Correction: Comparison of professionalism between emergency medicine resident physicians and faculty physicians: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230186.].

An Adult Case of Pharyngeal Injury Caused by Toothbrush.

Most toothbrush-induced oral injuries occur in children and are relatively shallow, involving the oral mucous membranes and musculature, but rarely deeper layers. Here, the management of an adult case of pharyngeal injury caused by a toothbrush is discussed. A man fell while brushing his teeth, and his toothbrush stuck in his throat. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a toothbrush stuck in the left parapharyngeal space, reaching the subcutaneous tissue of the posterior neck. The toothbrush was surgically removed because blind removal could damage major cervical arterioles and nerves. In intraoral injuries caused by deep penetrating toothbrushes, there is a risk that the injury extends to the major arterioles and nerves of the neck. The need for imaging studies, methods of removal, and possible complications should all be considered before taking an appropriate removal action.

Parasternal intercostal function during sustained hypoxia.

Ventilatory response to sustained isocapnic hypoxia in adult humans and other mammals is characterized by a biphasic pattern, with attenuation of neuromotor output to the diaphragm. However, there is no a priori reason that hypoxia-mediated attenuation of respiratory drive would be a common event among other respiratory muscles. At present, little is known about the function of the chest wall muscles during sustained hypoxia. As an obligatory inspiratory muscle with potential to act as a surrogate for neural drive to the relatively inaccessible costal diaphragm, parasternal intercostal has gained interest clinically: its function during a sustained hypoxic insult, as may occur in respiratory failure, warrants investigation. Therefore, in 11 chronically instrumented awake canines, we simultaneously recorded muscle length and shortening and electromyogram (EMG) activity of the parasternal chest wall inspiratory muscle, along with breathing pattern, during moderate levels of sustained isocapnic hypoxia lasting 20-25 min (mean 80 ± 2% oximeter oxygen saturation). Phasic inspiratory shortening and EMG activity of the parasternal intercostal were observed throughout room air and hypoxic ventilation in all animals. Temporal changes in parasternal intercostal shortening tracked the biphasic changes in ventilation during sustained hypoxia. Mean shortening and EMG activity of parasternal intercostal muscle increased significantly with initial hypoxia (P < 0.01) and then markedly declined with constant hypoxia (P < 0.05). We conclude that attenuation of central neural respiratory drive extends to the primary chest wall inspiratory muscle, the parasternal intercostal, during sustained hypoxia, thus directly contributing to biphasic changes in ventilation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY With the potential to act as a surrogate for the generally inaccessible costal diaphragm, parasternal intercostal has gained great interest clinically as a muscle to monitor neural drive and function in respiratory disease. This study demonstrates for the first time the impact of sustained hypoxia on neural activation and mechanical contraction of the parasternal intercostals. Parasternal intercostals reveal a biphasic action during the time-dependent hypoxic response, with a transient increase in shortening and EMG activity with acute hypoxia followed by a progressive decline when hypoxia is sustained.

Incidence and timing of biphasic anaphylactic reactions: a retrospective cohort study.

AIM: We investigated the frequency of overall biphasic reactions, biphasic reactions that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis, and biphasic reactions that caused a severe abnormality in vital signs in patients who visited the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients aged 18 years or over who presented with anaphylaxis at the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital between January 2014 and December 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of biphasic reactions that caused a severe abnormality in vital signs and developed within 7 days. Secondary outcomes were the frequency of overall biphasic reactions and those that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis. RESULTS: In total, 437 patients aged over 18 years visited the emergency department during the study period. Among them, 202 were enrolled in this study. The proportion of patients who had overall biphasic reactions, those that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis, and those with a severe abnormality in vital signs was 8.9%, 3.0%, and 1.0%, respectively. Overall, 32.7% of patients were hospitalized, but hospitalization aided in the treatment of severe biphasic reactions at the early stage in only one patient. CONCLUSION: We found that 8.9% of adult patients with anaphylaxis had a biphasic reaction, but biphasic reactions together with severe abnormalities in vital signs were rare.

Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis Score and Patient Outcomes.

CONTEXT: The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score helps to diagnose necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI). The LRINEC score has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis, although few studies have evaluated this association. AIMS: We aimed to describe the characteristics of NSTI and assess whether the LRINEC score was associated with mortality and amputation. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective observational study from January 2007 to May 2018, in a Japanese tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with NSTI were identified through our hospital database using the discharge diagnosis. We extracted data on patient characteristics, laboratory examinations, microbiological information, treatment, and in-hospital mortality. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for in-hospital mortality using logistic regression models. RESULTS: We identified 58 patients. The median LRINEC score was 8 (interquartile range [IQR]: 6-9). Forty-four patients (75.9%) scored 6 or more. The eight patients with amputations had a median score of 6 (IQR: 4.5-7.5) versus 8 (IQR: 7-9) for patients who underwent debridement (P = 0.091). Survivors and nonsurvivors had median scores of 8 (IQR: 6-9) and 6 (IQR: 5-8), respectively (P = 0.148). The OR for mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis was 10.5 (95% CI: 1.00-110.36; P = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between the LRINEC score and patients' outcomes: mortality and amputation. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of the LRINEC score and factors associated with poor prognosis in patients with NSTI.

Validity of a five-level prehospital triage system in Japan: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The increasing worldwide demand for ambulance transport may worsen patient prognosis due to a prolonged response time and overcrowding in the emergency department. Triage in the prehospital setting may reduce the demand for ambulance transport by advising low-acuity patients seek non-emergency medical care. In Japan, a five-level triage system that allows emergency medical services (EMS) to triage patients has been implemented since 2014. This study aimed to validate the five-level triage system. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients aged ≥16 years who were transported by EMS to a tertiary-care hospital in Japan from April 2018 to June 2018. We used admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) as the primary outcome. Our secondary outcome was overall admission. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the strength of association between triage acuity and admission (ICU and overall). RESULTS: A total of 1261 patients were included in the analysis. The odds ratios of ICU admission were 9.62 (95% confidence interval: 5.66-16.3) in Level 1 and 2.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.60-5.38) in Level 2 compared with reference groups composed of Levels 4 and 5. Similar associations were found for triage acuity and overall admission. CONCLUSIONS: Our study validates the five-level prehospital triage system for patients transported by EMS and demonstrates an association between the triage acuity and ICU admissions.

Health and Economic Burden of Injurious Falls Into Irrigation Canals in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Falls into small water bodies can cause drowning and trauma. Such falls, especially into irrigation canals, and the subsequent trauma are common in Japan. However, few studies have investigated their characteristics, costs, and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to clarify the characteristics, prognosis, and economic burden of trauma due to falls into irrigation canals in Kurashiki City, Japan. METHODS: This 4-year, single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Japanese tertiary care hospital between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2016. We enrolled patients who had fallen into irrigation canals constructed more than 300 years ago, and transported to our hospital by ambulance. The study outcomes included the characteristics, prognosis, and health care costs of such trauma. RESULTS: We enrolled 266 patients with a median age of 66 years (range 19-64 years). Most patients fell into irrigation canals while walking (49.3%), riding a bicycle (35.0%), or driving or riding in a car (7.1%). Extremities were the most frequently affected body parts, and the head and chest were less frequently affected. Four patients (1.5%) died in the emergency department (ED), and 121 (45.5%) were hospitalized (109 in our hospital and 12 transferred to other hospitals). The total costs of ED and hospital stays were 777,625 US dollars (266 patients) and 712,059 US dollars (109 patients hospitalized in our hospital), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma due to falls into irrigation canals can be severe and even fatal, and the related costs are high. Our study highlights the importance of implementing appropriate measures to prevent falls into irrigation canals and of promoting awareness among citizens.

Mesosalpinx hernia of the sigmoid colon: A cause of lower abdominal pain in women.

Diseases of the uterus and adnexa uteri should be considered when evaluating female patients with lower abdominal pain. Diseases caused by defects in the supporting ligaments of the female reproductive system should also be considered.

Comparison of professionalism between emergency medicine resident physicians and faculty physicians: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

Professionalism is a critical competency for emergency medicine (EM) physicians, and professional behavior affects patient satisfaction. However, the findings of various studies indicate that there are differences in the interpretation of professionalism among EM resident physicians and faculty physicians. Using a cross-sectional survey, we aimed to analyze common challenges to medical professionalism for Japanese EM physicians and survey the extent of professionalism coursework completed during undergraduate medical education. We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional survey of EM resident physicians and faculty physicians at academic conferences and eight teaching hospitals in Japan using the questionnaire by Barry and colleagues. We analyzed the frequency of providing either the best or second-best answers to each scenario as the main outcome measure and compared the frequencies between EM resident physicians and EM faculty physicians. Fisher's exact test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to analyze data. A total of 176 physicians (86 EM resident physicians and 90 EM faculty physicians) completed the survey. The response rate was 92.6%. The most challenging scenario presented to participants dealt with sexual harassment, and only 44.5% chose the best or second-best answers, followed by poor responses to the confidentiality scenario (69.9%). The frequency of either the best or second-best responses to the confidentiality scenario was significantly greater for EM resident physicians than for EM faculty physicians (77.1% versus 62.9%, p = 0.048). More participants in the EM resident physician group completed formal courses in medical professionalism than those in the EM faculty physician group (25.8% versus 5.5%, p < 0.01). Further, EM faculty physicians were less likely than EM resident physicians to provide acceptable responses in terms of confidentiality, and few of both had received professionalism training through school curricula. Continuous professionalism education focused on the prevention of sexual harassment and gender gap is needed for both EM resident physicians and faculty physicians in Japan.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Hypokalemia and Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation Associated with Caffeine Intoxication.

BACKGROUND: Caffeine has been reported as a cause of cardiac arrest after massive overdose. Here, we report the case of a patient with caffeine intoxication, which can cause fatal dysrhythmias and severe hypokalemia. They were successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder presented to the emergency department after suicidal drug ingestion (caffeine and amitriptyline). Immediately after arrival, she experienced multiple episodes of ventricular fibrillation with severe hypokalemia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and medical therapy. However, conventional treatment was not successful. We instituted ECMO early during resuscitation because prolonged hypokalemia refractory to aggressive potassium replacement precluded the use of antidysrhythmic medications for refractory circulatory compromise with ventricular fibrillation. The use of ECMO provided time to correct hypokalemia (19.3 g potassium) and reduce the caffeine level with hemodialysis. Although she had sustained cardiac arrest, she recovered fully and was discharged home. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Our case indicates the potential effectiveness of ECMO in severely poisoned patients with fatal dysrhythmias. ECMO could provide time for removal of toxic drugs and correction of electrolyte abnormalities.

Impact of age on the discriminative ability of an emergency triage system: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency triage systems optimize resources in emergency departments (EDs) for those who need urgent care. Five-level triage systems, such as the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), have been used worldwide. We examined whether the discriminative ability of an emergency triage system varies according to age group using a patient cohort triaged with the Japan Triage and Acuity Scale (JTAS), a validated system based on the CTAS. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of 27 120 self-presenting patients aged 16 years and older who were triaged with (JTAS) between June 2013 and May 2014 at a Japanese tertiary care hospital. Outcome measures were admission to intensive care units (ICUs) as the primary and in-hospital death as the secondary. We described the trends of the discriminative ability of JTAS using areas under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of JTAS for seven age categories. RESULTS: The AUROC of JTAS for ICU admission decreased with age (maximum 0.85 to minimum 0.71), sensitivity non-significantly decreased (maximum 0.67 to minimum 0.32), and specificity declined with age (maximum 0.96 to minimum 0.88). The positive and negative predictive value increased (minimum 0.03 to maximum 0.09) and decreased (minimum 0.98 to maximum 0.99), respectively, with age. Overall misclassification increased across age groups (P < 0.001). This trend was mostly consistent with the analysis of in-hospital death. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the discriminative ability of an emergency triage system decreases as patient age increases, corresponding to a decrease in specificity. Undertriage may not significantly increase, but misclassification significantly increases as patient age increases.

Validity of the Japan Acuity and Triage Scale in elderly patients: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In developed nations, the age of patients in emergency departments (ED) continues to increase. Many emergency triage systems, such as the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS), triage patients as a homogenous group, regardless of age. However, older adults have multiple comorbidities and a higher risk of undertriage. The Japan Acuity and Triage Scale (JTAS) was developed based on the CTAS and has been validated for overall adults. We assessed the validity of the JTAS for use in elderly ED patients. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a cohort study that previously validated the JTAS in self-presenting adults of all ages in the ED of a Japanese tertiary-care hospital. We included non-transferred patients who were ≥65 years old and triaged between June 2013 and May 2014. Our primary outcome measures were overall admission and ED length of stay. Our secondary outcomes included admission to the intensive care units (ICUs) and in-hospital mortality. We examined the association between the triage level and patient outcomes with multivariable logistic regression analysis (overall and ICU admission and in-hospital mortality) and the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test (ED length of stay). RESULTS: We included a total of 11,087 elderly patients in our study. Higher odds ratios for overall and ICU admission and in-hospital mortality corresponded to higher acuity levels. ED length of stay was significantly longer in patients with a higher JTAS level (p < 0.001). Twenty-nine percent of admissions who were triaged as lower acuity levels were related to non-acute diseases including malignancy-related events. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests an association between the JTAS triage level and clinical outcomes in self-presenting elderly patients, thereby demonstrating the validity of the JTAS in these patients. However, admission due to chronic diseases including malignancy was common in patients who were rated as low acuity level.

Costal and crural diaphragm function during sustained hypoxia in awake canines.

In humans and other mammals, isocapnic hypoxia sustained for 20-60 min exhibits a biphasic ventilation pattern: initial increase followed by a significant ventilatory decline ("roll-off") to a lesser intermediate plateau. During sustained hypoxia, the mechanical action and activity of the diaphragm have not been studied; thus we assessed diaphragm function in response to hypoxic breathing. Thirteen spontaneously breathing awake canines were exposed to moderate levels of sustained isocapnic hypoxia lasting 20-25 min (80 ± 2% pulse oximeter oxygen saturation). Breathing pattern and changes in muscle length and electromyogram (EMG) activity of the costal and crural diaphragm were continuously recorded. Mean tidal shortening and EMG activity of the costal and crural diaphragm exhibited an overall biphasic pattern, with initial brisk increase followed by a significant decline (P < 0.01). Although costal and crural shortening did not differ significantly with sustained hypoxia, this equivalence in segmental shortening occurred despite distinct and differing EMG activities of the costal and crural segments. Specifically, initial hypoxia elicited a greater costal EMG activity compared with crural (P < 0.05), whereas sustained hypoxia resulted in a lesser crural EMG decline/attenuation than costal (P < 0.05). We conclude that sustained isocapnic hypoxia elicits a biphasic response in both ventilation and diaphragmatic function and there is clear differential activation and contribution of the two diaphragmatic segments. This different diaphragm segmental action is consistent with greater neural activation of costal diaphragm during initial hypoxia, then preferential sparing of crural activation as hypoxia is sustained. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In humans and other mammals, during isocapnic hypoxia sustained for 20-60 min ventilation exhibits a biphasic pattern: initial increase followed by significant ventilatory decline ("roll-off"). During sustained hypoxia, the function of the diaphragm is unknown. This study demonstrates that the diaphragm reveals a biphasic action during the time-dependent hypoxic "roll-off" in ventilation. These results also highlight that the two diaphragm segments, costal and crural, show differing, distinctive contributions to diaphragm function during sustained hypoxia.

A co-infection of varicella-zoster virus and Pneumocystis jirovecii in a non-HIV immunocompromised patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster. Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) also causes pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Although both cause opportunistic infections, it is rare to have a co-infection in a non-human immunodeficiency virus carrier. CASE PRESENTATION: An 84-year-old woman with hemolytic anemia referred because of acute respiratory failure. She had received prednisolone without PJ pneumonia prevention. She developed dyspnea and desaturation while eating, and thus was treated based on a presumptive diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia. Physical examination revealed a vesicular rash on the left side of her neck suggesting herpes zoster infection. Polymerase chain reaction of her sputum for PJ and VZV was positive, which confirmed a diagnosis of pneumonia due to PJ and VZV co-infection. Despite acyclovir and sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim administration, she died on hospital day 19. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should suspect PJP when patients on systemic corticosteroids develop pneumonia and they have not received prophylactic treatment for PJP in non-HIV carriers. When such patients have a VZV rash, clinicians should aggressively seek signs of opportunistic infections. Our case hereby highlights the importance of recognizing the possibility of a VZV and PJ co-infection.

An unexpected cause of chronic cough in a young woman: Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Heart failure typically manifests with exertional dyspnea or limb edema. Old age, underlying heart disease, and coronary risk factors are known risk factors for heart failure. Thus, congestive heart failure is rarely considered as a differential diagnosis of chronic cough in a previously healthy young person. However, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC) can result in such a situation. A case of a previously healthy 27-year-old woman with TIC is described herein. On the first examination, the patient presented with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction caused by persistent tachyarrhythmia. Cardiomyopathy subsided with only heart rate control; therefore, the patient was diagnosed as having TIC. TIC can develop irrespective of age and underlying heart disease. The long-term outcome may be good, and LV systolic function recovers in most patients following resolution of arrhythmia. Physicians need to consider TIC as a differential diagnosis in patients of any age who present with heart failure, because prompt treatment generally leads to resolution of symptoms and ventricular function.

The characteristics of patients with hypermagnesemia who underwent emergency hemodialysis.

AIM: This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients who presented with severe hypermagnesemia and subsequently underwent emergency hemodialysis. METHODS: We investigated the age, gender, complications, clinical symptoms, causal drugs, electrocardiogram findings, and laboratory data of 15 patients. RESULTS: Magnesium oxide had been administered in all cases and 14 patients were over 65 years old. The male : female ratio was 6:9. Chief complaints included a disturbance of consciousness, hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory failure. The median serum magnesium value before hemodialysis was 6.0 (3.7-18.6) mg/dL. The daily dosage of magnesium oxide was ≤ 2.0 g in 12 cases. The median serum creatinine value before hemodialysis was 5.39 (0.54-10.29) mg/dL. However, in two cases, the creatinine value was not elevated. Complications of acute kidney injury exacerbated the hypermagnesemia in nine cases. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that the serum magnesium value should be measured in older patients who are taking magnesium oxide and are showing signs and symptoms of a disturbance of consciousness, hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory failure of an uncertain etiology, even if the serum creatinine value is not elevated or the dosage of magnesium oxide is within recommended levels.

Validity of the Japan Acuity and Triage Scale in adults: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The Japan Acuity and Triage Scale (JTAS) was developed based on Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale in 2012 and has been implemented in many Japanese EDs. We assessed the validity of JTAS by examining the association between JTAS triage levels and throughput and clinical outcomes in adult patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data in the ED of a Japanese tertiary-care hospital. We included self-presenting patients who were ≥16 years of age and triaged between June 2013 and May 2014. We assessed the association between the triage level and overall admission and admission to the intensive care units (ICUs) with multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted with patients' age and the time of visit and ED length of stay using the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test. We examined the predictive ability of JTAS for determining overall and ICU admission using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: We included a total of 27 120 adult patients in our study. The OR for overall admission was greater with a higher triage level compared with the lowest urgency levels. ED length of stay was significantly longer with a higher JTAS level (p<0.001). The OR for ICU admission was greater in JTAS 1 (117.93 (95% CI 69.07 to 201.38)) and JTAS 2 (9.43 (95% CI 13.74 to 29.30)) compared with the lowest urgency levels. The areas under the curve for the predictive ability of JTAS for overall and ICU admission were 0.726 and 0.792, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests an association of JTAS acuity with overall admission, ICU admission and ED length of stay, thereby demonstrating the predictive validity of JTAS.

Impact of Attending Physicians' Comments on Residents' Workloads in the Emergency Department: Results from Two J(

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether peppy comments from attending physicians increased the workload of residents working in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: We conducted two parallel-group, assessor-blinded, randomized trials at the ED in a tertiary care hospital in western Japan. Twenty-five residents who examined either ambulatory (J(^o^)PAN-1 Trial) or transferred patients (J(^o^)PAN-2 Trial) in the ED on weekdays. Participants were randomly assigned to groups that either received a peppy message such as "Hope you have a quiet day!" (intervention group) or did not (control group) from the attending physicians. Both trials were conducted from June 2014 through March 2015. For each trial, residents rated the number of patients examined during and the busyness and difficulty of their shifts on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: A total of 169 randomizations (intervention group, 81; control group, 88) were performed for the J(^o^)PAN-1 Trial, and 178 (intervention group, 85; control group, 93) for the J(^o^)PAN-2 Trial. In the J(^o^)PAN-1 trial, no differences were observed in the number of ambulatory patients examined during their shifts (5.5 and 5.7, respectively, p = 0.48), the busyness of their shifts (2.8 vs 2.8; p = 0.58), or the difficulty of their shifts (3.1 vs 3.1, p = 0.94). However, in the J(^o^)PAN-2 trial, although busyness (2.8 vs 2.7; p = 0.40) and difficulty (3.1 vs 3.2; p = 0.75) were similar between groups, the intervention group examined more transferred patients than the control group (4.4 vs 3.9; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Peppy comments from attending physicians had a minimal jinxing effect on the workload of residents working in the ED. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000017193 and UMIN000017194.

"REBOA" - Is it Really Safe? A Case with Massive Intracranial Hemorrhage Possibly due to Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA).

BACKGROUND Non-compressible torso hemorrhage continues to be the leading cause of preventable death in trauma patients. Recent case series report that resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in the trauma population is a technically feasible method to manage the patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage. On the other hand, it seems that REBOA is being widely promoted prematurely. Complications due to REBOA haven't been reported much in the literature, and they could have been underestimated. CASE REPORT An 86-year-old female presented to our emergency department following a pedestrian-vehicle accident. On admission, she was hemodynamically unstable with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 78 mm Hg. She responded to fluid administration, and computed tomography (CT) scan showed cerebral contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pelvic fracture with contrast extravasation, and thoracic spine fracture. Her condition deteriorated after the CT scan, and she became hemodynamically unstable. REBOA was inserted and inflated. Her blood pressure recovered and even became as high as SBP of 180 mm Hg. Transarterial embolization for pelvic fracture was successfully performed. A subsequent head CT scan showed massive intracranial hemorrhage with penetration to the ventricle, which was fatal. She died on the same day due to cerebral herniation. CONCLUSIONS REBOA is now considered as an alternative to resuscitative thoracotomy or even widely indicated to control hemorrhage. We should be more cautious about using REBOA for polytrauma patients since it could make hemorrhage worse. Further research, assessing its potential complications and safety, will be required to elucidate clear indications for REBOA in trauma populations.