Women Living with HIV in Italian Prison Settings: Results from the Gender-Specific ROSE Network.

BACKGROUND: Incarcerated women are a minority in the Italian prison population. The lack of prevention and awareness of HIV infection and the lack of access to treatment make the treatment path difficult. METHODS: we conducted a multi-center study including incarcerated women living with HIV (WLWH). RESULTS: The study included 85 WLWH with a mean age of 41.7 ± 8.7 years, and 58.8% (50/85) of them were Italian. Principally, HIV transmission was related to sexual intercourse, 47% of all patients were PWIDs, and 62.5% of them were on opioid substitution therapy (OST). Overall, 56.4% of the included patients had a CD4+ cell count of >500 cells/mmc. Among the participants, 92.9% were on antiretroviral therapy, 87.3% had treatment before incarceration, and 83.5% were virologically suppressed. Among the 13 non-virally-suppressed patients, 53.8% were unaware of their serological status before incarceration and had started HAART but were still not virologically suppressed; 46.2% (6/13) had a lack of compliance or had suspended the treatment before incarceration and restarted it after admission. All patients with chronic hepatitis C underwent treatment with direct-acting antivirals and reached a sustained virological response. CONCLUSIONS: the detention of these women could represent an occasion for the patients' healthcare provision and use, and the creation of a gender-specific network can be an effective strategy for reaching this population.

HCV spread among female incarcerated population and treatment pathways to viral elimination in Italian prison settings: clinical perspectives and medico legal aspects.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is more frequent among incarcerated people than in general population. In the DAAs era, the short schedules and the low risk of adverse reactions, increased the number of HCV treatments. However, the most part of literature reports lack of incarcerated women inclusion in studies on field. Our aim is to assess the screening execution, HCV prevalence, and DAAs treatment among incarcerated women. A focused insight on quick vs standard diagnosis and staging approach will be also provided. METHODS: Incarcerated women from 4 Italian regions' penitentiary institutes were included. HCV screening was executed with HCV saliva test (QuickOral Test®) or phlebotomy. Stage of liver fibrosis was evaluated with FIB-4 value or fibroscan®, based on physicians' decision. Treatment prescription followed national protocols. RESULTS: We included 156 women, 89 (57%) were Italian, mean age was 41 ± 10 years, and 28 (17.9%) were people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Overall, the HCV seroprevalence was 20.5%. Being PWID and on opioid substitution therapy (OST) were significantly associated with serological status (p-value < 0.001). Of them, the 75.5% of patients had active infection, the most frequent genotype was 3a (50%). Among them, 4 (16.6%) and 6 (25%) had psychosis or alcohol abuse history. The 62.5%, 25% and 12.5% had low, intermediate, and advanced fibrosis, respectively. Out of the 24 HCV-RNA positive patients, the 75% underwent to DAAs treatment. The sustained virological response (SVR12) was achieved in 88.8% of cases. When evaluating the influence of quick diagnosis and staging methods vs standard phlebotomy and fibroscan® on SVR12, FIB-4 use showed higher performance for retainment in treatment during prison staying (p = 0.015), while the use of quick saliva test had no influence on the outcome (p = 0.22). CONCLUSION: HCV seroprevalence and active infections are very high among incarcerated women. More tailored interventions should be focused on HCV diagnosis and treatment in female prison population. The use of quick staging methods (FIB-4) is useful to increase SVR12 achievement without delays caused by the fibroscan® awaiting.

Epidemiology, aetiology and treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: final report of a prospective multicentre national registry.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a heterogenous group of pathological conditions involving the skin or the underlying subcutaneous tissues, fascia and muscle, characterised by a considerable variety of clinical presentations, severity and possible aetiological pathogens. Although previous analyses on restricted types of SSTIs and population have already been published, we conducted a large nationwide surveillance program on behalf of the Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases to assess the clinical and microbiological characteristics of the whole SSTI spectrum, from mild to severe life-threatening infections, in both inpatients and outpatients and their management. Twenty-nine Infectious Diseases (ID) Centres throughout Italy collected prospectively data concerning both the clinical and microbiological diagnosis of patients affected by SSTIs via an electronic case report form. We included in our database all cases managed by ID specialists participating to the study, independently from their severity or the setting of consultation. Here, we integrated previous preliminary results analysing and reporting data referring to a 3-year period (October 2016-October 2019). During this period, the study population included 478 adult patients with diagnosis of SSTI. The type of infection diagnosed, the aetiological agent involved and some notes on antimicrobial susceptibilities were collected and reported herein. We also analysed the most common co-morbidities, the type and duration of therapy executed, before and after ID intervention and the length of stay. The results of our study provide information to better understand the national epidemiologic data and the current clinical management of SSTIs in Italy.

The role of teicoplanin in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study in critically ill COVID-19 patients (Tei-COVID study).

Teicoplanin has a potential antiviral activity expressed against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and was suggested as a complementary option to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In this multicentric, retrospective, observational research the aim was to evaluate the impact of teicoplanin on the course of COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Fifty-five patients with severe COVID-19, hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICUs) and treated with best available therapy were retrospectively analysed. Among them 34 patients were also treated with teicoplanin (Tei-COVID group), while 21 without teicoplanin (control group). Crude in-hospital Day-30 mortality was lower in Tei-COVID group (35.2%) than in control group (42.8%), however not reaching statistical significance (p = .654). No statistically significant differences in length of stay in the ICU were observed between Tei-COVID group and control group (p = .248). On Day 14 from the ICU hospitalization, viral clearance was achieved in 64.7% patients of Tei-COVID group and 57.1% of control group, without statistical difference. Serum C-reactive protein level was significantly reduced in Tei-COVID group compared to control group, but not other biochemical parameters. Finally, Gram-positive were the causative pathogens for 25% of BSIs in Tei-COVID group and for 70.6% in controls. No side effects related to teicoplanin use were observed. Despite several limitations require further research, in this study the use of teicoplanin is not associated with a significant improvement in outcomes analysed. The antiviral activity of teicoplanin against SARS-CoV-2, previously documented, is probably more effective at early clinical stages.

HCV testing and treatment initiation in an Italian prison setting: A step-by-step model to micro-eliminate hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: HCV infection among vulnerable populations is currently a major issue for HCV elimination program. Incarcerated people and people who inject drugs (PWIDs) are key population groups potentially at high risk for HCV infection. Our aim was to evaluate an extended program of screening, staging and treatment in Italian prison settings. METHODS: Patients from eight prisons in five different Italian Regions were enrolled. HCV saliva test (QuickOral Test®) was offered. Data on infection awareness and illicit drug use were also collected. Positive patients underwent early HCV RNA evaluation, staging and prescription on DAAs treatment. The definition of PWID was based on self-reported injecting drug use extracted from medical records (injecting drug use during the previous six months). RESULTS: A total of 2,376 out of 2,687 individuals (88%) was tested. The median (IQR) age was 42 (32-50) years. PWIDs were 537out of 2,376 (23%). Prevalence of HCV antibodies was 10.4% (248/2,376). PWIDs had a lower awareness of their HCV-Ab positivity than non-PWIDs (p-value <0.001). Furthermore, PWIDs were less likely to be previously treated than non-PWIDs (78% vs 96%, p-value= 0.017). Active infection was found in 41% of patients (101/248). Overall, 61% HCV-positive were PWIDs, with 44% HCV RNA positive. HCV therapy was prescribed to 83% (84/101) of patients with active HCV infection and 67% of these (56/84) were PWIDs. Prescription for HCV treatment in PWIDs accounted for 84% (56/67) (while for non-PWIDs was 82% (28/34) p-value: 0.88. Seventeen patients were referred to a Specialist in other prisons because they were going to be transferred soon to another prison. EOT, as well as SVR12 were achieved in 98% (82/84) treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients, PWIDs had a lower awareness of their HCV-Ab positivity and had previously received less treatments. Saliva test allowed to achieve a more rapid result, stage, and treatment approach. More than 80% of patients underwent treatment, without differences between PWIDs and non-PWIDs. Linkage to care during prison transfer allowed to avoid unplanned interruptions and offered more chances to reach the end of treatment.

Epidemiology and Microbiology of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Preliminary Results of a National Registry.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a wide range of clinical conditions characterized by a considerable variety of clinical presentations and severity. Their aetiology can also vary, with numerous possible causative pathogens. While other authors previously published analyses on several types of SSTI and on restricted types of patients, we conducted a large nationwide surveillance programme on behalf of the Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases to assess the clinical and microbiological characteristics of the whole SSTI spectrum, from mild to severe life-threatening infections, in both inpatients and outpatients. Twenty-five Infectious Diseases (ID) Centres throughout Italy collected prospectively data concerning both the clinical and microbiological diagnosis of patients affected by SSTIs via an electronic case report form. All the cases included in our database, independently from their severity, have been managed by ID specialists joining the study while SSTIs from other wards/clinics have been excluded from this analysis. Here, we report the preliminary results of our study, referring to a 12-month period (October 2016-September 2017). During this period, the study population included 254 adult patients and a total of 291 SSTI diagnoses were posed, with 36 patients presenting more than one SSTIs. The type of infection diagnosed, the aetiological micro-organisms involved and some notes on their antimicrobial susceptibilities were collected and are reported herein. The enrichment of our registry is ongoing, but these preliminary results suggest that further analysis could soon provide useful information to better understand the national epidemiologic data and the current clinical management of SSTIs in Italy.

Treatment with direct-acting antivirals in a multicenter cohort of HCV-infected inmates in Italy.

BACKGROUND: People who are incarcerated have a significantly higher prevalence of HCV infection than the general population. Given their high-risk behavior, they represent a reservoir of HCV infection for the whole community. METHODS: We evaluated all HCV-infected people who were incarcerated in 25 Italian prisons starting direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment between May 2015 and October 2016. We collected information on demographic characteristics, liver disease, HCV-related aspects, anti-HCV treatment, HIV or HBV co-infection. RESULTS: We enrolled 142 incarcerated people treated with DAAs. They were mostly Italians (93.7%) and males (98.6%). Median age was 50 years and 108/142 (76.1%) were cirrhotic patients. Prevalent genotypes were 1a (35.9%) and 3 (35.9%). Two patients were HBV co-infected, twenty-one patients (14.8%) were HIV co-infected and almost all (95.2%) received antiretroviral therapy. 118/142 (83.1%) DAAs-based regimens included sofosbuvir. Treatment completion rate was 94.4%. There were eight (5.6%) discontinuations, one (0.7%) due to an adverse reaction, one due to death (0.7%) and six (5.6%) due to release from prison. SVR12 was achieved in 90.8%. Four patients relapsed but no breakthrough occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that in Italian penitentiary settings DAAs treatment is feasible and effective. This intervention is crucial for reducing HCV circulation with possible benefits to the general population.

Hospital admissions for HIV-infected prisoners in Italy.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to give a description of the clinical conditions and patient demographics of inpatient admissions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected inmates in three hospital wards that provide hospital care for inmates in Italy. Design/methodology/approach This is a retrospective review of hospital medical admissions of patients living with HIV from January 1 to December 31, 2014, in three Italian referral centers for hospitalization of inmates. Findings A total of 85 admissions for 85 different HIV-infected inmates occurred in 2014 in the three centers participating to the study. Most patients (54.1 percent) were co-infected with hepatitis C. Discharge diagnosis largely varied ranging from common HIV-related co-morbidities to completely independent diagnosis. The most commonly observed discharge diagnoses were chronic hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, opiate dependence and thrombocytopenia. Originality/value Discharge diagnosis between HIV-infected inmates and HIV-infected patients in freedom are strikingly and significantly different. A large number of hospitalized HIV-infected inmates were affected by chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis; this is probably a direct consequence of the high prevalence of HCV and/or HBV co-infections in the inmate population in Italy. In addition, a significantly lower proportion of cancer diagnosis was observed among inmates; this is possibly justified by the fact that in our Italian settings when HIV infection is at advanced stages or if cancer treatment is started those affected are released from prison and can continue their diagnostic and treatment follow-up in freedom.

Liver schistosomiasis: an unexpected finding in hepatitis B virus-related chronic hepatitis.

CASE REPORT: We report the unusual case of an African patient who underwent a liver biopsy for a chronic HBV-related hepatitis, whose histological sample also unexpectedly revealed elements diagnostic for schistosomiasis. The patient was only mildly symptomatic for the Schistosoma infestation; stool examination confirmed the presence of parasitic eggs. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-schistosomiasis co-infection is particularly rare in Western countries. Only the identification of some pathological elements atypical for HBV infection by means of step sections in the liver biopsy sample allowed us to disclose the unsuspected diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Since migratory flows have increased, the number of foreign people being referred to our hospitals has increased. Patients coming from areas endemic for infectious diseases that are absent in Western countries must be carefully evaluated, taking into account possible unexpected co-infections, including in the setting of pathological studies of liver biopsies.