RESUMEN
SALL1 heterozygous pathogenic variants cause Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS), a condition with variable clinical presentation. The main features are a stenotic or imperforate anus, dysplastic ears, and thumb malformations, and other common concerns are hearing impairments, foot malformations, and renal and heart defects. Most of the pathogenic SALL1 variants are nonsense and frameshift, likely escaping nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and causing disease via a dominant-negative mechanism. Haploinsufficiency may result in mild phenotypes, but only four families with distinct SALL1 deletions have been reported to date, with a few more being of larger size and also affecting neighboring genes. We report on a family with autosomal dominant hearing impairment and mild anal and skeletal anomalies, in whom a novel 350 kb SALL1 deletion, spanning exon 1 and the upstream region, was identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. We review the clinical findings of known individuals with SALL1 deletions and point out that the overall phenotype is milder, especially when compared with individuals who carry the recurrent p.Arg276Ter mutation, but with a possible higher risk of developmental delay. Chromosomal microarray analysis is still a valuable tool in the identification of atypical/mild TBS cases, which are likely underestimated.
Asunto(s)
Ano Imperforado , Síndrome , Factores de Transcripción , Humanos , Ano Imperforado/genética , Hibridación Genómica Comparativa , Haploinsuficiencia , Análisis por Micromatrices , Fenotipo , Pulgar/anomalías , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaAsunto(s)
ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/biosíntesis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/biosíntesis , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica , Región Variable de Inmunoglobulina/biosíntesis , Cadenas gamma de Inmunoglobulina/biosíntesis , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/metabolismo , ADP-Ribosil Ciclasa 1/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Femenino , Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Región Variable de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Cadenas gamma de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The development of cancer in the breast and in other sites is a complex process requiring a number of different genetic and epigenetic alterations. The accumulation of the genetic changes is thought to underlie the progression from precancerous lesions to carcinomas. The expression of p27/kip1 protein, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was investigated by immunohistochemistry in normal epithelial specimens, benign alterations, and malignant lesions of the breast. The number of p27/kip1-positive cells ranged from none to more than 98% in the overall series. Wide ranges of p27/kip1-positive cells were consistently observed within each histological category, but the median value progressively decreased in typical hyperplasia and fibroadenoma, with an even more marked reduction in malignant lesions, compared with normal epithelium. Moreover, the percentage of cells expressing p27/kip1 in tumours was about three times lower in invasive than in in situ lesions and was inversely related to tumour size, but not to lymph node involvement. In conclusion, the degree to which p27 expression is altered in typical hyperplastic lesions and fibroadenomas indicates that the deregulation of p27 may occur very early on during breast cell transformation, but the usefulness of its determination to categorize subgroups of lesions at different risk of evolution remains somewhat doubtful.
