Conformational preference of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol studied by supersonic jet spectroscopy: Intramolecular OH/π interaction.

A π-type hydrogen bonding between the OH group and the π electron is a crucial factor for the conformational preference of the molecular structure with a flexible group. However, the information on the effect of the substituent on the OH/π interaction is insufficient. The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation, the dispersed fluorescence (DF), the IR-UV hole-burning, and the IR dip spectra of jet-cooled 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol were measured for the first time. Almost all bands observed in the spectral region of 35 550-36 500 cm-1 in the LIF excitation spectrum were successfully assigned with the DF and the IR-UV hole-burning spectra coupled with the quantum chemical calculation at M06-2x/6-311G and MP2/6-311G levels. Five conformers were found in the LIF excitation spectrum. The most stable conformer was Ggπ, and the second most stable conformer was Ggπ' (the trans rotamer of the methoxy group for Ggπ). Ggπ and Ggπ' had the OH group directed toward the π electron system of the benzene ring. The OH stretching frequency of Ggπ/Ggπ' of MPE in the IR dip spectra was red-shifted against that of Ggπ of phenylethanol, indicating that the introduction of the methoxy group would enhance the intramolecular OH/π interaction. In addition, the torsional vibration between the benzene ring and the side chain (-CH2CH2OH) (mode 63) was observed in the DF spectra of the Ggπ-00 and Ggπ'-00 band excitation, but their intensities were rather different, resulting from the different orientation of the OH group for each conformer toward the π electron system. The methoxy group would increase the negative charge on the benzene ring and would enhance the intramolecular OH/π interaction through the electrostatic interaction.

Effects of Two Electron-Donating and/or -Withdrawing Substituents on Two-Photon Absorption for Diphenylacetylene Derivatives.

Two-photon absorption for diphenylacetylene (DPA) derivatives with two substituents (-OMe and/or -NO2) at the 4,4'-position was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The two-photon absorption spectra and the two-photon absorption cross-sections σ(2) for DPA derivatives were obtained by optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy (OPPAS). The simulated two-photon absorption spectra of the DPA derivatives, obtained with the time-dependent density functional theory within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation, agreed well with the experimental ones. The mechanisms for enhancement of the σ(2) for centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric DPA derivatives were found to be different. The large σ(2) for centrosymmetric molecules (DPA-OMeOMe and DPA-NO2NO2) results from the magnitude of the transition dipole moment, while for non-centrosymmetric molecules (DPA-OMeNO2), it is enhanced by the smaller detuning energy. Information on two-photon absorption properties of DPA derivatives obtained in this study will be important for the molecular design of two-photon absorption materials.

Photochemical Reaction of Ketoprofen with Proteinogenic Amino Acids.

Ketoprofen (KP) is one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; however, drug-induced photosensitivity of KP has been reported as a serious adverse effect. KP incorporated into a protein can produce an allergen under UV irradiation, which causes drug-induced photosensitivity. The photochemistry of KP with 20 kinds of proteinogenic amino acids in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 7.4 was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. The KP carboxylate anion (KP-) gave rise to a carbanion via a decarboxylation within a laser pulse, and the carbanion yielded 3-ethylbenzophenone ketyl biradical (3-EBPH) through a proton transfer reaction. Twelve kinds of proteinogenic amino acids obviously accelerated the reaction. Structural information on the complexes of KP docked in the binding sites of human serum albumin (HSA) was obtained by molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. The photochemical reaction of KP- with amino acid residues in HSA was discussed on the basis of the experimental and calculational results. The information on the reactivity of KP with the amino acids and the stable structures of the KP-HSA complexes should be essential for understanding of the initial step for drug-induced photosensitivity.

A Substituent Effect on Two-Photon Absorption of Diphenylacetylene Derivatives with an Electron-Donating/Withdrawing Group.

Two-photon absorption for diphenylacetylene derivatives with an electron-donating (ED) or electron-withdrawing (EW) group (DPA-Rs) was investigated by high-sensitivity optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy. Two-photon absorption spectra and two-photon absorption cross sections σ(2) for DPA-Rs were successfully obtained. Two-photon absorption spectra of DPA-Rs with stronger ED or EW groups display more significant red-shifts and larger σ(2) values. Simulated two-photon absorption spectra, using time-dependent density functional theory within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation, compared well with the experimental spectra. Based on the three-state model, the substituent effect on the two-photon absorption for DPA-Rs was expected to manifest in the transition dipole moments and detuning energies. Information obtained from investigating the monosubstituent effect on two-photon absorption of DPA is critical for an improved understanding of two-photon absorption.

Excited States of Thio-2'-deoxyuridine Bearing an Extended π-Conjugated System: 3',5'-Di-O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine.

A new thio-2'-deoxyuridine with an extended π-conjugated group was successfully synthesized: 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. The thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative has a large red-shifted absorption band in the UVA region and also shows fluorescence, a rare photo-property among thionucleobases/thionucleosides. The triplet-triplet absorption spectrum and the rate constants (the intrinsic decay rate constant of the triplet state, the self-quenching rate constant, and the quenching rate constant of the triplet state by an oxygen molecule) of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine were obtained by transient absorption spectroscopy. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing and the quantum yield of singlet molecular oxygen formation (ϕΔ) under an oxygen atmosphere were also determined. The Ï•Δ value of the new thio-2'-deoxyuridine was found to be substantially higher than all reported values of other thio-2'-deoxyribonucleosides in low oxygen concentrations similar to cancer cell environments. The fluorescence quantum yield depended on the excitation wavelength, revealing certain photochemical reactions in the higher excited singlet states. However, when excited into the higher excited state with non-resonant two-photon absorption, the Ï•Δ of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative was found to remain sufficiently large. These findings should be very useful for the development of thio-2'-deoxyribonucleoside-based pharmaceuticals as DNA-specific photosensitizers for photochemotherapy.

Simultaneous Two-Photon Absorption of the Thioguanosine Analogue 2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine with Its Potential Application to Photodynamic Therapy.

2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) is an analogue of nucleosides and currently under investigation as a potential agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Excitation by simultaneous two-photon absorption of visible or near-infrared light would provide an efficient PDT for deep-seated tumors. The two-photon absorption spectrum of taDTGuo was obtained by optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy (OPPAS). A two-photon absorption band corresponding to the S5 ← S0 transition was observed at 556 nm, and the two-photon absorption cross-section σ(2) was determined to be 26 ± 3 GM, which was much larger than that of other nucleobases and nucleosides. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that the large σ(2) value of taDTGuo was responsible for large transition dipole moments and small detuning energy resulting from the thiocarbonyl group at 6- and 8-positions. This is the first report on two-photon absorption spectra and cross-sections of thionucleoside analogues, which could be used to develop a more specific PDT for cancers in deep regions.

Two-photon absorption property of Cl-substituted diphenylacetylenes by optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Two-photon absorption spectra and two-photon absorption cross sections of Cl-substituted diphenylacetylenes (ClDPAs) were investigated by optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations for the first time. The two-photon absorption spectra of ClDPAs exhibited intense two-photon absorption bands at around 480 nm, which are forbidden by one-photon absorption. The two-photon absorption cross sections σ(2) of o-, m-, and p-ClDPAs at 476 nm were determined to be 22 ± 1, 23 ± 1, and 38 ± 2 GM, respectively. Compared with diphenylacetylene (DPA) (27 GM at 472 nm), the σ(2) values of o- and m-ClDPAs were lower, while that of p-ClDPA was higher. Simulated two-photon absorption spectra using the TD-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of calculations within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation, based on the three-state model, well agreed with the experimental results. The difference in the σ(2) values of DPA and ClDPAs was responsible for those in the transition dipole moments between the intermediate and the final states.

Hydrogen Abstraction of Ketoprofen in the Excited Triplet State with Indole and Methylindoles.

Relaxation of excited states and reactivity of ketoprofen (KP), one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with indole and methylindoles have been studied with transient absorption and quantum chemical calculations. KP in the excited triplet state, 3KP*, abstracted a hydrogen atom from indole and methylindoles to afford a ketyl radical and a counter radical. The bimolecular quenching rate constants of 3KP* by indole and methylindoles, kq, and the hydrogen atom abstraction rate constants, kr, were obtained. The kr values for methylindoles were larger than that for indole; in addition, transient spectra at around 350 nm, assigned to the corresponding C-centered radical, was observed. These results indicate that 3KP* abstracts a hydrogen atom of the methyl group as well as that of N-H in the indole frame. These findings give us information on the reactivity of excited KP in the vicinity of tryptophan in a KP-protein complex, which will ultimately cause photosensitization on human skin.

Characteristics of the excited triplet states of thiolated guanosine derivatives and singlet oxygen generation.

Thioguanine is sensitive to UVA light and generates singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) when exposed to UVA. Three thioguanosine derivatives, 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6-thioguanosine (ta6TGuo), 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-8-thioguanosine (ta8TGuo), and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) were explored photophysically and photochemically. Nanosecond transient absorption and time-resolved near-infrared emission measurements were carried out to investigate the characteristics of their excited triplet states in acetonitrile solution. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC), the intrinsic decay rate constant (k0), the quenching rate constant by 3O2 (kq) and the self-quenching rate constant (kSQ) of their triplet states were all determined. From the precise analysis of the quantum yield of 1O2* generation (ΦΔ) against the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen, the fraction of the triplet states quenched by dissolved oxygen which gives rise to 1O2* formation (SΔ) was successfully obtained with high accuracy. The ΦΔ values at low oxygen concentrations reveal that these thioguanosines, particularly taDTGuo, can still effectively generate 1O2* at low molecular oxygen concentrations like carcinomatous microenvironments. These findings indicate that taDTGuo would perform well as a potential agent for photo-induced cancer therapies.

Acid Dissociation Equilibrium and Singlet Molecular Oxygen Quantum Yield of Acetylated 6,8-Dithioguanosine in Aqueous Buffer Solution.

2',3',5'-Tri- O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) is a nucleoside derivative of drug 6-thioguanine and under further development as a potential photochemotherapeutic agent due to its desirable properties of photosensitivity to UVA light and singlet molecular oxygen generation. The photochemical characteristics of taDTGuo under biological conditions (namely in aqueous solution) were intensively investigated by the steady-state absorption and emission, time-resolved near-infrared emission measurements, and quantum chemical calculations. taDTGuo was found to be held in sequential acid dissociation equilibria within pH 3.79-11.93. With the global fitting analysis of the absorption spectra at various pHs, two p Ka values of the equilibria were determined to be 7.02 ± 0.01 and 9.79 ± 0.01. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that its mono- and dianionic species in the ground state should be 1-imide anionic form (N1-taDTGuo-) and 1,7-di-imide anionic form (taDTGuo2-). taDTGuo generates a singlet molecular oxygen effectively and has pH-dependent quantum yields. In conclusion, taDTGuo would be very useful as a potent agent for photochemotherapy under certain carcinomatous pH conditions.

Absorption Characteristics and Quantum Yields of Singlet Oxygen Generation of Thioguanosine Derivatives.

6-Thioguanine (1a) is considered to be photochemotherapeutic due to its specific characteristics of photosensitivity to UVA light and singlet molecular oxygen generation. To extend its phototherapeutic ability, two related thioguanines, 8-thioguanine (2a) and 6,8-dithioguanine (3a), have been designed and explored. Since the solubility of these thioguanines in dehydrated organic solvents is too poor to study, their triacetyl-protected ribonucleosides, that is, 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6-thioguanosine (1c), 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-8-thioguanosine (2c) and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (3c) were prepared and investigated. The absorption maxima of 1c, 2c and 3c in acetonitrile were found at longer wavelengths than that of unthiolated guanosine (4c). Especially, 3c has the longest wavelength for absorption maximum and the highest value in terms of molar absorption coefficient among all thionucleobases and thionucleosides reported. These absorption properties were also well reproduced by quantum chemical calculations. Quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation of 2c and 3c were determined by near-infrared emission measurements to be as large as that of 1c. These results suggest that the newly synthesized thioguanosines, in particular 3c, can be further developed as a potential photosensitive agent for light-induced therapies.

Simultaneous Two-Photon Absorption to Gerade Excited Singlet States of Diphenylacetylene and Diphenylbutadiyne Using Optical-Probing Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

Simultaneous two-photon absorption to one-photon forbidden electronically excited states of diphenylacetylene (DPA) and diphenylbutadiyne (DPB) was investigated by means of highly sensitive optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy. The incident laser power dependencies on photoacoustic signal intensity indicate that the signals are dominated by the two-photon absorption regime. Two-photon absorption is responsible for transitions to gerade excited states based on the selection rule. The two-photon absorption bands observed in the heat action spectra were assigned with the aid of quantum chemical calculations. The relative magnitude of the two-photon absorption cross sections of DPA and DPB was estimated, and the larger two-photon absorption cross section of DPB was related to the resonance effect with the red-shifted one-photon allowed 1(1)B1u ← 1(1)Ag transition of DPB.

Photoreaction of Ketoprofen with Tryptophan and Tyrosine in Phosphate Buffer Solution.

Reaction of excited ketoprofen (KP) with tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) in a phosphate buffer solution was studied by the transient absorption spectroscopy. Both amino acids, which would interact with KP in bovine serum albumin [Monti, S. [2009] Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 9104-9113], accelerated the proton transfer reaction to yield 3-ethylbenzophenone ketyl biradical (EBPH) from KP carbanion, which was produced by photoexcitation of KP(-) through decarboxylation. By means of the actinometry method with benzophenone, the reaction quantum yield was successfully estimated to be fairly large, and Trp, Tyr, DOPA and 4-methylphenol were found to be a good proton donor for the carbanion. The formation rate constants of EBPH by the amino acids (kr ) were also determined to be (2.7 ± 0.1) × 10(9)  M(-1) s(-1) for Trp and (7.8 ± 0.4) × 10(8)  M(-1) s(-1) for Tyr, which were larger than those by basic amino acids and dipeptides reported. The reason for the highly efficient proton transfer reaction with Trp and Tyr would be explained by difference of the activation energy for the reaction. These results suggest that the proton transfer should be a key process for an initial photoreaction of KP with a protein, causing photosensitization in vivo.

Photochemical reaction of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen) with basic amino acids and dipeptides.

Photoreaction of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen, KP) with basic amino acids (histidine, lysine, and arginine) and dipeptides (carnosine and anserine) including a histidine moiety in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) has been investigated with transient absorption spectroscopy. With UV irradiation KP(-) gave rise to a carbanion through a decarboxylation reaction, and the carbanion easily abstracted a proton from the surrounding molecule to yield a 3-ethylbenzophenone ketyl biradical (EBPH). The dipeptides as well as the basic amino acids were found to accelerate the proton transfer reaction whereas alanine and glycine had no effect on the reaction, revealing that these amino acids having a protonated side chain act as a proton donor. The formation quantum yield of EBPH was estimated to be fairly large by means of an actinometrical method with benzophenone, and the bimolecular reaction rate constant for the proton transfer between the carbanion and the protonated basic amino acids or the protonated dipeptides was successfully determined. It has become apparent that the bimolecular reaction rate constant for the proton transfer depended on the acid dissociation constant for the side chain of the amino acids for the first time. This reaction mechanism was interpreted by difference of the heat of reaction for each basic amino acid based on the thermodynamical consideration. These results strongly suggest that the side chain of the basic amino acid residue in protein should play an important role for photochemistry of KP in vivo.

Effect of basic amino acids on photoreaction of ketoprofen in phosphate buffer solution.

Photoreaction of ketoprofen (KP), one of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), was studied with transient absorption spectroscopy in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) in the presence of basic amino acids of histidine (His), lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg). Deprotonated form of KP (KP(-)) excited with UV-light irradiation gave rise to carbanion through a decarboxylation reaction. It was found that carbanion abstracted a proton from the side chain of the protonated amino acids to yield 3-ethylbenzophenone ketyl biradical (EBPH); however, no reaction was observed with alanine. The relative yield of EBPH by the proton transfer reaction with His was ca. 40 times larger than that of the other two basic amino acids, suggesting that the proton-donating ability of His (protonated His) should be quite high. The information on the photoreaction mechanism of NSAIDs with basic amino acids was essential to understand primary reaction of excited NSAIDs in vivo causing photosensitization on human skin.

Fluorescence spectroscopy of jet-cooled o-fluoroanisole: mixing through Duschinsky effect and Fermi resonance.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation, UV-UV hole burning, and single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of jet-cooled o-fluoroanisole (o-FA) were measured. The most intense lowest-frequency band at 36 612 cm(-1) was assigned to the origin band of the most stable trans conformer. The UV-UV hole-burning spectrum demonstrated that the prominent bands in the LIF excitation spectrum were responsible for the trans conformer. The metastable non-planar conformer was not observed in the spectra. The vibrational band assignments were performed with the aid of quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ and CIS/6-311G(d,p) levels. The precise analysis of the SVLF spectra indicated that strong vibrational mixing through the Duschinsky effect and the Fermi resonance occurs in the S(1) state.

Conformations of 2-aminoindan in a supersonic jet: the role of intramolecular N-H...pi hydrogen bonding.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), dispersed fluorescence (DF), mass-resolved one-color resonance enhanced two-photon ionization (RE2PI) and UV-UV hole-burning spectra of 2-aminoindan (2-AI) were measured in a supersonic jet. The hole-burning spectra demonstrated that the congested vibronic structures observed in the LIF excitation spectrum were responsible for three conformers of 2-AI. The origins of the conformers were observed at 36931, 36934, and 36955 cm(-1). The DF spectra obtained by exciting the band origins of the three conformers showed quite similar vibrational structures, with the exception of the bands around 600-900 cm(-1). The molecular structures of the three conformers were assigned with the aid of ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level. An amino hydrogen of the most stable conformer points toward the benzene ring. The stability of the most stable conformer was attributed to an intramolecular N-H...pi hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atom and the pi-electron of the benzene ring. The other two conformers, devoid of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, were also identified for 2-AI. This suggests weak hydrogen bonding in the most stable conformer. The intramolecular N-H...pi hydrogen bonding in 2-AI was discussed in comparison with other weak hydrogen-bonding systems.

Low-frequency vibrations specific for conformers of 1-aminoindan studied by UV-UV hole-burning spectroscopy.

The UV-UV hole-burning spectra of the jet-cooled 1-aminoindan were measured for the first time. Complicated spectral features observed in the laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum due to two conformers, R and B, were firmly separated. On the basis of fluorescence measurements and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ calculations, low-frequency ring twisting and ring puckering modes were assigned. These modes are coupled in the S1 state due to the Duschinsky rotation. The Duschinsky matrix was calculated from the normal modes predicted by quantum chemical calculations. The coupling between the twisting and puckering modes for conformer B is stronger than that for conformer R. The twisting mode was observed at 0+99 cm(-1) in the S1 state for conformer B, while not for conformer R. The Franck-Condon activity of the twisting mode substantially differs between the two conformers. The transition to the twisting level for conformer B would be allowed by the Duschinsky rotation. The fluorescence lifetime of conformer vibronic levels was also measured and differed for each conformer.