Incidental Axillary Dose of Tomotherapy in Hypofractionated Whole Breast Radiotherapy for Early Breast Cancer: A Dosimetrical Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is becoming a more common method of performing whole breast irradiation (WBI) for early breast cancer. This study aimed to examine the incidental dose to the axillary region using tomotherapy, a unique form of IMRT. Patients and Methods: This study included 30 patients with early-stage breast cancer who underwent adjuvant WBI using TomoDirect IMRT. A hypofractionation scheme of 42.4 Gy delivered in 16 fractions was prescribed. The plan comprised of two parallel-opposed beams, along with two additional beams positioned anteriorly at gantry angles of 20° and 40° from the medial beam. The incidental dose received at axillary levels I, II, and III was evaluated using several dose-volume parameters. Results: The study participants had a median age of 51 years, and 60% had left-sided breast cancer. The mean dose of the axilla for levels I, II, and III were 15.5 ± 4.8 Gy, 14.9 ± 4.2 Gy, and 1.5 ± 1.6 Gy, respectively. Adequate coverage of the axilla, defined as V95%[%], was achieved for 4.7 ± 3.9%, 4.8 ± 3.7%, and 0 ± 0% for levels I, II, and III, respectively. The results were compared with those of previously published studies, and the axillary mean dose and V95%[%] of TomoDirect IMRT were low, comparable to other IMRT techniques, and lower than those of traditional tangential therapy. Conclusions: While incidental axillary radiation during WBI has been proposed to assist in regional disease control, the TomoDirect plan was demonstrated to decrease this dose, and a hypofractionation scheme would further lower its biological effectiveness. Future clinical studies should incorporate dosimetrical analysis of incidental axillary dose, in order to facilitate hypofractionated IMRT planning with risk-adjusted axilla coverage in early breast cancer.

Prognostic Value of Axillary Lymph Node Texture Parameters Measured by Pretreatment 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the prognostic value of axillary lymph node (ALN) heterogeneity texture features through 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 158 LABC patients with FDG-avid, pathology-proven, metastatic ALN who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and curative surgery. Tumor and ALN texture parameters were extracted from pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT using Chang-Gung Image Texture Analysis software. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was performed to select the most significant predictive texture parameters. The predictive impact of texture parameters was evaluated for both progression-free survival and pathologic NAC response. RESULTS: The median follow-up period of 36.8 months and progression of disease (PD) was observed in 36 patients. In the univariate analysis, ALN textures (minimum standardized uptake value (SUV) (p = 0.026), SUV skewness (p = 0.038), SUV bias-corrected Kurtosis (p = 0.034), total lesion glycolysis (p = 0.011)), tumor textures (low-intensity size zone emphasis (p = 0.045), minimum SUV (p = 0.047), and homogeneity (p = 0.041)) were significant texture predictors. On the Cox regression analysis, ALN SUV skewness was an independent texture predictor of PD (p = 0.016, hazard ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.16-4.58). CONCLUSIONS: ALN texture feature from pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for the prediction of LABC progression.

Pyoderma Gangrenosum Mimicking Wound Infection after Breast Cancer Surgery.

Postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is rare, and its diagnosis is often delayed because of its wound infection-mimicking course. A 53-year-old breast cancer patient who underwent breast-conserving surgery of the right breast presented with fever, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein elevation, and redness of the right breast on postoperative day (POD) 3. The breast wound showed desquamation with painful ulcerative changes from POD 6, and fever was sustained under antibiotic administration. Wound irrigation was attempted; however, inflammatory skin damage progressed to involvement of the entire skin overlying the breast. With clinical suspicion of PPG, skin biopsy and systemic corticosteroid initiation were performed on POD 12. Wound damage progression ceased, and the systemic inflammation subsided. The patient underwent split-thickness skin grafting under intravenous corticosteroid administration, and the wound healed after 30 days. PPG is a rare clinical scenario. Early diagnosis is critical to avoid unnecessary treatment and aggravation of the surgical wound.

A Nationwide Study on the Incidence of Breast Cancer in Korean Women with Osteoporosis Receiving Raloxifene Treatment.

PURPOSE: Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), and raloxifene treatment for osteoporosis is reimbursable under the Korean National Health Insurance. Evidence suggests that SERMs use reduces the risk of breast cancer in Asian population. Herein, we retrospectively investigated the protective effect of raloxifene on breast cancer rates in Korean population. METHODS: Using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database, we selected women with osteoporosis aged 50 years and above. Patients treated for at least 2 years with raloxifene were assigned to the user group, whereas the remaining patients were assigned to the non-user group. The effect on breast cancer risk was assessed using the Cox proportional-hazards model with a time-dependent covariate to adjust for immortal time bias. RESULTS: A total of 322,870 women who were registered between 2010 and 2011 were included. The user group comprised 0.7% (n = 2,307) of the total population. The mean age was 65.7 ± 8.0 years and 67.2 ± 8.6 years in the user and non-user groups, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the previous use of estrogen replacement between the 2 groups (p = 0.087). The incidence of breast cancer per 1,000 person-years was 0.49 (n = 8) and 0.68 (n = 1,714) in the user and non-user groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-1.27). HR decreased with increase in the treatment duration, but this change was not statistically significant (HR, 1.00, 95% CI, 0.32-3.11 in 2-3 years; HR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.20-1.94 in 3-4 years; and HR, 0.41, 95% CI, 0.10-1.65 in 4-5 years). CONCLUSION: Long-term treatment with raloxifene in women with osteoporosis was not significantly associated with a reduction in breast cancer rates. However, further investigation is required for a conclusive proof.

Late recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer from needle tract implantation after core needle biopsy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has good prognosis so that the local recurrence or distant metastasis can occur later on the lifetime follow up. In this study, we report recurrence of PTC in subcutaneous area combined with lymph node metastasis. A suspicion of needle tract implantation after core needle biopsy was found. CASE SUMMARY: A 66-year-old female patients who underwent right thyroid lobectomy for PTC complained of palpable nodule on anterior neck area. The location of the palpable nodule was not associated with her postoperative scar. After excision of the skin tumor, it was diagnosed as recurrence of PTC. Furthermore, results of subsequent imaging showed lymph node metastasis on her right cervical area. According to the previous medical records, the patient received core needle biopsy through the neck of the patient midline and hematoma was noted after the procedure. The time interval from the first diagnosis to local recurrence or metastasis to the skin and lymph nodes was ten years. As treatment, the patient underwent lymph node dissection in the right and completion thyroidectomy for radioisotope treatment. CONCLUSION: Needle tract implantation can occur after core needle biopsy. Further studies are needed to compare core-needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration.

Prognostic Factors in Male Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Nationwide Study in South Korea by the Study of SMARTSHIP Group.

This study evaluated the incidence, the survival outcomes and its prognostic factors for male breast cancer (MBC) in Korea. Using the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea, we identified MBC patients who had the new claim code of C50. Medical records including type of surgeries and radiotherapy within one year of the first claim and death records were reviewed. Between 2005 and 2016, 838 newly diagnosed MBC patients were included (median follow-up, 1,769 days). The 70-74-year age group had the highest incidence of MBC. The 5-year survival rate was 73.7%. Age > 65 years, low income, no surgical intervention, no tamoxifen use, and > 2 comorbidities correlated with a worse outcome. MBC incidence has increased over time, and its peak is noted at age > 70 years. Age > 65 years, > 2 comorbidities, no surgical intervention, and no tamoxifen use correlate to poor prognosis.

Safety of immediate use of totally implantable venous access ports in adult patients with cancer: a retrospective single-center study.

Purpose: Totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAPs) can be used long-term for safe administration of intravenous drugs. TIVAP complications include catheter-related infections, venous thrombosis, extravasation, TIVAP migration, and pain. The relationship between the timing of the first chemotherapy administration after port implantation and complications is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the safety of immediate use of TIVAPs and the associated risk factors for complications. Methods: Between January 2016 and December 2018, 305 patients (median age, 53 years; 256 women) who underwent TIVAP placement at our institution were included. Chemotherapy was administered within 2 days of implantation. A retrospective analysis of patients' clinical data was performed to investigate catheter days and complications of TIVAPs. Results: Overall, 305 patients were evaluated over 57,324 catheter days (median, 168 catheter days; interquartile range, 105). The median interval between placement and first use of TIVAPs was 0.98 days. The overall morbidity rate was 2.95%. Nine complications occurred in nine patients, including TIVAP-related infection (4), pain (2), port occlusion (1), thrombosis (1), and scar disunion (1), of which five required port removal (1.64%). The median number of catheter days before complications occurred was 61 (range, 10-457 days; interquartile range, 51). No complications occurred within 7 days of implantation. Body mass index was an independent risk factor for TIVAP-related complications in the Cox proportional hazards model (multivariable analysis: hazard ratio, 1.221; 95% confidence interval, 1.054-1.414; P=0.008). Conclusion: This study suggests the safe long-term use of TIVAPs following their immediate chemotherapy administration within 2 days of implantation.

Effect of Tamoxifen on the Risk of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture in Younger Breast Cancer Survivors: A Nationwide Study.

Background: Although international guidelines recommend bone screening for premenopausal breast cancer patients taking adjuvant tamoxifen, the effects of tamoxifen on osteoporosis and related risks remain controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in younger breast cancer patients. Methods: A nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted using South Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims data. The rates of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture were calculated as incident cases per person-year and disease-free probability rates were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. To identify risk factors for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture, a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model was applied. Results: From January 2009 to December 2014, a total of 47,649 breast cancer patients were included. The incidence rates of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture were 23.59 and 2.40 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. In the overall population, tamoxifen was significantly associated with a decreased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures 0.76). However, tamoxifen was not associated with the risk of osteoporosis (HR 1.24, CI 0.85-1.82) and osteoporotic fracture (HR 8.15, CI 0.36-186.70) in patients under age 40. In the 40-49 years subgroup, tamoxifen significantly decreased the risk of osteoporosis (HR 0.74, CI 0.65-0.84) and osteoporotic fracture (HR 0.49, CI 0.31-0.76). Conclusions: Tamoxifen is not associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Tailored screening strategies for breast cancer survivors with different osteoporosis risks are needed. Precis: Tamoxifen is not associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in premenopausal breast cancer patients. Tailored screening strategies for breast cancer survivors who are at different risks of developing osteoporosis are needed.

Risk of osteoporosis and fracture in long-term breast cancer survivors.

Purpose: High incidence of osteoporosis has been reported in breast cancer patients due to early menopause triggered by adjuvant treatment and temporary ovarian function suppression. In this study, we sought to determine whether long-term breast cancer survivors had an elevated risk of low bone density compared to the general population. Methods: Long-term breast cancer survivors who had been treated for more than 5 years were selected for this study. Data were obtained from medical records and using a questionnaire from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). An age-matched non-cancer control group was selected from the KNHANES records. Incidence of fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) were compared between the two groups. Results: In total, 74 long-term breast cancer survivors and 296 non-cancer controls were evaluated. The incidence of fracture did not differ between the two groups (P=0.130). No differences were detected in lumbar BMD (P=0.051) following adjustment for body mass index, while hip BMD was significantly lower in breast cancer survivors (P=0.028). Chemotherapy and endocrine treatment were not related to low BMD in breast cancer survivors. In more than half of the survivors, the 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture was less than 1%. Conclusion: Long-term breast cancer survivors had low bone density but a comparable risk of fracture compared to non-cancer age-matched controls. Further studies on the factors related to low bone density in long-term breast cancer survivors are required.

Pegfilgrastim for primary prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in breast cancer patients undergoing TAC chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can effectively prevent febrile neutropenia (FN) during breast cancer treatment. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of FN and the ANC profile in patients undergoing chemotherapy and pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis. METHODS: Patients receiving 6 cycles of adjuvant docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TAC) chemotherapy were included in this study. Pegfilgrastim was administered with analgesics 24 hours after treatment. Laboratory tests were performed on day 0 (before chemotherapy) and ANC was measured daily starting day 5 until it were restored to 1,000/mm3. Bone pain was checked via the numeral rating scale (NRS). RESULTS: A total of 61 patients and 366 cycles were evaluated. Mean age was 49.2 ± 7.1 years. FN was seen in 5 patients (16.4%) and 12 cycles (3.3%) with pegfilgrastim. Grades 3 and 4 neutropenia was seen in 91.5% of cycles with FN. The ANC nadir was most commonly seen at day 7 and the mean ANC nadir depth was 265.7/m3. Age was negatively correlated with nadir depth (r = -0.137, P = 0.009). Severe pain higher than NRS 7 occurred in less than 20% of patients after the administration of pegfilgrastim. CONCLUSION: Incidence of FN was low during the chemotherapy by primary prophylaxis with pegfilgrastim. The ANC nadir was seen on day 7 after chemotherapy. Bone pain with pegfilgrastim was well tolerated during TAC chemotherapy.

Development of second primary cancer in Korean breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer survivors have slightly increased the risk of second primary cancers. Breast, colon, uterine, and ovarian cancers are common secondary cancers in breast cancer survivors. In this study, we assessed the development of second primary cancers of breast cancer survivors in Korea. METHODS: Medical records of patients with breast cancer in 3 tertiary medical institutions were reviewed retrospectively. We evaluated secondary malignancy diagnosed at least 2 months after the breast cancer diagnosis. Based on the International Classification of Disease-9 codes of malignancies, secondary primary breast cancer records were evaluated with person-year adjustment. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was assessed using national cancer incidence. RESULTS: A total of 3,444 treatment records were included from 3 medical centers. The cumulative incidence of overall second primary cancers was 2.8% (n = 93). The SIR was significantly higher in all sites (1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.91), endometrial cancer (5.65; 95% CI, 2.06-12.31), biliary tract cancer (3.96; 95% CI, 1.19-8.60), and thyroid cancer (2.29; 95% CI, 1.67-3.08). CONCLUSION: The incidence of cancer was higher in breast cancer survivors compared to general population. Surveillance of secondary cancer in this group should be recommended individually considering the benefit related to the prognosis of primary breast cancer.

Erratum: Validation of a Web-Based Tool to Predict the Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence (IBTR! 2.0) after Breast-Conserving Therapy for Korean Patients.

[This corrects the article on p. 97 in vol. 16, PMID: 23593089.].

Long-term results of oncoplastic breast surgery with latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction: a pilot study of the objective cosmetic results and patient reported outcome.

PURPOSE: The goal of oncoplastic breast surgery is to restore the appearance of the breast and improve patient satisfaction. Thus, the assessment of cosmetic results and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) using appropriately constructed and validated instruments is essential. The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term objective cosmetic results and corresponding PROs after oncoplastic breast surgery. METHODS: Cosmetic results were assessed by the patients, a medical panel, and a computer program (BCCT.core). PROs were assessed using BREAST-Q, a questionnaire that measures the perception of patients having breast surgery. The cosmetic results and PROs were analyzed in patients who underwent quadrantectomy and partial breast reconstruction utilizing the latissimus dorsi flap. RESULTS: The mean duration of the follow-up period was 91.6 months (range, 33.3-171.0 months), and mean age of the patients was 51 years old (range, 33-72 years). The mean tumor size was 2.1 cm (range, 0.9-5.5 cm). There was fair agreement between the medical panel and BCCT.core score (K = 0.32, P < 0.001), and a statistically significant correlation between the BCCT.core score and medical panel cosmetic results was identified (r = 0.606, P < 0.001). A better BCCT.core result was related to a higher PRO of each BREAST-Q domain-satisfaction with breasts (R(2) = 0.070, P = 0.039), satisfaction with outcome (R(2) = 0.087, P = 0.021), psychosocial well-being (R(2) = 0.085, P = 0.023), sexual well-being (R(2) = 0.082, P = 0.029), and satisfaction with information (R(2) = 0.064, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Our long-term results of oncoplastic surgery achieved a high level of patient satisfaction with good cosmetic results. The medical panel and BCCT.core results correlated well with the PROs of the patients using valid, reliable, and procedure-specific measures.

Limited resections for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors and their oncologic outcomes.

PURPOSE: Limited resection is considered a treatment option for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) whenever technically feasible, but the optimal technique for this is still not well defined. We present the various types of limited resections for duodenal GISTs and analyze their postoperative outcomes. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective clinicopathologic analysis were 21 patients who underwent limited resections for duodenal GIST between May, 2001 and June, 2014. The median follow-up period was 52 months (range 5-125 months). RESULTS: The patients comprised 12 men and 9 women, with a median age of 59 years (range 45-75 years), all of whom were treated by various forms of limited resection with clear margins. There were ten wedge resections with primary closure (eight open/two laparoscopic), two wedge resections with Roux-en Y duodenojejunostomy, three segmental duodenectomies with end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy, and six segmental duodenectomies with end-to-end duodenojejunostomy. Hepatic metastasis was found 27 months after surgery in one patient, who was given imatinib mesylate for 17 months to slow disease progression. The other 20 patients were alive and recurrence free at the time of writing. CONCLUSION: Excellent recurrence-free survival was achieved after limited resections, supporting the consideration of various methods of limited resection as the treatment of choice for duodenal GISTs.

Specific activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by ginsenoside Rg5 promotes angiogenesis and vasorelaxation.

Ginsenoside Rg5 is a compound newly synthesized during the steaming process of ginseng; however, its biological activity has not been elucidated with regard to endothelial function. We found that Rg5 stimulated in vitro angiogenesis of human endothelial cells, consistent with increased neovascularization and blood perfusion in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. Rg5 also evoked vasorelaxation in aortic rings isolated from wild type and high cholesterol-fed ApoE(-/-) mice but not from endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) knock-out mice. Angiogenic activity of Rg5 was highly associated with a specific increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) phosphorylation and subsequent activation of multiple angiogenic signals, including ERK, FAK, Akt/eNOS/NO, and Gi-mediated phospholipase C/Ca(2+)/eNOS dimerization pathways. The vasodilative activity of Rg5 was mediated by the eNOS/NO/cGMP axis. IGF-1R knockdown suppressed Rg5-induced angiogenesis and vasorelaxation by inhibiting key angiogenic signaling and NO/cGMP pathways. In silico docking analysis showed that Rg5 bound with high affinity to IGF-1R at the same binding site of IGF. Rg5 blocked binding of IGF-1 to its receptor with an IC50 of ∼90 nmol/liter. However, Rg5 did not induce vascular inflammation and permeability. These data suggest that Rg5 plays a novel role as an IGF-1R agonist, promoting therapeutic angiogenesis and improving hypertension without adverse effects in the vasculature.

Multiple paracrine factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells contribute to angiogenesis.

The therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation in ischemic disease are mediated by the production of paracrine bioactive factors. However, the bioactive factors secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and their angiogenic activity are not clearly identified or determined. We here found that hMSC-derived conditioned media (hMSC-CdM) stimulated in vitro angiogenic activity of endothelial cells and contained significant levels of various growth factors and cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1). The angiogenic activity of hMSC-CdM was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with neutralizing antibodies against VEGF, MCP-1, and IL-6, but not against TGF-ß1 and HGF. A mixture of those inhibitory antibodies blocked CdM-mediated activation of angiogenic signals, as well as inhibited CdM-mediated in vivo angiogenesis. Moreover, local injection of CdM increased angiogenesis and promoted blood flow in mice with hindlimb ischemia, and these effects were inhibited by co-treatment with these inhibitory antibodies. These results indicate that hMSC-CdM represents a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for neovascularization in ischemic diseases. These results suggest the combination of VEGF, MCP-1, and IL-6 as a commercial application for therapeutic angiogenesis.

Experience of treatment of patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis.

PURPOSE: To present the author's experience with various treatment methods of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and to determine effective treatment methods of GLM. METHODS: Fifty patients who were diagnosed with GLM were classified into five groups based on the initial treatment methods they underwent, which included observation (n = 8), antibiotics (n = 3), steroid (n = 13), drainage (n = 14), and surgical excision (n = 12). The treatment processes in each group were examined and their clinical characteristics, treatment processes, and results were analyzed respectively. RESULTS: Success rates with each initial treatment were observation, 87.5%; antibiotics, 33.3%; steroids, 30.8%; drainage, 28.6%; and surgical excision, 91.7%. In most cases of observation, the lesions were small and the symptoms were mild. A total of 23 patients underwent surgical excision during treatment. Surgical excision showed particularly fast recovery, high success rate (90.3%) and low recurrence rate (8.7%). CONCLUSION: The clinical course of GLM is complex and the outcome of each treatment type are variable. Surgery may play an important role when a lesion is determined to be mass-forming or appears localized as an abscess pocket during breast examination or imaging study.

Validation of a Web-Based Tool to Predict the Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence (IBTR! 2.0) after Breast-Conserving Therapy for Korean Patients.

PURPOSE: IBTR! 2.0 is a web-based nomogram that predicts the 10-year ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) rate after breast-conserving therapy. We validated this nomogram in Korean patients. METHODS: The nomogram was tested for 520 Korean patients, who underwent breast-conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy. Predicted and observed 10-year outcomes were compared for the entire cohort and for each group, predefined by nomogram-predicted risks: group 1, <3%; group 2, 3% to 5%; group 3, 5% to 10%; group 4, >10%. RESULTS: In overall patients, the overall 10 year predicted and observed estimates of IBTR were 5.22% and 5.70% (p=0.68). In group 1, (n=124), the predicted and observed estimates were 2.25% and 1.80% (p=0.73), in group 2 (n=177), 3.95% and 3.90% (p=0.97), in group 3 (n=181), 7.14% and 8.80% (p=0.42), and in group 4 (n=38), 11.66% and 14.90% (p=0.73), respectively. CONCLUSION: In a previous validation of this nomogram based on American patients, nomogram-predicted IBTR rates were overestimated in the high-risk subgroup. However, our results based on Korean patients showed that the observed IBTR was higher than the predicted estimates in groups 3 and 4. This difference may arise from ethnic differences, as well as from the methods used to detect IBTR and the healthcare environment. IBTR! 2.0 may be considered as an acceptable nomogram in Korean patients with low- to moderate-risk of in-breast recurrence. Before widespread use of this nomogram, the IBTR! 2.0 needs a larger validation study and continuous modification.

Occult breast cancers manifesting as axillary lymph node metastasis in men: a two-case report.

Occult breast cancer is a type of breast cancer without any symptoms on the breasts or any abnormalities upon radiologic examination such as mammography. In males, there are few cases of breast cancer, the rate of diagnosis of occult breast cancer is very low, and little is known about this disease. We experienced two cases of occult breast cancers manifesting as axillary lymph node metastasis in men. They had a palpable lesion on axillary area several years ago and had not seen a doctor about it. As such there was no abnormality on evaluations for cancer except for axillary lymph node showing signs of carcinoma (primary or metastatic) on biopsy and estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive on immunohistochemistry. The patients were diagnosed with occult breast cancer, and treatments were performed. Herein, we report the rare cases of occult breast cancers in men.

Ileal metastasis of breast cancer in a patient with a BRCA2 gene mutation: report of a case.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females. Common sites of metastases include the liver, lung, bone, and brain, while metastases to the extrahepatic digestive system are very rare. This report presents a patient diagnosed with breast carcinoma metastasis in the terminal ileum. The patient underwent breast-conserving surgery on both breasts because of breast cancer at the age of 46 years. Both breast cancers were consistent with stage I invasive ductal carcinomas. Colonoscopy during an investigation for hematochezia revealed a 2-cm ulceration in the terminal ileum 22 months later, and microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen of the ulceration revealed a poorly differentiated mass that was strongly suggestive of metastatic adenocarcinoma with endolymphatic tumor emboli. She underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic ileocecectomy because of ileal metastasis. She had a family history of breast cancer (sister) and colon cancer (brother). She exhibited HER2/neu discordance and carried the BRCA2 gene mutation. Surgeons should remain aware that breast cancer can metastasize to the gastrointestinal tract.