Oncological relevance of proximal gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer of upper third of the stomach.

Background: The oncological relevance of proximal gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer remains unclear. We aimed to examine the frequency of lymph node metastasis in advanced gastric cancer to determine the oncological validity of proximal gastrectomy selection. Materials and methods: This study included consecutive 71 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach who underwent total gastrectomy at our institution between 2001 and 2017. Lymph node metastasis and its therapeutic value index were examined to identify candidates for proximal gastrectomy. Metastatic and 3-year overall survival rates of numbers 3a and 3b lymph nodes were examined from 2010 to 2019. Results: The metastatic rate and therapeutic value index of numbers 4d, 5, 6, and 12a lymph nodes were zero or low. The number 3 lymph node had a metastatic rate and therapeutic value index of 36.6 % and 31.1, respectively. The metastatic and 3-year overall survival rates of the number 3a lymph node were 32.7 % and 89 %, respectively, whereas those of the number 3b lymph node were 3.8 % and 100 %, respectively. All patients with positive metastasis to the number 3b lymph node received adjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathological findings of positive metastasis to the number 3b lymph node were located in the lesser curvature, and the tumor diameter exceeded 40 mm. Conclusion: For advanced gastric cancer of the upper third of the stomach, the indications of localization to the lesser curvature and a tumor diameter of >40 mm should be considered cautiously.

Risk factors for early recurrence after radical gastrectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II or III gastric cancer: a multicenter, retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Radical gastrectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment for stage II or III gastric cancer in Asian countries. Early recurrence during or after adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor prognosis; however, risk factors for early recurrence remain unclear. METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective cohort study including six institutions, we evaluated the clinicopathological factors of 553 patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy between 2012 and 2016. Patients were divided into the following groups: early recurrence (recurrence during adjuvant chemotherapy or within 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy completion) and non-early recurrence, which was further divided into late recurrence and no recurrence. Early-recurrence risk factors were investigated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The chronological changes in the recurrence hazard were also examined for each factor. RESULTS: Early recurrence and late recurrence occurred in 83 (15.0%) and 73 (13.2%) patients, respectively. Based on the Cox proportional hazards model, a postoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen level of ≥5 ng/mL (hazard ratio: 2.220, 95% confidence interval: 1.089-4.526) and a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of >1.8 (hazard ratio: 2.408, 95% confidence interval: 1.479-3.92) were identified as independent risk factors of early recurrence, but not late recurrence. The recurrence hazard ratios for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio significantly decreased over time (P < 0.001) and carcinoembryonic antigen also had the same tendency (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: A carcinoembryonic antigen level of ≥5 ng/mL and a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of >1.8 are predictors of early recurrence after radical gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II or III gastric cancer.

Changes in salivary microbiota due to gastric cancer resection and its relation to gastric fluid microbiota.

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and resections are performed to cure the disease. We have previously reported the changes in the gastric microbiota after gastric cancer resection, which may be associated with the oral microbiota; however, the changes in the oral microbiota remain uncharacterized. This study aimed to characterize the changes in the salivary microbiota caused by gastric cancer resection and to evaluate their association with the gastric fluid microbiota. Saliva and gastric fluid samples were collected from 63 patients who underwent gastrectomy before and after surgery, and a 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis was performed to compare the microbiota composition. The number of bacterial species in the salivary microbiota decreased, and the bacterial composition changed after the resection of gastric cancer. In addition, we identified several bacterial genera that varied significantly in the salivary microbiota, some of which also showed similar changes in the gastric fluid microbiota. These findings indicate that changes in the gastric environment affect the oral microbiota, emphasizing the close association between the oral and gastric fluid microbiota. Our study signifies the importance of focusing on the oral microbiota in the perioperative period of gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer.

Simultaneous colonic metastasis of advanced gastric cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although distant metastasis in gastric cancer can be present at the time of the initial diagnosis, colonic metastasis is extremely rare. This report describes a case of simultaneous colonic metastasis of advanced gastric cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 78-year-old woman with nausea and epigastric pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an advanced invasive ulcerative tumor in the lesser curvature of the stomach extending from the anterior to the middle portion. Colonoscopy revealed a 4-mm polyp-like lesion in the mid-transverse colon; therefore, a polypectomy was performed. Both gastric and colonic tumors showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell carcinoma. After providing informed consent, the patient underwent a total gastrectomy. Histologic examination showed similar morphologic features of both gastric and colonic tumors. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that these tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7 and negative for CK20. CONCLUSIONS: This was an extremely rare case of simultaneous colonic metastasis of advanced gastric cancer. Because missed metastasis can result in a poorer prognosis, we propose a systemic search including colonoscopy for patients with advanced gastric cancer, especially cases involving poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or signet ring cell carcinoma.

An individual's physique is associated with the length of the reconstruction route via the retrosternal approach.

We hypothesized that an individual's physique is related to reconstruction length, as organs reconstructed via the retrosternal route are curved toward the ventral side. This study aimed to determine factors contributing to the reconstruction length of the retrosternal route. Fifty patients underwent subtotal esophagectomy with esophagogastric reconstruction via the posterior mediastinal route between 2010 and 2014; the esophagus-stomach and posterior mediastinal route lengths were measured to evaluate whether they could be approximated. Forty patients underwent reconstruction via the retrosternal route between 2015 and 2020; the esophagus-stomach and retrosternal route lengths were compared, and contributing factors were analyzed. Each length was measured perioperatively using three-dimensional enhanced computed tomography images. The associated factors obtained included age, sex, height, body weight, body mass index, thickness and height of the thorax, depth of the thoracic inlet space, thoracic curve, left hepatic lobe volume, and the thickness and height of the liver. The length of the esophagus-stomach could approximate that of the posterior mediastinal route [posterior mediastinal-esophagus-stomach; 0.04 (-0.5-0.6) cm, p = 0.77]. Using three-dimensional enhanced computed tomography images, the lengths of the esophagus-stomach and retrosternal routes were comparable, despite variability [retrosternal-esophagus-stomach; 0.72 (-0.1-1.8) cm, p = 0.095]. Analyzing factors associated with the length revealed a positive correlation of body weight, body mass index, and thickness of the thorax with the difference. A higher body mass index (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8, p = 0.007) was associated with a longer retrosternal route in the multivariate analysis. An individual's physique is associated with the reconstruction length; particularly, the length of the retrosternal route was longer in patients with a high body mass index.

A case of recurrent massive thickening of the gastric wall caused by pancreatitis of the gastric ectopic pancreas: Detailed pathogenesis based on imaging.

A 40-year-old Japanese male presented with epigastric pain and loss of appetite at a general hospital three years ago. Computed tomography revealed massive thickening of the gastric wall, and gastroscopy revealed diffuse erythema and edematous thickening of the gastric mucosa. Thereafter, epigastric pain and gastric wall thickening recurred frequently, causing an inability to intake food. Conservative treatment was marginally effective; therefore, a distal gastrectomy was performed. Postoperatively, the patient resumed food intake without complications. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed Heinrich type 1 gastric ectopic pancreas (EP) with pancreatitis. In this case, the gastric wall's massive thickening was caused by gastric EP's pancreatitis. Although there are some reports of pancreatitis of gastric EP, there are no detailed reports of endoscopic findings, including endoscopic ultrasonography and the disease progression. Recurrent pancreatitis of EP leads to forming a septum within the gastric wall, resulting in a hematoma. Eventually, irreversible narrowing of the gastric lumen may occur, as observed in the present case. We consider this an important case report presenting detailed pathogenesis supported by endoscopic and pathohistological findings of surgical specimens. Our study will help in the early diagnosis and better management of the condition.

The usefulness of presepsin in the diagnosis of postoperative infectious complications after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study.

This prospective study aimed to evaluate presepsin use as a biomarker of on postoperative infectious complications after gastrectomy, compared to C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs), and neutrophils (Neuts). Overall, 108 patients were enrolled between October 2019 and December 2020. Presepsin, CRP, WBC, and Neut levels were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, 5, and 7, using a postoperative morbidity survey. Grade II or higher infectious complications occurred in 18 patients (16.6%). Presepsin levels on all evaluated PODs were significantly higher in the infectious complication group than in the non-complication group (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.025, respectively). The area under the curve (AUC) values were the highest for presepsin on PODs 3 and 7 (0.89 and 0.77, respectively) and similar to that of CRP, with a high value > 0.8 (0.86) on POD 5. For presepsin, the optimal cut-off values were 298 pg/mL (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%), 278 pg/mL (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 82.2%), and 300 pg/mL (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 82%) on PODs 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Presepsin levels on PODs 3, 5, and 7 after gastrectomy is a more useful biomarker of postoperative infectious complications compared to CRP, WBCs, and Neuts, with a high sensitivity and specificity.

Comparison of the gastric microbiome in Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstructions after distal gastrectomy.

The changes in gastric microbiota following reconstruction after gastrectomy have not been reported. This study aimed to compare the gastric microbiota following Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstructions after distal gastrectomy. We enrolled 71 gastrectomized patients with gastric cancer; 31 and 40 underwent Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstructions, respectively. During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, gastric fluid was collected immediately before and 6 months after distal gastrectomy. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from each sample was evaluated using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid metagenomic analysis. Analysis revealed that the gastric microbiota's species richness (expressed as the alpha diversity) was significantly lower after than before distal gastrectomy (operational taxonomic units, p = 0.001; Shannon index, p = 0.03). The interindividual diversity (beta diversity) was significantly different before and after distal gastrectomy (unweighted UniFrac distances, p = 0.04; weighted UniFrac distances, p = 0.001; Bray-Curtis, p = 0.001). Alpha and beta diversity were not significantly different between Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstructions (observed operational taxonomic units, p = 0.58; Shannon index, p = 0.95; unweighted UniFrac distances, p = 0.65; weighted UniFrac distances, p = 0.67; Bray-Curtis, p = 0.63). Our study demonstrated significant differences in gastric microbiota diversity, composition, and community before and after distal gastrectomy but no difference between Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstruction after distal gastrectomy.

The Management of Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurring Within 6 Months After Hepatic Resection: A Comparative Study Using a Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy is currently recommended as the most reliable treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the association between the choice of treatment for recurrence and the timing of recurrence remains controversial. METHODS: Three-hundred thirty-nine patients who underwent hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed using a propensity score matching analysis for the risk factors and outcomes for early recurrences within 6 months. The remnant liver volumes and laboratory data were measured postoperatively using multidetector computed tomography on days 7 and months 1, 2, and 5 after surgery. The Student's t test and chi-square test, the likelihood-ratio test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Early recurrence developed in 41/312 patients (13.1%). Vascular invasion and non-curative resection were independent risk factors for the occurrence of early recurrence (P < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Patients with early recurrence had a poorer prognosis than patients who developed later recurrences (P < 0.001). Patients who underwent surgery or other local treatments had better outcomes (P < 0.001). The changes in remnant liver volumes and laboratory data after postoperative month 2 were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with early recurrence within 6 months had a poorer prognosis than patients who developed a later recurrence. However, patients who underwent repeat hepatectomy for recurrences had a better prognosis than did those who underwent other treatments, with good prospects for long-term survival.

Visceral fat area is a better indicator of surgical outcomes after laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer than the body mass index: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The number of overweight gastric cancer patients who are undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) has increased in Japan. However, the relationship between obesity and surgical outcomes of LG remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of visceral fat area (VFA) on surgical outcomes of LG for gastric cancer compared to the body mass index (BMI). METHODS: This study was a retrospective, cohort study that included 587 patients who underwent LG in our institution between January 2015 and December 2019. The patients were divided into two groups according to VFA (< 100 cm2 and ≥ 100 cm2) and BMI (< 25 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2) values, respectively. Surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were compared between the low and high groups for each VFA and BMI value. Propensity score matching was used to minimize potential selection bias. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, 144 pairs of patients in the VFA group and 82 pairs of patients in the BMI group were extracted. Operative time (p = 0.003), intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.0006), and CRP levels on postoperative day 1 (p = 0.002) and on postoperative day 3 (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the high-VFA group than in the low-VFA group. However, these surgical outcomes were not significantly different between the high-BMI and low-BMI groups. There was no strong correlation between VFA and BMI (R2 = 0.64). There were no significant differences in postoperative complications between the high and low groups for both VFA and BMI values. On multivariate analysis, high VFA was an independent predictor of operative time, but it was not significantly associated with the incidence of postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: VFA is a better indicator of longer operative time than BMI. However, increased VFA did not affect postoperative complications.

T stage and venous invasion are crucial prognostic factors for long-term survival of patients with remnant gastric cancer: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of remnant gastric cancer (RGC) after distal gastrectomy is 1-5%. However, as the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer improves due to early detection and treatment, more patients may develop RGC. There is no consensus on the surgical and postoperative management of RGC, and the clinicopathological characteristics correlated with the long-term outcomes remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the clinicopathological factors associated with the long-term outcomes of RGC. METHODS: We included 65 consecutive patients who underwent gastrectomy for RGC from January 2000 to December 2015 at the Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Japan. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to create survival curves, and differences in survival were compared between the groups (clinical factors, pathological factors, and surgical factors) using the log-rank test. Multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazard model were used to identify factors associated with long-term survival. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted in the survival rate based on clinical factors (age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary complications, liver disease, diet, history of alcohol drinking, and history of smoking) or the type of remnant gastrectomy. Significant differences were noted in the survival rate based on pathological factors and surgical characteristics (intraoperative blood loss, operation time, and the number of positive lymph nodes). Multivariate analysis revealed that the T stage (hazard ratio, 5.593; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.183-26.452; p = 0.030) and venous invasion (hazard ratio, 3.351; 95% CI, 1.030-10.903; p = 0.045) were significant independent risk factors for long-term survival in patients who underwent radical resection for RGC. CONCLUSIONS: T stage and venous invasion are important prognostic factors of long-term survival after remnant gastrectomy for RGC and may be keys to managing and identifying therapeutic strategies for improving prognosis in RGC.

Advantages of Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastric Cancer in Elderly Patients Aged Over 80 Years: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The short- and long-term efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for elderly patients with gastric cancer has not been evaluated. We aimed to use propensity score matching to clarify the efficacy of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) for elderly patients with gastric cancer aged ≥80 years. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from 159 consecutive patients with gastric cancer aged ≥80 years who underwent gastrectomy with curative intent at our institution between 2004 and 2015. Propensity score matching was applied to compare the open gastrectomy (OG) and LG. Short- and long-term outcomes were evaluated between the propensity-matched groups. RESULTS: Patients' backgrounds and surgical factors were similar in both groups except for blood loss. The median time to first flatus was significantly shorter in the LG group than in the OG group (P = 0.002). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the LG group (P = 0.014). The complication rate of Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher was significantly lower in the LG group (3% vs. 23%, P = 0.023). The 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were better in the LG group than in the OG group, but the differences were not significant (45% vs. 42% and 67% vs 57%, respectively). CONCLUSION: LG was associated with good short-term outcomes and acceptable oncologic outcomes compared with OG in these propensity-matched patients aged ≥80 years.

A successful case of varix of the left gastroepiploic vein preoperatively diagnosed by 3D-CT angiography and resected by laparoscopy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Gastric varices can be present in up to 20% of patients with portal hypertension. However, a varix of the left gastroepiploic vein (LGV) is extremely rare. Surgery is required if bleeding occurs; thus, precise diagnosis is crucial. We present a successful case of preoperative diagnosis intraabdominal varix of the LGV using three-dimensional-computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA) followed by laparoscopic resection. This is the first report of a case with variant LGV. Our study demonstrates the efficacies of 3D-CTA and laparoscopic surgery for the diagnosis and safe resection of the intraabdominal varix, respectively. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 74-year-old woman was referred to our department with a tumor in the abdominal cavity. On physical examination, no lumps were palpable in the upper abdomen. DIAGNOSIS: The enhanced CT was revealed that the tumor was not enhanced in the early phase, but in the equilibrium phase. Moreover, 3D-CTA clearly revealed that the tumor was being supplied by the LGV. Thus, it was diagnosed as a variant of the LGV. INTERVENTIONS: Surgical resection was performed laparoscopically as per the guidance of preoperative 3D-CTA findings. During surgery, a dark tumor was found along the gastroepiploic vessels, supplied by the LGV. The tumor was resected safely based on the preoperative information. OUTCOMES: Histopathological examination of the tumor showed accumulation of various vessels, but no malignant cells. Therefore, we made a final diagnosis of the tumor as an LGV varix. For follow-up, an annual CT examination was performed and after 3 years postoperation, no recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In the present case, we have achieved a successful preoperative diagnosis using 3D-CTA, and resection was safely accomplished using laparoscopy guided by preoperative anatomical information. This is the first report of an LGV variant. Appropriate management is crucial because bleeding is a catastrophic event. Therefore, imaging procedures such as 3D-CTA for diagnosis, followed by safe resection by laparoscopic surgery, are effective tools for the treatment of epiploic vein varices.

Esophago-bronchial fistula treated by the Over-The-Scope-Clipping (OTSC) system with argon beam electrocoagulation: A case report.

RATIONALE: An esophago-bronchial fistula is one of the rare postoperative complications of esophageal cancer. There are various medical treatments, including suturing, endoscopic clip, and fibrin glue. However, these treatments often lead to unsatisfactory results, causing physicians to opt for surgical alternatives. The Over-The-Scope-Clipping (OTSC) system offers an alternative method for fistula closure. It can capture a large amount of tissue and is able to compress the lesion until it has fully healed. However, data indicating the efficacy of OTSC for esophago-bronchial fistula are limited. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 64-year-old man presented with an esophago-bronchial fistula after surgery for esophageal cancer. We chose to use a stent as the first line of treatment, but the fistula did not close. DIAGNOSES: Intractable esophago-bronchial fistula associated with esophageal surgery. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: On the 94th postoperative day, fistula closure with OTSC was performed, and no leakage of the contrast agent was observed during fluoroscopy. We also attempted to close the fistula by combining OTSC and argon plasma coagulation (APC) to burn off the scar tissue from around the fistula. The fistula gradually shrank after a total of 4 rounds of OTSC, and closure of the fistula was achieved on the 185th postoperative day. There were no adverse events during the treatment of this case. LESSONS: We demonstrate that OTSC is useful in the management of esophago-bronchial fistulas, and may become a standard procedure for the endoscopic treatment of esophago-bronchial fistulas, replacing the use of stents, clips, or glue.

Massive Ascites Caused by Primary Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma of the Jejunum: A Case of a Rare Initial Symptom.

A 74-year-old man presented with abdominal swelling. Computed tomography revealed massive ascites and localized thickening of the small intestinal wall. Enteroscopy showed ulcerative lesions along the circumference of the jejunum. Histological examination showed dense proliferation of large lymphoid atypical cells, and immunohistochemistry showed CD20 and CD10 positivity, CD3 negativity, and Ki67 labeling index >80%. Cytology of the ascitic fluid revealed large lymphoid cells. These findings suggest that small intestine primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) caused the ascites. Massive ascites as an initial symptom of primary DLBCL of the jejunum is rare. Herein, we describe this unusual presentation.

Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastasis With Obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) in obese patients has been reported to be particularly challenging owing to technical difficulties and various comorbidities. METHODS: The safety and efficacy outcomes in 314 patients who underwent laparoscopic or open nonanatomical liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) were analyzed retrospectively with respect to the patients' body mass index (BMI) and visceral fat area (VFA). RESULTS: Two hundred and four patients underwent LLR, and 110 patients underwent open liver resection (OLR). The rate of conversion from LLR to OLR was 4.4%, with no significant difference between the BMI and VFA groups (P = .647 and .136, respectively). In addition, there were no significant differences in terms of operative time and estimated blood loss in LLR (P = .226 and .368; .772 and .489, respectively). The incidence of Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa or higher complications was not significantly different between the BMI and VFA groups of LLR (P = .877 and .726, respectively). In obese patients, the operative time and estimated blood loss were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, in LLR than in OLR (P = .003 and < .001; < .001 and < .001, respectively). There was a significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications, organ/space surgical site infections, and postoperative bile leakage between the LLR and OLR groups (P = .017, < .001, and < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: LLR for obese patients with CRLM can be performed safely using various surgical devices with no major difference in outcomes compared to those in nonobese patients. Moreover, LLR has better safety outcomes than OLR in obese patients.

γ-H2AX as a potential indicator of radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells.

Preoperative radiotherapy improves local disease control and disease-free survival in patients with advanced rectal cancer; however, a reliable predictive biomarker for the effectiveness of irradiation has yet to be elucidated. Phosphorylation of H2A histone family member X (H2AX) to γ-H2AX is induced by DNA double-strand breaks and is associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study aimed to clarify the relationship between γ-H2AX expression and CRC radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. H2AX levels were analyzed in datasets obtained from cohort studies and γ-H2AX expression was investigated by performing immunohistochemistry and western blotting using clinical CRC samples from patients without any preoperative therapy. In addition, the CRC cell lines WiDr and DLD-1 were subjected to irradiation and/or small interfering RNA-H2AX, after which the protein levels of γ-H2AX were examined in samples obtained from patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy. To quantify the observable effect of treatment on cancer cells, outcomes were graded as follows: 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, marked, with defined signatures of cellular response. Datasets obtained from cohort studies demonstrated that H2AX mRNA levels were significantly upregulated and associated with distal metastasis and microsatellite instability in CRC tissues, in contrast to that of normal tissues. In addition, γ-H2AX was overexpressed in clinical samples. In vitro, following irradiation, γ-H2AX expression levels increased and cell viability decreased in a time-dependent manner. Combined irradiation and γ-H2AX knockdown reduced the viability of each cell line when compared with irradiation or γ-H2AX knockdown alone. Furthermore, among clinical CRC samples from patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy, levels of γ-H2AX in the grade 1 group were significantly higher than those in grade 2 or grade 3. In conclusion, γ-H2AX may serve as a novel predictive marker and target for preoperative radiotherapy effectiveness in patients with CRC.

[A Case of Remnant Gastric Cancer Occurring 12 Years after Surgery That Was Successfully Treated with Radiation Therapy].

A 59-year-old woman had a history of distal gastrectomy and D2 dissection in May 200X for advanced gastric cancer(GC) in the antrum area. The pathological stage was poorly differentiated, T2(SS), N2, H0, P0, CY0, M0, pStage ⅢA. After administration of S-1 for 1 year as adjuvant chemotherapy, the patient underwent surveillance with no recurrence. However, remnant GC was diagnosed in April 200X+12. Considering that there was no indication for curative resection due to severe invasion of the proper hepatic artery, gastrojejunostomy was performed for the anastomotic stenosis. Although the patient was administered 3 courses of S-1 plus oxaliplatin therapy as first-line treatment, partial response was not achieved. Therefore, chemoradiotherapy(CRT)with capecitabine was administered for local tumor control. Complete response was achieved, and the patient underwent surveillance with no recurrence 16 months after the recurrence. There were no serious acute adverse events(AEs)during CRT and late AEs after CRT. The patient was successfully treated with CRT for locally advanced remnant GC. Although there is no standard treatment for locally advanced remnant GC, this case showed the effectiveness of CRT.

The usefulness of intraoperative neurological monitoring for esophageal cancer with double aortic arch; a case report.

BACKGROUND: Double aortic arch (DAA) is a congenital anomaly of the aorta. Esophageal cancer with DAA is rare, and consequently, the appropriate surgical approach has not been standardized. Herein, we report the utilization of intraoperative neurological monitoring (IONM) system to preserve the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. CASE PRESENTATION: A 79-year-old man with esophageal cancer was diagnosed with DAA incidentally. The descending aorta was located on the right side of the thoracic vertebrae. Safe dissection of the mediastinal lymph nodes was difficult using the right transthoracic approach because of the anatomical abnormalities. During surgery, we used cervical mediastinoscopy combined with the IONM system to preserve the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves. Severe complications, including recurrent nerve palsy, were not observed postoperatively. CONCLUSION: IONM may be useful for evaluation of the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and it would be suitable for atypical cases of esophageal cancer.

Trousseau's syndrome associated with rapidly emerging pancreatic adenocarcinoma soon after esophagectomy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Trousseau's syndrome is characterized as an unexpected, cancer-associated thrombotic event. We describe the first reported case of Trousseau's syndrome associated with rapidly emerging pancreatic cancer potentially triggered by esophagectomy. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 79-year-old asymptomatic male with clinical stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma underwent thoracoscopic subtotal esophagectomy. On postoperative day 46, the patient presented with weakness of his left upper extremity due to multiple cerebral and cerebellar infarctions, with no evidence of atherosclerotic or cardiogenic thrombi. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a pancreatic tumor with multiple liver metastases. Extremely high D-dimer and the CT findings suggested Trousseau's syndrome associated with a rapidly emerging neoplasm as the etiology of the brain infarction. Although further thrombotic events did not occur, his condition deteriorated rapidly and died on the 31st days of onset. The autopsy revealed multiple small infarctions, with multiple thrombi in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum. Histological evaluation revealed pancreatic adenocarcinoma with nodal and liver metastases. DISCUSSION: A hypercoagulable state associated with the aggressively emerging pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accompanied by cancer cell production of mucin, may be a potential mechanism for cancer-related thrombosis. CONCLUSION: In patients who received intensive surgical treatment and encountered unexplained brain infarctions in the multi-arterial territory, Trousseau's syndrome should be considered, and investigation for occult malignancy is required.