remains a contentious issue. Multiple new tools and systems have been developed to attempt to reliably prioritize patients. This study pilots one such system, the General Surgery Prioritization Tool and compares it to the existing triage system of clinical judgement. The aim was to determine if the new tool reflects clinical judgement. Secondary aims were to assess for any bias in its application to different patient groups or its application by different scorers. METHOD: A cohort of 392 patients was identified who were wait-listed for non-cancer elective surgery between July 2015 and February 2016. The General Surgery Prioritization Tool was applied after traditional prioritization using clinical judgement. The scores produced by the new tool were compared to the clinical judgement categories. Differences in scores based on gender, ethnicity, age, surgical condition and surgeon were then analysed. RESULTS: There was statistically significant correlation in the new tool scores with traditional triage groups (P < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in mean scores attributable to gender, age or ethnicity. There were minimal differences in mean scores between common surgical conditions. Except for one outlier the mean scores were consistent across 17 surgeons. CONCLUSION: This pilot study has found the General Surgery Prioritization Tool to reflect clinical judgement and to be generalizable by age, gender, ethnicity and prioritizing surgeon. The tool is at least as clinically reliable as traditional methods in the triage for elective general surgery with the advantage of being a more explicit process.

Attention and executive function deficits in adolescent sex offenders.

Thirty male adolescent sex offenders and 20 age-matched male adolescents completed an extensive battery of attention and executive function tests. Controls were obtained from adolescents from a socially and economically deprived background, typical of the offending group. The attention battery was based on Mirksy, Anthony, Duncan, Ahearn, and Kellam (1991) and the executive function battery on Kelly (2000a). Successful matching for IQ was not achieved and therefore ANCOVA comparisons were made between the groups, with IQ as the covariate. In attention a highly significant difference was found on the focus-execute factor and a significant difference on the shift factor. In executive function there was a highly significant difference only on the response speed factor. In all cases better abilities were demonstrated by the control group. The importance of thorough neuropsychological investigation in the clinical assessment of this forensic group is supported. The clinical implications of neuropsychological deficits in terms of risk assessment and clinical management are discussed.