Geographic Access to Cancer Treatment in Japan: Results From a Combined Dataset of the Patient Survey and the Survey of Medical Institutions in 2011.

BACKGROUND: There has been no nationwide analysis of travel time for hospital admission in Japan. Factors associated with travel time are also unknown. This study aimed to describe the distribution of travel time for hospital admission of cancer patients and identify underlying factors. METHODS: The individual data from the Patient Survey in 2011 were linked to those from the Survey of Medical Institutions in the same year, and GIS data were used to calculate driving travel time between the addresses of medical institutions and the population centers of municipalities where patients lived. Proportions of patients with travel time exceeding versus not exceeding 45 minutes were calculated. To analyze the data with consideration of both individual factors of patients and geographical characteristics of areas where patients lived, multilevel logistic model analysis was performed. RESULTS: The analysis included 50,845 cancer inpatients. The majority of the cancer patients (approximately 80%) were admitted to hospitals located less than a 45-minute drive from their residences. The travel time tended to be longer for younger patients. The proportion of patients with travel time ≥45 minutes was lower among those with stomach or colorectal cancer (approximately 15%) than those with cervical cancer or leukemia (approximately 30%). The lack of designated cancer care hospitals in the secondary healthcare service areas was significantly associated with travel time. CONCLUSIONS: Selection of hospitals by cancer inpatients is affected by age, cancer sites, and availability of designated cancer care hospitals in the secondary healthcare service areas where patients live.

Consciousness level and off-hour admission affect discharge outcome of acute stroke patients: a J-ASPECT study.

BACKGROUND: Poor outcomes have been reported for stroke patients admitted outside of regular working hours. However, few studies have adjusted for case severity. In this nationwide assessment, we examined relationships between hospital admission time and disabilities at discharge while considering case severity. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 35 685 acute stroke patients admitted to 262 hospitals between April 2010 and May 2011 for ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The proportion of disabilities/death at discharge as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was quantified. We constructed 2 hierarchical logistic regression models to estimate the effect of admission time, one adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, and number of beds; and the second adjusted for the effect of consciousness levels and the above variables at admission. The percentage of severe disabilities/death at discharge increased for patients admitted outside of regular hours (22.8%, 27.2%, and 28.2% for working-hour, off-hour, and nighttime; P<0.001). These tendencies were significant in the bivariate and multivariable models without adjusting for consciousness level. However, the effects of off-hour or nighttime admissions were negated when adjusted for consciousness levels at admission (adjusted OR, 1.00 and 0.99; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.13 and 0.89 to 1.10; P=0.067 and 0.851 for off-hour and nighttime, respectively, versus working-hour). The same trend was observed when each stroke subtype was stratified. CONCLUSIONS: The well-known off-hour effect might be attributed to the severely ill patient population. Thus, sustained stroke care that is sufficient to treat severely ill patients during off-hours is important.

Effects of comprehensive stroke care capabilities on in-hospital mortality of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: J-ASPECT study.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of comprehensive stroke center (CSC) capabilities on stroke mortality remains uncertain. We performed a nationwide study to examine whether CSC capabilities influenced in-hospital mortality of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of the 1,369 certified training institutions in Japan, 749 hospitals responded to a questionnaire survey regarding CSC capabilities that queried the availability of personnel, diagnostic techniques, specific expertise, infrastructure, and educational components recommended for CSCs. Among the institutions that responded, data on patients hospitalized for stroke between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011 were obtained from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. In-hospital mortality was analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, level of consciousness on admission, comorbidities, and the number of fulfilled CSC items in each component and in total. Data from 265 institutions and 53,170 emergency-hospitalized patients were analyzed. Mortality rates were 7.8% for patients with ischemic stroke, 16.8% for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 28.1% for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Mortality adjusted for age, sex, and level of consciousness was significantly correlated with personnel, infrastructural, educational, and total CSC scores in patients with ischemic stroke. Mortality was significantly correlated with diagnostic, educational, and total CSC scores in patients with ICH and with specific expertise, infrastructural, educational, and total CSC scores in patients with SAH. CONCLUSIONS: CSC capabilities were associated with reduced in-hospital mortality rates, and relevant aspects of care were found to be dependent on stroke type.

The impact of comprehensive stroke care capacity on the hospital volume of stroke interventions: a nationwide study in Japan: J-ASPECT study.

BACKGROUND: The association between comprehensive stroke care capacity and hospital volume of stroke interventions remains uncertain. We performed a nationwide survey in Japan to examine the impact of comprehensive stroke care capacity on the hospital volume of stroke interventions. METHODS: A questionnaire on hospital characteristics, having tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) protocols, and 25 items regarding personnel, diagnostic, specific expertise, infrastructure, and educational components recommended for comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) was sent to 1369 professional training institutions. We examined the effect of hospital characteristics, having a t-PA protocol, and the number of fulfilled CSC items (total CSC score) on the hospital volume of t-PA infusion, removal of intracerebral hemorrhage, and coiling and clipping of intracranial aneurysms performed in 2009. RESULTS: Approximately 55% of hospitals responded to the survey. Facilities with t-PA protocols (85%) had a significantly higher likelihood of having 23 CSC items, for example, personnel (eg, neurosurgeons: 97.3% versus 66.1% and neurologists: 51.3% versus 27.7%), diagnostic (eg, digital cerebral angiography: 87.4% versus 43.2%), specific expertise (eg, clipping and coiling: 97.2% and 54% versus 58.9% and 14.3%, respectively), infrastructure (eg, intensive care unit: 63.9% versus 33.9%), and education (eg, professional education: 65.2% versus 20.7%). On multivariate analysis adjusted for hospital characteristics, total CSC score, but not having a t-PA protocol, was associated with the volume of all types of interventions with a clear increasing trend (P for trend < .001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a significant association between comprehensive stroke care capacity and the hospital volume of stroke interventions in Japan.

Association of geographical factors with administration of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke if administered within a few hours of stroke onset. Because of this time restriction, tPA administration remains infrequent. Ambulance use is an effective strategy for increasing tPA administration but may be influenced by geographical factors. The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between tPA administration and ambulance use and to examine how patient travel distance and population density affect tPA utilization. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed administrative claims data from 114,194 acute ischemic stroke cases admitted to 603 hospitals between July 2010 and March 2012. Mixed-effects logistic regression models of patients nested within hospitals with a random intercept were generated to analyze possible predictive factors (including patient characteristics, ambulance use, and driving time from home to hospital) of tPA administration for different population density categories to investigate differences in these factors in various regional backgrounds. Approximately 5.1% (5797/114,194) of patients received tPA. The composition of baseline characteristics varied among the population density categories, but adjustment for covariates resulted in all factors having similar associations with tPA administration in every category. The administration of tPA was associated with patient age and severity of stroke symptoms, but driving time showed no association. Ambulance use was significantly associated with tPA administration even after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: The association between ambulance use and tPA administration suggests the importance of calling an ambulance for suspected stroke. Promoting ambulance use for acute ischemic stroke patients may increase tPA use.

A community-based comparison of trauma patient outcomes between D- and L-lactate fluids.

PURPOSE: Ringer's lactate is used for patient resuscitation. Lactate naturally occurs in 2 stereoisometric forms, D- and L-lactate, that are added to fluid in equal amounts. Animal studies have demonstrated potentially deleterious effects of d-lactate on vital organs. Using an administrative database, we examined whether D- or L-lactate volume was associated with mortality in patients with trauma. BASIC PROCEDURES: The Trauma and Injury Severity Score could be calculated in 24,616 of 528,219 patients admitted in 2006 to 2009. Demographic characteristics, the use of blood products, mechanical ventilation, and mortality were compared among the following 3 groups of patients administered Ringer's lactate: group 1, fluids other than Ringer's lactate; group 2, fluids including Ringer's DL-lactate; and group 3, no D-lactate. The mean volume (in millimoles per day) of D- and L-lactate administered was calculated. Multivariate analyses were used to measure the impact of lactate volume on mortality, and mechanical ventilation started more than 48 hours after admission. MAIN FINDINGS: Groups 2 and 3 consisted of 2,827 (11.5%) patients (88 hospitals) and 12,036 (48.9%) patients (145 hospitals), respectively. The use of mechanical ventilation best explained the variation in mortality. Greater d-lactate volume, but not fluid management category or L-lactate volume, was associated with mortality. L-Lactate decreased and D-lactate increased the use of mechanical ventilation more than 48 hours after admission. CONCLUSIONS: Because early administration of D-lactate was associated with mortality and ventilation, physicians and policy makers should recognize the advantages of L-lactate and encourage research on the quality of d- and l-lactate in case mixes beyond trauma.

Associations between the use of critical care procedures and change in functional status at discharge.

Quality improvement initiatives in intensive care units (ICUs) have increased survival rates. Changes in functional status following ICU care have been studied, but results are inconclusive because of insufficient consideration of the combinations of critical care procedures used. Using the Japanese administrative database including the Barthel Index (BI) at admission and discharge, we measured the changes in functional status among the adult patients and determined whether longer ICU stay or use of various critical care procedures was associated with functional deterioration. Of the 12 502 528 patients admitted to 1206 hospitals over 5 consecutive years from 2006, we analyzed data from patients aged 15 years or older who survived ICU admission in 320 hospitals. Critical care procedures evaluated were ventilation, blood purification (hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, or hemadsorption), and cardiac support devices (intra-aortic balloon pump or percutaneous cardiopulmonary support system). Functional outcomes were determined by the difference between BI at admission and at discharge and were divided into improvement, no change, or deterioration. We compared patient characteristics, principal diagnosis, comorbidities, timing of surgical procedure, complications, days in ICU, and use of critical care procedures among the 3 categories. Associations between critical care procedures and functional deterioration were identified using multivariate analysis. Of 234 209 patients with complete BI information, 7137 (3.1%) received blood purification, 27 100 (11.7%) received ventilation, 2888 (1.2%) received blood purification and ventilation, 5613 (2.4%) received a cardiac support device, 247 (0.1%) received a cardiac support device and blood purification, 10 444 (4.5%) received a cardiac support device and ventilation, and 1110 (0.5%) received a cardiac support device, ventilation, and blood purification. Longer use of blood purification or ventilation and a longer ICU stay were associated with functional deterioration. Intensivists should be aware of the effects of critical care procedures on functional deterioration and advance the appropriate use of functional support according to each patient's condition.

Association of early post-procedure hemodynamic management with the outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.

Post-procedure hemodynamic management for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is controversial because of the paucity of studied patients. Using a Japanese administrative database, we tested whether increased albumin, catecholamine, and volumes of fluid administered between the procedure and the 4th post-procedure day would be associated with outcomes of mortality, consciousness deterioration at discharge and re-intubation between the 5th and 14th post-procedure days. Across 550 hospitals, 5,400 patients were identified who received clipping, wrapping and endovascular coiling within 48 h after admission in 2010. Patient characteristics and the administration of albumin, catecholamine, and volume of fluid normalized by body weight were analyzed among the groups and categorized according to the presence of albumin and catecholamine administered between the procedure and the 4th post-procedure day. The association of early hemodynamic management with outcomes was measured using logistic regression models, through controlling for the preference of early administration of albumin and catecholamine. For the patients, 9.3 % received albumin only, 14.4 % catecholamine only, and 4.9 % both between the procedure and the 4th post-procedure day, while 16.5 % received albumin or catecholamine on other days. Variation in albumin and catecholamine administration was observed. Higher normalized fluid volume, commenced before the 4th post-procedure day, was associated with increased mortality and re-intubation (although with decreased complications), and vice versa between the 4th and 14th post-procedure days. Catecholamine administration was associated with worsened outcomes. Hypervolemic and hypertensive therapies commenced before the 4th post-procedure day require further research to determine whether their associations with outcomes in this administrative data base are causal or not.

Comparison of emergency hospital admissions for drug poisoning and major diseases: a retrospective observational study using a nationwide administrative discharge database.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical and procedural characteristics of emergency hospital admissions for drug poisoning and major diseases. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Discharged patients from 855 acute care hospitals from 1 July to 31 December in 2008 in Japan. RESULTS: There were a total of 1 157 893 emergency hospital admissions. Among the top 100 causes, drug poisoning was ranked higher in terms of the percentage of patients using ambulance services (74.1%; second) and tertiary emergency medical services (37.8%; first). Despite higher utilisation of emergency care resources, drug poisoning ranked lower in terms of the median length of stay (2 days; 100th), percentage of requirement for surgical procedures (1.7%; 91st) and inhospital mortality ratio (0.3%; 74th). CONCLUSIONS: Drug poisoning is unique among the top 100 causes of emergency admissions. Our findings suggest that drug poisoning imposes a greater burden on emergency care resources but has a less severe clinical course than other causes of admissions. Future research should focus on strategies to reduce the burden of drug poisoning on emergency medical systems.

Comparative Study on the Difference in Functional Outcomes at Discharge between Proximal and Total Gastrectomy.

Several studies have regarded proximal gastrectomy (PG) as optimal compared to total gastrectomy (TG) for upper stomach cancer. In addition to the traditional outcomes of complication and mortality, change in functional status should be considered as another relevant outcome in aging generations. However, there has been no community-based appraisal of functional outcomes between PG and TG. Using an administrative database, we compared functional outcomes between PG and TG. Among 12,508 patients who survived for ≥15 years and underwent open gastrectomy between 2008 and 2010, we examined patient characteristics, comorbidities, functional status estimated by the Barthel index (BI) at admission and discharge, complications, ICU care, ventilation administration, blood transfusion, operating room time, resumption of oral intake, length of stay and total charges. With reference to distal gastrectomy (DG), we performed multivariate analyses to assess the impacts of PG and TG on complications and BI deterioration. A total of 434 PGs and 4,941 TGs were observed in 148 and 295 hospitals, respectively. Patient characteristics, care process, resumption of oral intake, operating room time, length of stay and total charges were also significantly different among the three gastrectomy types. PG, TG and DG were not associated with complications or functional deterioration. Patient characteristics, preoperative blood transfusion and longer operating room time were significantly associated with more complications and BI deterioration. Since patient case mix and longer operating room time were associated with poor outcomes, physicians should recognize the role of PG and might optimally challenge and complete gastrectomies within the appropriate indications.

Characteristics, procedural differences, and costs of inpatients with drug poisoning in acute care hospitals in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the clinical and procedural characteristics of drug poisoning, to examine procedural differences between drug poisoning repeaters and non-repeaters, and to estimate the costs of drug poisoning. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 6585 inpatients with drug poisoning was conducted, using the administrative database of the Diagnosis Procedure Combination/Per-Diem Payment System in 2008. RESULTS: Although only 3% of patients required surgery and 65% were discharged from the hospitals within 3 days, greater than 30% were admitted to tertiary emergency care (i.e., high-level emergency care) centers that provide care to severely ill and trauma patients who require intensive care. Only 30% of patients received psychiatric consultation during hospitalization. In addition, repeaters were less likely to be admitted to hospitals by ambulance (67% vs. 76%) and more likely to be discharged within 3 days (77% vs. 65%) than non-repeaters. The annual economic burden of drug poisoning in Japan was $66 million (¥7.7 billion), with the population aged 20-39 years accounting for 50% of these costs. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for optimally allocating resources and improving prevention strategies.

Contribution of the administrative database and the geographical information system to disaster preparedness and regionalization.

OBJECTIVE: Public health emergencies like earthquakes and tsunamis underscore the need for an evidence-based approach to disaster preparedness. Using the Japanese administrative database and the geographical information system (GIS), the interruption of hospital-based mechanical ventilation administration by a hypothetical disaster in three areas of the southeastern mainland (Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai) was simulated and the repercussions on ventilator care in the prefectures adjacent to the damaged prefectures was estimated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Using the database of 2010 including 3,181,847 hospitalized patients among 952 hospitals, the maximum daily ventilator capacity in each hospital was calculated and the number of patients who were administered ventilation on October xx was counted. INTERVENTIONS: Using GIS and patient zip code, the straight-line distances among the damaged hospitals, the hospitals in prefectures nearest to damaged prefectures, and ventilated patients' zip codes were measured. The authors simulated that ventilated patients were transferred to the closest hospitals outside damaged prefectures. OUTCOMES: The increase in the ventilator operating rates in three areas was aggregated. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four and 236 patients were administered ventilation in the damaged hospitals and in the closest hospitals outside the damaged prefectures of Tokai, 92 and 561 of Tonankai, and 35 and 85 of Nankai, respectively. The increases in the ventilator operating rates among prefectures ranged from 1.04 to 26.33-fold in Tokai; 1.03 to 1.74-fold in Tonankai, and 1.00 to 2.67-fold in Nankai. CONCLUSION: Administrative databases and GIS can contribute to evidenced-based disaster preparedness and the determination of appropriate receiving hospitals with available medical resources.

Community-based evaluation of laparoscopic versus open simple closure of perforated peptic ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have advocated laparoscopic simple closure (LSC) as the treatment of choice for perforated peptic ulcer disease (PUD). However, there has been no comprehensive community-based evaluation of the advantages of using LSC over open simple closure (OSC). Using an administrative database, we evaluated LSC versus OSC for patients with perforated ulcers. METHODS: From 6,334 patients with perforated ulcers, we identified 2,909 simple closure cases between 2006 and 2010. Study variables were demographics, mortality, co-morbidities, complications, ulcer location, surgical timing, blood transfusion, postoperative ventilation, operating room (OR) time, time to resumption of oral food intake, length of stay (LOS), and total charges. After matching patient baseline variables between OSC and LSC, we performed multivariate analyses to assess the impacts of LSC on mortality, complications, and ventilation administration. RESULTS: A total of 2,073 OSC cases and 836 LSC cases were identified in 670 hospitals. Younger age, duodenal ulcer, and pre-existing PUD were indicators for selection of LSC. Matching analysis indicated a correlation between LSC and lower mortality, less frequent postoperative and overall blood transfusion, shorter LOS, earlier return to oral intake, and longer OR time. There was no difference between OSC and LSC in complication rate or mortality. Longer OR time was correlated with a higher complication rate and the need for ventilation, the latter of which was independently associated with an increase in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Because longer OR time was associated with more frequent complications and ventilation, surgeons should obtain the skills and strategies necessary to accomplish LSC without extending OR time improperly.

Early crystalloid fluid volume management in acute pancreatitis: association with mortality and organ failure.

AIMS: Guidelines recommend aggressive fluid resuscitation in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) to minimize organ failure. This study aimed to determine whether early crystalloid fluid management is associated with mortality and/or critical care. METHODS: 9,489 AP patients aged ≥18 years were categorized into four study groups: ventilation, hemodialysis, a combination of ventilation and hemodialysis, and neither ventilation nor hemodialysis. We analyzed demographics, mortality, comorbidities, complications, AP severity, surgery of the biliary/pancreatic system, and fluid volume (FV) during the initial 48 h (FV48) and during hospitalization (FVH), and calculated the FV ratio (FVR) as FV48/FVH. The impact of FV48 and FVR on mortality and the care process was assessed according to AP severity. RESULTS: 1.1% of AP patients received ventilation, 1.7% received hemodialysis and 1.0% received both treatments. FV48 and FVR were higher in patients requiring ventilation compared with those not requiring ventilation. A high FV48 increased mortality and a high FVR decreased mortality in patients with severe AP. A high FV48 required ventilation in patients with severe AP, which was independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Since relatively too much or too little early FV is associated with mortality, FV should be continuously monitored and managed according to AP severity. and IAP.

Association of operating time and gastrectomy with initiation of postoperative oral food intake.

BACKGROUND: Fast-track programs optimizing perioperative care have been initiated along with the advancement of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. To clarify that these programs were evidence based for gastrectomy cases, we assessed the effect of operating time and gastrectomy type [open partial (OPG), open total (OTG), laparoscopic partial (LPG) and laparoscopic total (LTG)] on postoperative commencement of oral food intake. METHODS: Among 14,465 cases of gastrectomy across 837 hospitals, we examined the demographics, comorbidity, complications, postoperative epidural analgesia, rehabilitation and teaching status. The impact of gastrectomy type and operating time on postoperative fasting period was assessed using mixed regression models to distill off the hospital practice belief. RESULTS: We identified 2,775 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 10,064 partial gastrectomies, 2,485 of which were conducted via laparoscopy. Operating time was shortest in OPG and longest in LTG. The fasting period was shortest in LPG and longest in OTG. Longer operating time prolonged the fasting period, except for LTG. Postoperative epidural analgesia and earlier rehabilitation, but not laparoscopic gastrectomy, were associated with a shortened fasting period. CONCLUSION: When developing a fast-track program for gastrectomy, clinicians should recognize the impact of longer operating time and perioperative care rather than that of gastrectomy type on oral intake.

Relationships of age, cholecystectomy approach and timing with the surgical and functional outcomes of elderly patients with cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Safety confirmation has led to calls for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) to prevail in elderly patients, but the functional changes after LC have not been sufficiently compared with open cholecystectomy (OC). Using an administrative database, we reassessed the quality of cholecystectomy approach and timing of cholecystectomy for elderly patients with cholecystitis. METHODS: A total of 2552 patients aged ≥60 years who underwent cholecystectomy for cholecystitis were enrolled. Variables included demographics, comorbidities, complications, preoperative bile duct scrutiny, cholecystectomy timing (<48, 48-96, >96 h), functional status estimated by the Barthel index, teaching status, postoperative length of stay (LOS) and total charges (TC). The impacts of age, OC and timing on LOS, TC, complications and functional changes were assessed by mixed linear regression analyses using propensity score-matched cohorts for LC and OC. RESULTS: The patients comprised 1742 LC and 810 OC patients across 122 hospitals. The mean ages and octogenarian proportions were 70.1 years and 10.6% for LC and 72.9 years and 20.5% for OC. Advancing age, males and acute inflammation were more frequently associated with OC. Longer LOS, higher TC and more complications were observed for OC. Age was a predictor of functional changes but not complications. Octogenarians and complications were associated with longer LOS, higher TC and more functional deterioration. Earlier cholecystectomy was only associated with lower TC. CONCLUSIONS: Octogenarians were likely to have OC and functional deterioration. Since OC was a predictor of resource use and complications, strategies to complete earlier LC and prevent complications are required for octogenarians.

Reconsidering the value of rehabilitation for patients with cerebrovascular disease in Japanese acute health care hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: The 21st century has an increasing elderly population at risk of cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Efficient care for recovering functional status is emphasized among policy makers. We investigated whether rehabilitation and its early initiation provided for CVD patients produced functional recovery in acute care hospitals. METHODS: Using a Japanese administrative database during a 4-month interval from 2004 to 2008 in patients ages ≥ 15 years, we measured the demographics, consciousness level at admission, comorbidities, complications, procedures, ventilation administration, initiation day of rehabilitation, and hospital characteristics. Outcomes included total charges (TC) and functional status measured by the Barthel index (BI). Multivariate analysis measured the impact of rehabilitation and its early initiation on outcomes. To reduce the selection bias of rehabilitation and the ecological fallacy, we used propensity score matching and the linear mixed model. RESULTS: Excluding 488 deceased patients, we analyzed 45,014 CVD patients. Rehabilitation at a generalized unit produced greater BI improvement than no rehabilitation or at intensive care units. A longer hospitalization, but not a 1-day delay of rehabilitation initiation, resulted in less BI improvement and more TC. A higher patient volume and academic hospitals were associated with more TC but not with BI improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation, but not the timing of rehabilitation, might accompany functional recovery in acute care hospitals. Because the hospital mix or medical units can explain the variation in the quality of rehabilitation, policy makers, along with monitoring unnecessary long hospitalizations, should encourage a referral policy for rehabilitation-intensive facilities and develop effective rehabilitation using technology to optimize functional outcomes.

Contribution of case-mix classification to profiling hospital characteristics and productivity.

Case-mix classification has made it possible to analyze acute care delivery case volumes and resources. Data arising from observed differences have a role in planning health policy. Aggregated length of hospital stay (LOS) and total charges (TC) as measures of resource use were calculated from 34 case-mix groups at 469 hospitals (1,721,274 eligible patients). The difference between mean resource use of all hospitals and the mean resource use of each hospital was subdivided into three components: amount of variation attributable to hospital practice behavior (efficiency); amount attributable to hospital case-mix (complexity); and amount attributable to the interaction. Hospital characteristics were teaching status (academic or community), ownership, disease coverage, patients, and hospital volume. Multivariate analysis was employed to determine the impact of hospital characteristics on efficiency. Mean LOS and TC were greater for academic than community hospitals. Academic hospitals were least associated with LOS and TC efficiency. Low disease coverage was a predictor of TC efficiency while low patient volume was a predictor of unnecessarily long hospital stays. There was an inverse correlation between complexity and efficiency for both LOS and TC. Policy makers should acknowledge that differentiation of hospital function needs careful consideration when measuring efficiency.

Community-based appraisal of laparoscopic abdominal surgery in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Despite the prevalence of laparoscopic surgery (LS), community-based appraisal of its benefit over open surgery (OS) has not been performed. This can be measured by increased total charge (TC) spent and decreased length of stay (LOS), which are indicative of greater resource use and opportunistic cost reduction. We prioritized the value of LS for eight abdominal procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a Japanese administrative database for the 6 mo leading up to December 2007. Study procedures were appendectomy, cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy, herniorrhaphy, colectomy, partial or total gastrectomy, and small bowel resection (SBR) in adults. We analyzed patient demographics, mortality, comorbidity, complications, use of chemotherapy or postoperative pain control, hospital teaching status, postoperative LOS, and TCs. The impact of LS was determined using multivariate analysis on the propensity-score-matched cohorts of LS and OS. RESULTS: Herniorrhaphy was most frequently performed (24,088 cases), whereas SBR was performed least (3404). LS was performed most often in cholecystectomy (81%) and least in herniorrhaphy (3.7%). LS did not increase complications in any procedure. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and SBR were associated with shorter LOS and lower TC, whereas laparoscopic herniorrhaphy increased LOS and TC. Laparoscopic appendectomy and partial gastrectomy reduced LOS and increased TC. CONCLUSIONS: LS safety was confirmed. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy or SBR might have advantages, whereas laparoscopic was no better than open herniorrhaphy and might be decided by patient's preference. Considering the variation in the decremental opportunistic cost produced by incremental medical expenses observed among the procedures, policymakers should determine an appropriate reimbursement schedule.

Quantitative assessment of the advantages of laparoscopic gastrectomy and the impact of volume-related hospital characteristics on resource use and outcomes of gastrectomy patients in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: In this community-based study, we assessed the advantages of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) and the impact of volume-related hospital characteristics on gastrectomy care. BACKGROUND: The quality of gastrectomy care and the potential effects of volume-related hospital characteristics on gastrectomy care have not been comprehensively evaluated to date. METHODS: We used a Japanese administrative database of 17,761 patients across 258 hospitals delivering both open gastrectomy and LG during 6-month periods in 2006, 2007, and 2008. We examined patient demographics, principal diagnosis, comorbidities, and complications, hospital patient volume, proportion of LG procedures accomplished, teaching status and care processes, length of hospital stay, total charge, and operative time. Multivariate analyses were used to compare LG with open gastrectomy in terms of mortality, complications, operative or postoperative blood transfusion, resource use and operative time. RESULTS: LG was performed in 3,914 (22%) patients and was associated with significantly shorter length of hospital stay, lower total charge, and longer operative time. Higher hospital volume was associated with less mortality, lower frequency of transfusion, shorter length of hospital stay, lower total charge, and shorter operative time. Higher procedures accomplished were associated with fewer complications, higher frequency of transfusion, greater resource use, and longer operative time. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic gastrectomy offers significant economic advantages over open gastrectomy. However, LG was associated with increased operative time and required greater blood transfusion volume once indicated, which might drive gastrectomy care to use more prudent approaches in hospitals with higher procedures accomplished rates. Stakeholders should recognize the wide variation in hospital practices, skill training and efficient gastrectomy care, in addition to the volume-quality relationship.