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BACKGROUND: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are recognised independent novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have assessed cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hyperglycaemic emergencies (HE), despite it being a major cause of death in diabetics. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine cardiovascular risk indices in patients with hyperglycaemic emergencies and related these with outcome. METHODS: This cross sectional study involved 45 patients that presented with HE and 45 age and sex matched diabetics without HE who served as controls. Historical features, physical findings and laboratory parameters including hsCRP and PAI-1 were compared between subjects and controls. RESULTS: The mean values of serum hsCRP and PAI-1 were significantly higher in patients with HE compared to diabetic control. (49.52 ± 13.6 vs. 2.4 ± 1.35, 51.2 ± 28.7 vs. 33.2 ± 10.7 respectively). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as HbA1c, Atherogenic Index and microalbuminuria were also significantly higher in them. Mortality was associated with increasing age, higher values of waist circumference, pulse rate, respiratory rate, hsCRP, Atherogenic index and lower blood pressure and HDL values. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk indices are higher in patients with HE.
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Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Hiperglucemia , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/análisis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Correlación de Datos , Estudios Transversales , Urgencias Médicas/epidemiología , Femenino , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hiperglucemia/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sex specific differences appear particularly relevant in the management of type 2 DM. OBJECTIVE: We determined gender specific differences in cardio-metabolic risk, microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Four hundred type 2 diabetes patients, males and females, matched for age and disease duration were recruited from the diabetes clinic. Relevant clinical and laboratory information were obtained or performed. RESULTS: 190(47.5%) were male and 210 (52.5%) were female respectively. The mean age of the study population was 60.6 + 9.93 years. Women had higher prevalence of hypertension (and obesity. Mean total cholesterol was significantly higher in women but men were more likely to achieve LDL treatment goals than women (69.5% vs 59.0%, p<0.05). More women (47.1% & 31.4%) reached glycaemic goals of <10mmol/l for 2HPP and HBA1c of <7.0%.There were no gender differences in the distribution of microvascular and macrovascular complications (p>0.05) but women were more likely to develop moderate and severe diabetic retinopathy (p= 0.027). CONCLUSION: Women with T2DM had worse cardiometabolic risk profile with regards to hypertension, obesity and lipid goals. Men achieved therapeutic goals less frequently than did women in terms of glycaemia. Microvascular and macrovascular complications occurred commonly in both sexes.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/epidemiología , Retinopatía Diabética/epidemiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
AIMS: Glucose tolerance abnormalities are frequently observed in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Insulin resistance (IR) has been suggested to be a major factor responsible for these abnormalities in CLD. However studies relating IR with severity of CLD are scarce in Nigeria. This study assessed insulin resistance and glucose tolerance abnormalities in CLD and their relationship with the severity of CLD in a tertiary hospital in South-West, Nigeria. METHODS: This cross sectional study involved 100 subjects with CLD. Ethical clearance was obtained and informed consent was granted by participants. Participants were interviewed using a structured proforma; physical examination and relevant investigations were performed. Insulin resistance was measured using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 and p value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Mean age of the study participants was 51.9⯱â¯11.9 years, and mean duration of CLD was 15.9⯱â¯5.8 months. Glucose tolerance abnormalities were present in 66 subjects (66%) and increased from 16.1% in Child Pugh's class A to 90.0% in class C. HOMA-IR positively correlated with age, body mass index, serum blood glucose, duration and severity of CLD. Increasing age, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, Child Pugh's class B and class C were associated with glucose tolerance abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Glucose tolerance abnormalities and insulin resistance were highly prevalent among chronic liver disease subjects studied and seemed to parallel the severity of CLD, determined by the Child Pugh's score.
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Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/sangre , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/etiología , Resistencia a la Insulina , Hepatopatías/complicaciones , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/epidemiología , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nigeria/epidemiología , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire is increasingly popular for the evaluation of testosterone deficiency (TD) in Sub-Saharan African men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its reliability in this population is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of the ADAM questionnaire for the clinical detection of testosterone deficiency in Sub-Saharan African men with T2DM. METHODS: Total testosterone < 8nmol/L was used as gold standard for diagnosis of TD in a crosssectional survey of 200 males with T2DM aged 30-69 years. Participants also completed the Saint Louis University ADAM questionnaire whereby TD was diagnosed by a "yes" answer to question 1 (reduced libido) or 7 (erectile dysfunction) or any other three questions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and overall accuracy of the ADAM tool were computed. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 58.0 ± 8.8 years. 142 subjects (71.0%) had TD based on the ADAM questionnaire. However, TD was biochemically confirmed in 59 subjects (29.5%). ADAM questionnaire rendered sensitivity of 88.1%, specificity of 44.7%, PPV of 50.0%, NPV of 85.7% and accuracy of 61.4%. Low libido alone had better specificity (75.5%) and accuracy (73.2%) than the entire questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Despite an impressive sensitivity, the low specificity and overall accuracy of the ADAM questionnaire makes it unreliable for the detection of AD in Sub-Saharan African men with type 2 DM. However, presence of a sustained low libido appears to be a reliable pointer to underlying testosterone deficiency requiring biochemical confirmation.
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Envejecimiento/sangre , Andrógenos/deficiencia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Hipogonadismo/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Testosterona/deficiencia , Adulto , África del Sur del Sahara , Anciano , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Endocrino/normas , Diseño de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Hipogonadismo/sangre , Hipogonadismo/complicaciones , Hipogonadismo/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Testosterona/sangreRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the levels of serum homocysteine and its association with insulin resistance among T2DM patients at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife Nigeria. METHODS: It was a cross sectional study. It involved consecutive recruitment of 100 T2DM subjects with 100 age and sex matched controls. The fasting plasma glucose, serum creatinine, fasting lipid profile, glycosylated haemoglobin levels, fasting serum insulin and plasma homocysteine concentration were done. Insulin resistance was also determined. SPSS version 17.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was not significantly different from controls. (58.9±8.3 vs. 59.0±8.3years, p=0.926 respectively). Mean Homocysteine level (tHcy) was significantly higher among T2DM subjects compared to controls (27.4±12.1 and 8.3±3.2µmol/L respectively, p=0.0001). Hyperhomocystinaemia was commoner among diabetic subjects compared with controls (81% vs. 5%, p<0.0001). T2DM with hyperhomocystinaemia were more likely to have poorer glucose control profile using glycated haemoglobin (7.4±1.9 vs 6.4±1.4%, p=0.04) and fasting blood glucose 8.6±2.2 vs 7.5±2.4mmol/L p=0.047 and insulin resistance (4.4±4.3 vs. 2.0±0.6, p=0.02) compared with T2DM with normohomocystenaemia. There were significant associations between hyperhomocystinaemic T2DM patients and IR, HbA1c, TC, TG and LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The study showed higher homocysteine levels in T2DM than controls. Homocysteine level is worsened by increasing insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and poor glucose control. Homocysteine level is a potential cardiovascular risk marker in type 2 diabetic mellitus subjects.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Homocisteína/sangre , Resistencia a la Insulina , Adulto , Anciano , Glucemia/análisis , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
AIMS: Physical function is a determinant of survival in chronic diseases, however, little is known about functional capacity (FC) and self-reported health status of patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). This study investigated the relationship between FC and health related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional survey recruited 150 patients with T2D from a Nigerian university teaching hospital using purposive sampling technique. Socio-demographic and physical characteristics were assessed. FC and HRQoL including physical and mental health component summary (PCS and MCS) were assessed using the six minute walk test (6MWT) and Short-Form (SF-12) questionnaire respectively. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was estimated, pre and post 6MWT cardiovascular parameters and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Alpha level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were 83(55.3%) women, means of age and FBG of participants were 64.2±8.7years and 7.4±2.4mmol/L respectively. The means of 6-min walk distance (6-MWD) and estimated VO2 max were 341.55±41.82m and 9.2±0.7mL/kg/min respectively. Significant differences were found between pre and post HR (t=-44.71; p=0.001), SBP (t=-38.38; p=0.001) and DBP (t=-38.58; p=0.001) following 6MWT. The means of PCS and MCS of HRQoL were 48.67±5.51 and 58.39±2.86 respectively. There were significant correlations between FC and each of PCS (r=0.678; p=0.001) and MCS (r=0.211; p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Patients with T2D demonstrated low functional capacity and reduced HRQoL. Significant relationship exists between FC and physical and mental component summary of HRQoL. Exercise intervention to improve FC and HRQoL were recommended.
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Actividades Cotidianas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Calidad de Vida , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate its clinical and pathologic correlates. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey of 200 type 2 diabetic males aged 32-69 years, total testosterone (TT), follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, waist circumference (WC), glycated hemoglobin, and lipids were measured. Clinical assessment of androgen deficiency was done using the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire. Overt hypogonadism was defined as a combination of positive ADAM score and TT < 8 nmol/L while possible hypogonadism was defined as positive ADAM score with TT 8-12 nmol/L. RESULTS: Overt and possible hypogonadism occurred in 29.5% and 23% of the participants, respectively. Majority (76.3%) of the subjects who had overt hypogonadism had the hypogonadotrophic pattern. Hypogonadal subjects were significantly older (P = 0.014) and had higher mean WC (P = 0.009) than eugonadal ones. Erectile dysfunction was the most common symptom, occurring in 79.7% of overtly hypogonadal subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between WC and serum TT (r = -0.41, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of symptomatic hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes and the frequency increases with advancing age and visceral adiposity.
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INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are growing health challenges worldwide. However, the relation of OSA with type 2 diabetes is not well understood in developing countries. This study described the prevalence and predictors of OSA in type 2 DM patients using a screening questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients aged 40years and above with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited into the study consecutively from the outpatient clinics of a university hospital. They were all administered the Berlin questionnaire and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) to assess the risk of OSA and the tendency to doze off, respectively. Anthropometric details like height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were measured and short-term glycaemic control was determined using fasting blood glucose. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited into the study. The mean (SD) age, height and BMI was 63 years (11), 160 cm (9) and 27.5 kg/ m(2) (5.7), respectively. Twenty-seven percent of the respondents had a high risk for OSA and 22% had excessive daytime sleepiness denoted by ESS score above 10. In addition, the regression model showed that for every 1 cm increase in neck circumference, there is a 56% independent increase in the likelihood of high risk of OSA after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, waist, hip circumferences and blood glucose. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a substantial proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes may have OSA, the key predictor being neck circumference after controlling for obesity.
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OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the risk of developing type 2 diabetes Mellitus in Ogun State, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Finnish Medical Association diabetes risk score was administered across 25 communities facilitated by non-communicable disease clinics established under a World Diabetes Foundation project. Subjects in the high risk group had blood glucose estimated. RESULTS: 58,567 respondents included 34,990 (59.6%) females and 23,667 (40.3%) males. Majority (61.2%) were between 25 years and 54 years. Considering waist circumference, 34,990 (38.1%) females and 23,667 (5.3%) males had values above 88 cm and 102 cm respectively. Overall, 11,266 (19.2%) were obese and 28.9% overweight using body mass index (BMI). More females had elevated BMI than males. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of all subjects were 129.54 mm Hg ± 23.5 mm Hg and 76.21 mm Hg ± 15.5 mm Hg respectively. Prevalence of hypertension (Joint National Committee VII classification) was 27.7%. More subjects had normal DBP than SBP (68.2% vs. 42.5% P < 0.05). Mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) of all subjects was 5.5 mmol/L ± 0.67 mmol/L. Using a casual blood glucose >11.1 mmol/L and/or FBG >7 mmol/L, the total yield of subjects adjudged as having diabetes was 2,956 (5.05%). Mean total risk score was 5.60 ± 3.90; this was significantly higher in females (6.34 ± 4.16 vs. 4.24 ± 3.71, P < 0.05). A total of 2,956 (5.05%) had high risk of developing DM within 10 years. CONCLUSION: The risk of developing DM is high in the community studied with females having a higher risk score. There is urgent need to implement diabetes prevention strategies.