Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition on prognosis and peritoneal lavage cytology in resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) on the prognosis and incidence of positive peritoneal lavage cytology (PLC) during laparotomy or staging laparoscopy in patients with resectable (R) or borderline resectable (BR) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from patients diagnosed with body and tail PDAC with/without EUS-TA at our hospital from January 2006 to December 2021. RESULTS: To examine the effect of EUS-TA on prognosis, 153 patients (122 in the EUS-TA group, 31 in the non-EUS-TA group) were analyzed. There was no significant difference in overall survival between the EUS-TA and non-EUS-TA groups after PDAC resection (P = 0.777). In univariate and multivariate analysis, preoperative EUS-TA was not identified as an independent factor related to overall survival after pancreatectomy [hazard ratio 0.96, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.54-1.70, P = 0.897]. Next, to examine the direct influence of EUS-TA on the results of PLC, 114 patients (83 in the EUS-TA group and 31 in the non-EUS-TA group) were analyzed. Preoperative EUS-TA was not statistically associated with positive PLC (odds ratio 0.73, 95 % CI 0.25-2.20, P = 0.583). After propensity score matching, overall survival and positive PLC were the same in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-TA had no negative impact on postoperative survival and PLC-positive rates in R/BR PDAC.

Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Migration of Fractured Metal Stent in Patients with Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature.

Gastroduodenal stenting (GDS) is a less invasive alternative to gastrojejunostomy for the management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (mGOO). GDS is a minimally invasive treatment with good technical and clinical success, and severe complications that require surgical intervention are rare. Stent fracture is an uncommon complication associated with GDS; however, migration of the fractured distal segment can result in small bowel obstruction. Adverse effects of stent fractures in patients with mGOO have rarely been reported. We herein report two surgical cases of small bowel obstruction caused by the migration of fractured metal stent in patients with mGOO.

Heme-dependent induction of mitophagy program during differentiation of murine erythroid cells.

Although establishment and maintenance of mitochondria are essential for the production of massive amounts of heme in erythroblasts, mitochondria must be degraded upon terminal differentiation to red blood cells (RBCs), thus creating a biphasic regulatory process. Previously, we reported that iron deficiency in mice promotes mitochondrial retention in RBCs, suggesting that a proper amount of iron and/or heme is necessary for the degradation of mitochondria during erythroblast maturation. Because the transcription factor GATA1 regulates autophagy in erythroid cells, which involves mitochondrial clearance (mitophagy), we investigated the relationship between iron or heme and mitophagy by analyzing the expression of genes related to GATA1 and autophagy and the impact of iron or heme restriction on the amount of mitochondria. We found that heme promotes the expression of GATA1-regulated mitophagy-related genes and the induction of mitophagy. GATA1 might induce the expression of the autophagy-related genes Atg4d and Stk11 for mitophagy through a heme-dependent mechanism in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and a genetic rescue system with G1E-ER-GATA1 erythroblast cells derived from Gata1-null murine embryonic stem cells. These results provide evidence for a biphasic mechanism in which mitochondria are essential for heme generation, and the heme generated during differentiation promotes mitophagy and mitochondrial disposal. This mechanism provides a molecular framework for understanding this fundamentally important cell biological process.

The Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

This study aims to explore the associations between uric acid (UA) and long-term outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 1068 consecutive patients with ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the levels of serum UA upon admission (bottom quintile, middle 3 quintiles, and top quintile). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The patients in the higher UA groups were associated with younger age (71 ± 11 versus 68 ± 12 versus 67 ± 14 years; P < 0.05) and were more likely to be male (57.6 versus 76.9 versus 84.7%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, these patients had lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (83 ± 27 versus 74 ± 23 versus 59 ± 24 mL/minute/1.73 m2; P < 0.001) and lower left ventricular ejection fractions (58 ± 14 versus 57 ± 14 versus 53 ± 15%; P < 0.001). During the median 4-year follow-up, there were 158 incidents of all-cause death. Patients in the top quintile, followed by patients in the bottom quintile, had greater all-cause mortality compared with patients in the middle quintile (16.5 versus 11.4 versus 23.8%; P < 0.001). When the middle of the 3 quintiles was assigned as the reference group, the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for the top and bottom quintiles were 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-2.53, P < 0.05) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.03-2.36, P < 0.05), respectively. These results demonstrate that UA levels upon admission in patients with ACS who underwent PCI exhibited a 'J-shaped' association with all-cause mortality.

Production of insulin antibody associated with relapsed hodgkin's lymphoma.

A 72-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus with good glucose control for 20 years and maintained on oral hypoglycaemic agents was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and started on insulin glargine for glycaemic control. Despite increased doses of insulin, his blood glucose levels went up dramatically. The anti-insulin antibody test proved to be positive, and Scatchard plot analysis showed 2 binding sites with relatively low-affinity constants: K 1 = 0.0032, K 2 = 0.0002 (108/M); and high binding capacities: R 1 = 98.4, R 2 = 372 (10-8 M), which were compatible with the features of antibody of insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS). However, hypoglycaemia was not noted throughout the course of treatment. Since the insulin binding ratio of the antibody decreased from 87.3% to 62% after the termination of insulin treatment, it was suggested that the antibody reacted mainly to exogenously injected insulin. Switching insulin preparations or introducing insulin secretagogues did not improve elevated blood glucose levels. The initiation of brentuximab vedotin (BV), a therapeutic agent for relapsed HL, resulted in a remarkable improvement in glycaemic control despite the absence of insulin therapy and partial remission of HL. This case suggested that HL triggered anti-insulin antibody production, which resulted in poor glycaemic control, and that BV could be a new treatment option for autoimmune diseases associated with HL. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-021-00550-1.

Subcapsular hepatic hematoma: a case of chronic expanding hematoma of the liver.

BACKGROUND: A chronic expanding hematoma (CEH) enlarges as a result of slight bleeding over several months, and the tissue shows a mixture of blood breakdown products, granulation tissue with capillary ingrowth, and inflammatory tissue. This report presents a case of a subcapsular hepatic CEH that was treated with transarterial embolization (TAE) and hepatectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old man presented with vomiting and right-sided abdominal pain. Plain abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a high-density area of fluid collection beneath the capsule of the right hepatic lobe, which was diagnosed as a hematoma. From its anatomical position on the CT images, a subcapsular hepatic hematoma was diagnosed. Though conservative therapy was provided, CT-guided percutaneous drainage and TAE were performed due to worsening symptom. Because the patient's abdominal symptoms re-appeared, extended right segmentectomy including the hematoma was performed. In the resected specimen, the hematoma was located beneath the capsule of the right hepatic lobe, and it was displacing the hepatic parenchyma. Microscopic examination showed a thick fibrous capsule around the hematoma, peripheral lymphocyte and plasmacyte invasion, and aggregations of histiocytes containing phagocytosed hemosiderin. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomically, this was a case of a subcapsular hepatic hematoma, and pathologically it was shown to be a CEH. Complete surgical resection was effective treatment for this CEH.

Impact of concomitant peripheral artery disease on contrast-induced acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Subclinical peripheral artery disease (PAD) might be associated with pathophysiology of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). We hypothesized that concomitant PAD in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) would represent a high-risk subgroup with a greater incidence of CI-AKI, both of which lead to higher mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Six hundred and seventy-five consecutive patients with ACS who underwent PCI and examination of ankle-brachial index (ABI) were analyzed retrospectively. The presence of PAD was defined as an ABI < 0.9. We investigated whether (1) PAD was an independent predictor of CI-AKI (≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% relative increase in serum creatinine within 48 h after PCI) and (2) PAD and CI-AKI were independently associated with long-term mortality. Of the 675 patients with ACS, 114 (17%) exhibited PAD. The incidence of CI-AKI was significantly higher in PAD patients, compared with the remaining patients (12% vs. 4%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of PAD was an independent predictor for the development of CI-AKI [odds ratio 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-5.73, p < 0.05]. During the median 4-year follow-up, there were 65 incidents of all-cause death. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the presence of PAD [hazard ratio (HR) 2.08, 95% CI 1.17-3.65, p < 0.05] and CI-AKI (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.08-4.26, p < 0.05) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Assessment of ABI provides useful information for predicting CI-AKI and long-term mortality in patients with ACS after PCI.

Impact of decreased ankle-brachial index on 30-day bleeding complications and long-term mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Although concomitant peripheral artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been considered as a high-risk subgroup with a greater incidence of bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), few data exist regarding the clinical utility of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) for predicting bleeding complications, which affects the subsequent outcome. METHODS: Eight hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients with ACS who underwent PCI and ABI examination were analyzed retrospectively. Decreased-ABI was defined as ABI <0.9. The primary outcome was bleeding complications within 30 days, which was defined according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium classification grade ≥3. The secondary endpoint was all-cause death during follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 824 patients with ACS, 137 (16.6%) exhibited decreased-ABI. The incidence of bleeding complications was significantly higher in patients with decreased-ABI, compared with the remaining patients (21.9% vs. 6.0%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, anemia [odds ratio (OR) 2.14], estimated glomerular filtration rate<60mL/min/1.73m2 (OR 2.14), femoral access (OR 3.31), use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (OR 3.16), and decreased-ABI (OR 2.58) were independent predictors of 30-day bleeding complications. Assigning 1 point for each variable, we developed a new bleeding risk score (range, 0-5). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the probability of 30-day bleeding for the new risk score was significantly superior than that of the traditional one (0.82 vs. 0.76, p<0.05). During the median 4-year follow-up, there were 98 incidents of all-cause death. Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard analysis revealed that decreased-ABI [hazard ratio (HR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-3.13, p<0.05] and 30-day bleeding (HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.76-4.97, p<0.001) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of ABI provides useful information for predicting 30-day bleeding complications and long-term mortality in patients with ACS after PCI.

Infection perturbs Bach2- and Bach1-dependent erythroid lineage 'choice' to cause anemia.

Elucidation of how the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is reconfigured in response to the environment is critical for understanding the biology and disorder of hematopoiesis. Here we found that the transcription factors (TFs) Bach2 and Bach1 promoted erythropoiesis by regulating heme metabolism in committed erythroid cells to sustain erythroblast maturation and by reinforcing erythroid commitment at the erythro-myeloid bifurcation step. Bach TFs repressed expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor C/EBPß, as well as that of its target genes encoding molecules important for myelopoiesis and inflammation; they achieved the latter by binding to their regulatory regions also bound by C/EBPß. Lipopolysaccharide diminished the expression of Bach TFs in progenitor cells and promoted myeloid differentiation. Overexpression of Bach2 in HSPCs promoted erythroid development and inhibited myelopoiesis. Knockdown of BACH1 or BACH2 in human CD34+ HSPCs impaired erythroid differentiation in vitro. Thus, Bach TFs accelerate erythroid commitment by suppressing the myeloid program at steady state. Anemia of inflammation and myelodysplastic syndrome might involve reduced activity of Bach TFs.

Identification of a Novel Enhancer/Chromatin Opening Element Associated with High-Level γ-Globin Gene Expression.

The organization of the five ß-type globin genes on chromosome 11 reflects the timing of expression during erythroid cell development, with the embryonic ε-globin gene being located at the 5' end, followed by the two fetal γ-globin genes, and with the adult ß- and δ-globin genes being located at the 3' end. Here, we functionally characterized a DNase I-hypersensitive site (HS) located 4 kb upstream of the Gγ-globin gene (HBG-4kb HS). This site is occupied by transcription factors USF1, USF2, EGR1, MafK, and NF-E2 in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562 and exhibits histone modifications typical for enhancers. We generated a synthetic zinc finger (ZF) DNA-binding domain targeting the HBG-4kb HS (HBG-4kb ZF). The HBG-4kb ZF interacted with the target site in vitro and in the context of cells with a high affinity and specificity. Direct delivery of the HBG-4kb ZF to K562 and primary human erythroid cells caused a reduction in γ-globin gene expression which was associated with decreased binding of transcription factors and active histone marks at and downstream of the HS. The data demonstrate that the HBG-4kb HS is important for fetal globin production and suggest that it may act by opening chromatin in a directional manner.

Impact of stent deformity induced by the kissing balloon technique for bifurcating lesions on in-stent restenosis after coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of stent deformity induced by final kissing balloon technique (KBT) for coronary bifurcation lesions on in-stent restenosis (ISR). BACKGROUND: In experimental models, the detrimental effects of KBT have been clearly demonstrated, but few data exists regarding the impact of proximal stent deformity induced by KBT on clinical outcomes. METHODS: We examined 370 coronary lesions where intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation for coronary bifurcation lesions was performed. Based on IVUS analysis, the stent symmetry index (minimum/maximum stent diameter) and stent overstretch index (the mean of stent diameter/the mean of reference diameter) were calculated in the proximal main vessel. RESULTS: The stent symmetry index was significantly lower (0.75 ± 0.07 vs 0.88 ± 0.06, P < 0.0001) and the stent overstretch index was significantly higher (1.04 ± 0.08 vs 1.01 ± 0.06, P = 0.0007) in lesions with KBT (n = 174) compared to those without KBT (n = 196). The number of two-stent technique in lesions with KBT was 31 (18%). In multivariate analysis, the degree of stent deformity indices was not associated with ISR in lesions with KBT; however, two-stent technique use was the only independent predictor of ISR at 8 months (hazard ratio: 3.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.25-12.5, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Second-generation DES deformity induced by KBT was not associated with mid-term ISR.

Phosphorylation of BACH1 switches its function from transcription factor to mitotic chromosome regulator and promotes its interaction with HMMR.

The transcription repressor BACH1 performs mutually independent dual roles in transcription regulation and chromosome alignment during mitosis by supporting polar ejection force of mitotic spindle. We now found that the mitotic spindles became oblique relative to the adhesion surface following endogenous BACH1 depletion in HeLa cells. This spindle orientation rearrangement was rescued by re-expression of BACH1 depending on its interactions with HMMR and CRM1, both of which are required for the positioning of mitotic spindle, but independently of its DNA-binding activity. A mass spectrometry analysis of BACH1 complexes in interphase and M phase revealed that BACH1 lost during mitosis interactions with proteins involved in chromatin and gene expression but retained interactions with HMMR and its known partners including CHICA. By analyzing BACH1 modification using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, mitosis-specific phosphorylations of BACH1 were observed, and mutations of these residues abolished the activity of BACH1 to restore mitotic spindle orientation in knockdown cells and to interact with HMMR. Detailed histological analysis of Bach1-deficient mice revealed lengthening of the epithelial fold structures of the intestine. These observations suggest that BACH1 performs stabilization of mitotic spindle orientation together with HMMR and CRM1 in mitosis, and that the cell cycle-specific phosphorylation switches the transcriptional and mitotic functions of BACH1.

Paradoxical impact of decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level at baseline on the long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Although statin therapy is beneficial in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a substantial proportion of patients with ACS still do not receive the guideline-recommended lipid management in contemporary practice. We hypothesize that the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at the time of admission might affect patient management and the subsequent outcome. Nine-hundred and forty-two consecutive patients with ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were analyzed retrospectively. The study patients were first divided into two groups based on the LDL-C level on admission: group A (n = 267), with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL; and group B (n = 675), with LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL. Each group was then further divided into those who were prescribed statins or not at the time of discharge from the hospital. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. In addition, we analyzed the serial changes of LDL-C within 1 year. Patients in group A were significantly older and more likely to have multiple comorbidities compared with group B. The proportion of patients who were prescribed statin at discharge was significantly smaller in group A compared with group B (57.7 vs. 77.3%, p < 0.001). During the median 4-year follow-up, there were 122 incidents of all-cause death. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that LDL-C < 100 mg/dL on admission [hazard ratio (HR), 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09-2.39; p < 0.05] and prescription of statins at discharge (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36-0.76; p < 0.001) were associated significantly with all-cause death. Under these conditions, increasing LDL-C levels were documented during follow-up in those patients in group A when no statins were prescribed at discharge (79 ± 15-96 ± 29 mg/dL, p < 0.001), whereas these remained unchanged when statins were prescribed at discharge (79 ± 15-77 ± 22 mg/dL, p = 0.30). These results demonstrate that decreased LDL-C on admission in ACS led to less prescription for statins, which could result in increased death, probably due to underestimation of the baseline LDL-C.

Spontaneous Celiac and Splenic Artery Dissection.

Dissection of the splanchnic artery unrelated to an aortic lesion is extremely rare. We describe a patient with dissection of the celiac and splenic arteries causing splenic circulatory impairment. A 55-year-old Japanese man was referred to our hospital for left back pain that suddenly occurred 3 days previously and spread to the left flank. He had complicated sleep apnea syndrome well controlled with continuous positive airway pressure, and had been prophylactically taking aspirin (100 mg/day) because of asymptomatic cerebral lacunar infarcts. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in the arterial phase revealed dissection from the celiac root extending to the entire splenic artery, the caliber of which was irregularly narrowed, causing malperfusion in the spleen. Because of hemodynamic stability and lack of impending sequelae, the patient was carefully observed with rest, strict blood pressure control, and aspirin administration. One month later, CT revealed restoration of the caliber of the dissected arteries and regression of the organizing false lumen, which confirmed the patient's recovery. Despite the extreme rarity or nonspecific symptoms, splanchnic artery dissection should be considered a potentially life-threatening emergency. This case supports the possible benefit of starting antithrombotic treatment early to prevent thrombotic sequelae such as organ infarction and aneurysmal formation.

Impact of Baseline Angiographic Complexities Determined by Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting SYNTAX Score on the Prediction of Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Although Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score based on angiographic scoring system was developed in patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), few data exist regarding its prognostic utility in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined 272 patients with previous CABG (217 men; mean age, 70.4 ± 9.7 years) undergoing PCI. Severity of the coronary anatomy was evaluated using CABG-SYNTAX score. The primary end point of this study was cardiovascular death. The baseline CABG-SYNTAX score ranged from 2 to 53.5, with an average of 26.0 ± 10.2. In the index procedures, PCI for the native coronary accounted for nearly all patients (88%). During follow-up (median 4.1 years), 40 cardiovascular deaths had occurred. In multivariate analysis, age >75 years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.82, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.52), left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.39 to 6.07), end-stage renal disease (HR 2.90, 95% CI 1.15 to 6.75), peripheral artery disease (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.64), and CABG-SYNTAX score >25 (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.19 to 5.05) were independent predictors of cardiovascular death. After creating a composite risk score in consideration of identified predictors, the freedom from cardiovascular death at 5 years was 98%, 86%, and 58% in the low (0 to 1), medium (2), and high (3 to 5) scores, respectively (p <0.001). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for cardiovascular death for the CABG-SYNTAX and composite risk scores were 0.66 and 0.77, respectively (p <0.05). In conclusion, the combination of angiographic and clinical characteristics is useful for risk stratification in patients with previous CABG undergoing PCI.

Repeated occurrence of slow flow phenomenon during and late after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

A 78-year-old man with unstable angina showed 90% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Pre-procedural intravascular ultrasound revealed ruptured plaque and attenuated plaque in the lesion. Under these conditions, two overlapping sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation in this lesion resulted in slow flow which was recovered by intracoronary nitrates, nicorandil, and nitroprusside without further complications. When the patient showed up again 5 years later with recurrence of angina pectoris, angiography revealed a hazy ulcerated in-stent restenosis (ISR) at the site of the SES. Pre-procedural optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging revealed multiple intimal ruptures, cavity formation behind the stent struts, a thin-cap fibroatheroma containing neointima surrounded by signal-poor, lipid-rich area in the proximal SES, suggesting the progression of neoatherosclerosis within SES. Importantly, there occurred slow flow again after balloon angioplasty for this lesion. We would suggest careful OCT examination is warranted to confirm development of neoatherosclerosis within the stent, and distal protection device should be considered to prevent slow flow phenomenon even in a patient with very late ISR.

The small cell lung cancer-specific isoform of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is regulated by neural-specific Ser/Arg repeat-related protein of 100 kDa (nSR100).

UNLABELLED: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant form of cancer, which originates from primitive neuroendocrine cells in the lung. SCLC cells express several autocrine neurotransmitters/neuropeptides and their respective receptors. Expression of these neuronal markers is frequently regulated by RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST). In SCLC cells, an SCLC-specific isoform of REST (sREST) is highly expressed, whereas REST expression is undetectable, suggesting that the expression of sREST correlates with the pathogenesis of SCLC. Expression of sREST, which is derived through alternative splicing of REST, is abnormally regulated in SCLC cells, but the mechanism is unknown. Most recently, nSR100 (SRRM4) was described as an activator of REST alternative splicing. We now show that nSR100 is highly expressed in SCLC cells correlating with high sREST and low REST expression. Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is thought to enhance tumorigenicity and confer resistance to apoptosis. Interestingly, nSR100 expression is enhanced in cells grown with ECM. Overexpression of REST caused repression of sREST and nSR100, the latter containing RE1 element controlled by REST. Culturing the SCLC cell line NCI-N417 cells with ECM also upregulated RE1-containing gene, the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by LY294002 induced nSR100 expression, whereas the specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibited nSR100 expression. Repressing nSR100 by siRNA effectively repressed sREST, and conversely increased REST in NCI-N417 cells. Taken together, this report clarifies the ECM-dependent signaling pathway that impacts nSR100 expression and its regulation of alternative splicing in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS: The splicing factor nSR100 may be novel SCLC-specific biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target.

Serial changes in glucose-loaded 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 123I-beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-penta-decanoic acid myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography images in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is assumed to be the most useful method for evaluating the viability of the myocardium. However, there are few reports regarding serial changes in (18)F-FDG-PET images of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated serial changes in glucose-loaded (18)F-FDG-PET, (123)I-ß-methyl-p-iodophenyl-penta-decanoic acid (BMIPP) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin (TF) gated SPECT images in patients with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 7 consecutive patients with first anterior AMI who successfully underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). (18)F-FDG-PET images were obtained in the acute, subacute, chronic, mid-term and long-term phases. (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT images were obtained in the subacute, chronic, mid-term and long-term phases. We determined the total defect score (TDS) for each image. The TDS of the glucose-loaded (18)F-FDG-PET, (123)I-BMIPP and( 99m)Tc-TF SPECT images indicated significant serial decrease (P<0.001). Comparing these images, the TDS of the glucose-loaded (18)F-FDG-PET images was larger than that of the (123)I-BMIPP and (99m)Tc-TF SPECT images, and the TDS indicated (18)F-FDG-PET>(123)I-BMIPP>(99m)Tc-TF in all phases. CONCLUSIONS: The defect areas of glucose-loaded (18)F-FDG-PET images were significantly larger than those of (123)I-BMIPP and( 99m)Tc-TF SPECT images during 9 months follow-up of patients with successful PCI for anterior AMI. Additionally, the impairment of glucose metabolism was prolonged.

[Successful endoscopic transpapillary pancreaticobiliary drainage for omental panniculitis by hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by biliary fistula and pancreatic fistula].

A 78-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection was admitted to our hospital because of acute abdomen. The CT scan showed biliary fistula caused by hepatocellular carcinoma protruding from S3. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed disruption of an intrahepatic duct and the main pancreatic duct, and contrast agent leaked into the peritoneal cavity from each duct. Omental panniculitis with biliary fistula and pancreatic fistula was diagnosed. The symptoms improved by endoscopic nasobiliary drainage and endoscopic pancreatic stenting. On the 13th day after admission, we added endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage because his abdominal pain had been exacerbated by pancreatic juice leakage. Omental panniculitis by hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by biliary fistula and pancreatic fistula is extremely rare. Endoscopic transpapillary pancreaticobiliary drainage was effective for omental panniculitis in this case.