[Comparative evaluation of ultrasonic virtopsia and classical autopsy for antenatal fetal death]. / Sravnitel'naya otsenka ul'trazvukovoi virtopsii i klassicheskoi autopsii pri antenatal'noi gibeli ploda.

AIM OF STUDY: Comparison of the data obtained by ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman with antenatal death of the fetus and stillborn child, with the autopsy results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protocols of ultrasound examinations and the autopsy protocols of 126 fetuses that died antenatally were analyzed. RESULTS: In our study of 126 patients, 95 showed no structural changes either during ultrasound examination or during further pathomorphological examination. The ultrasound conclusion corresponded to the results of classical autopsy in the presence of congenital malformations in two patients. 29 pregnant women had discrepancies in the results of ultrasound examination and subsequent pathomorphological examination. At the same time, in 7 patients there was an overdiagnosis, in 22 - an underdiagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound diagnostics in cases of suspected fetal death does not allow verification of the diagnosis, ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman with antenatal fetal death and post-mortem ultrasound examination of a stillborn cannot replace autopsy, pathoanatomical and histological examinations.

[The study of the innate and acquired cellular immunity chains indicators in the peripheral blood of patients with HIV infection.]

In this study was made an attempt to reveal additional laboratory markers of white blood for preliminary estimation level of HIV-infection development. Essentially such markers these are in progress without complex equipment and expensive reagent. It was studied alterations of basic values cells of innate and acquired immunity of peripheral blood HIV-infected individuals with and without antiretroviral treatment (ART) during infection. It was estimate value leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, lymhpocytes, T-lymhpocytes, CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, CD4/CD8 index. It was used the first analysis in the time of registration for regular medical check-up and the intermediate derived during 2017-2018 years. Patients without ART and with ART before and after treatment had rates of leukocytes, lymhpocytes, T-lymhpocytes, monocytes and neutrophils within the normal guideline. Essential changes were observed in basic conventional laboratory parameters evaluation of HIV-infection dynamic (parameters of CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, CD4/CD8 index). Thereby it was impossible to reveal supplementary immunological markers of HIVinfection.

[Application of MT-4 neoplasm cell line for the immunomodulating activity study of patients plasma with HIV-infection.]

It was studied in vitro the immunomodulatory effect of plasma HIV-infected individuals on expression of activation markers when used as a model neoplastic cell line MT-4. Carrying out researches indicated the variation in expression of the activation markers CD28+, CD38+, HLA-DR+ и CD69+. Change dynamics of these indices showed that these proteins can to consider as markers for level evaluation of patients immune system during used of plasma HIV-infected individuals with and without antiretroviral treatment (ART). Analysis revealed reduction of cells activation potential in plasma of patients with ART presence and rise without treatment. Examinations of the expression proteins CD28, CD38, HLA-DR и CD69 MT-4 cells and plasma of patients with HIV-infection application can have prognostic value for infection monitoring and efficacy of different therapeutic approaches.

Rapid use of resources as a basis of the Heracleum sosnowskyi invasive syndrome.

The functional properties of the invasive Heracleum sosnowskyi were compared with those of the native Heracleum sibiricum. The leaf and root traits, as well as those of a whole plant and of the mycorrhiza formation, were studied. H. sosnowskyi can fulfill the high-productivity potential only under the optimum availability of resources (especially water), while it is poorly adapted to maintain a high physiological activity under the unfavorable soil conditions. An important component of the H. sosnowskyi invasiveness is an ability to utilize rapidly resources in both the above- and underground areas at the optimum conditions.

[USE OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE SURFACE STRUCTURES FOR SPECIFIC PROPHY- LAXIS AND DIAGNOSTICS OF CHOLERA].

The need for efficient and cost-effective cholera vaccine hasn't lost its actuality in view of the emergence of new strains leading to severe clinical forms of cholera and capable to replace strains of the seventh.cholera pandemic, and in connection with the threat of cholera spreading beyond the borders of endemic countries. In this review data from literature sources are presented about the use of outer membrane proteins, vesicles, cell ghosts of the cholera causative agent in specific prophylaxis and diagnostics of the disease.

[CYTOKINES DURING THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION TYPE 1(HIV-1)].

In this work the proinflammatory (IL-1ß, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) plasma cytokine levels were evaluated in HIV-infected patients with or without antiretroviral treatment (ART). IFN-γ was detected in 94% samples with and without ART, TNF-α in 88% and IL-2 in 38% samples without ART, as well as in 12% and 30% samples with ART, respectively. Positive correlation was detected between viral RNA and IFN-γ levels (rs = 0.13) and negative correlation (rs = -0.242) in the patients without or with ART. Cosecretion of three cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) was detected in 31% samples and two cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) in 35% samples of persons without ART. Cosecretion of three cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) was detected in 20% samples with ART; cosecretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 was detected in 10% samples. The higher percentage of the proinflammatory cytokines with cosecretion was detected in plasma HIV-infected patients without ART in the course of 6 and more years, which suggests that their immune system is able to provide disease control.

[Parameters of the CD4-Cell count and viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients].

In this work the specific features of parameters of plasma CD4 T-lymphocytes count and level virus RNA in the HIV-infected patients were studied. 22% correlation between reduction of CD4 cell count and an increase in virus RNA level was observed in persons that did not receive antiretroviral treatment during the third HIV-infection phase. During this phase of infection patients exhibited a growth of the median value of virus load in cases of both rise as decline in CD4 cell count during long observation period. In addition, towards the end of the observation period, the percentage of patients with virus load > 3.3 Ig copies/ml considerably expanded. 43% correlation between CD4 cell count and duration of the HIV-infection was detected during the fourth infection phase in persons that did not receive antiretroviral treatment. Most of the patients in the third and the fourth infection phases had essential CD4 cell count growth during antiretroviral treatment. Best values were observed in patients with the initial value of CD4 > 400 cells/µl belonging to the third HIV-infection phase.

[THE IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF PLASMA OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HUMAN HIV VIRUS].

The study was carried out to investigate impact of plasma of patients infected with human HIV virus receiving and not receiving highly active antiviral therapy on: expression of phenotypic markers of lymphocytes (CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD19+, CD3-/CD (16+56)+, CD3+/CD(16+56)+, CD3+/HLA-DR+, CD4+/CD62L+, CD8+/CD38+) in mononuclear cells of blood of donors and secretion of pro-inflammatory (interleukin-1ß, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) cytokines. After 24 hours of activation of mononuclear cells with plasmas it was demonstrated that as compared with control groups, in of plasmas of patients with highly active antiviral therapy increasing of number of CD4+ T-cells and decreasing of CD8+ T-cells is observed. The plasmas of patients with highly active antiviral therapy activate in most instances CD4+ T-cells whereas plasmas of patients without treatment--CD8+ T-cells. The results of detection of cytokines in blood indicate that in patients without treatment inflammatory potential is increased as compared with group of highly active antiviral therapy. The data concerning accumulation of interleukin-1ß under cultivation of mononuclear cells with plasmas indicates at its role in preservation of vitality of natural killers. The analysis of immunomodulatory activity of plasma of patients infected with human HIV virus can be recommended as an additional technique of evaluation of functioning of immune system.

[Non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness and polymorphysm of xenobiotics biotransformation GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes under neutrophilic bronchial asthma in children].

With a view to study the effect of genes GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion on the non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children with neutrophilic bronchial asthma (BA) 46 school age children having neutrophilic BA (1st clinical group) and their 48 coevals with eosinophilic phenotype of the disease (2nd clinical group) were subjected to a complex examination at the pulmo-allergologic department of the regional child clinical hospital of Chernivtsi. The study proved that genotype T1+M1del was more frequently registered in patients with the neutrophilic phenotype of the disease, and genotype T1delM1del was equifrequent in patients with different types of the inflammation of the respiratory ways. In patients with neutrophilic BA and deletion polymorphism of genes GSTT1 and GSTM1, there was a tendency to decreasing of the bronchial lability index through the decrease of bronchodilation, and bronchial response to histamine occurred to be higher than in children with the absence of polymorphism of the referred genes of the xenobiotics biotransformation system.

[Occupational therapy: achievements and problems].

Occupational therapy is topical and attracts attention of various medical specialists, for being on junction between clinical, hygienic, social and economical sciences. The authors present major directions of research and practical work of the Institute from its foundation till nowadays.

[Laboratory medicine in the clinic of occupational diseases: achievements and prospects].

The article presents the achievements and prospects of the priorities of research and development on laboratory aspects of preserving and strengthening the health of the working population. Modern methods of clinical laboratory diagnostics (hematology, cytochemistry, immunology, cytogenetics, hemostasis), an assessment of their implications for the clinic of occupational diseases, in particular for the study of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment, prevention of diseases of the respiratory system, skin, otolaryngology, etc.

[The strategy of a parasite is to preserve and continue its species; some trends for achieving the goal].

The authors show that the strategy of parasites, which is to preserve and continue its species is accomplished mainly by providing of a trophic substrate. Opisthorichiasis is used as an example to show that the nutriceutic biomass of cholangiocytes may be increased due to gene mutations, induced proliferation of liver stem cells, their differentiation to committed ones and cholangiocellular differon elements; moreover, the proliferative processes of mesenchymal components become active in other organs of a host. During their ontogenesis in the intermediate and final hosts, the parasites work out the mechanisms for prolonging their life span to complete a full development cycle (Margaritifera margaritifera glochidia); however, predominantly the parasite-host symbiosis is attended by the latter's lameness. Predation is one of the types of symbiotic relations.

[Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and factors of bronchial inflammation under the exercise-induced asthma in schoolchildren].

88 schoolchildren with bronchial asthma were observed at the department of pulmonary disease and allergology of the Chernivtsi regional children clinical hospital. The study showed that the content of aldehyde- and ketoderivatives of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of neutral character in the expired air condensate (AKDNPH) was presumably higher in patients with the exercise-induced bronchial asthma thus indicating the more significant activity of the inflammatory process in bronchi under the studied phenotype of the disease. Non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness was presumably higher in children suffering exercise-induced bronchial asthma due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness as well as hyperreactivity when compared with the patients having activity independent asthma attacks. The factor of bronchial spasm was significantly associated with the content of AKDNPH of the basic character and nitric oxide metabolites in the expired air condensate in the patients with the exercise-induced bronchial asthma.

[The structural protein Gag of the gypsy retrovirus forms virus-like particles in the bacterial cell].

The amino acid sequence of the drosophila retrovirus MDG4 (gypsy) structural protein Gag does not contain a canonical motif known for the majority of vertebrate retroviruses. Moreover, the protein translation can theoretically begin with two separated initiation codons located within its unique open reading frame. We designed constructs for expression of two theoretically possible variants of Gag polypeptide and investigated an ability of the each product to form virus-like particles in the bacterial cell, i.e. in the absence of eukaryotic cell factors. The results obtained showed that the both variants of the gypsy protein Gag form globular particles in the bacterial cell.

Over-expression of gsh1 in the cytosol affects the photosynthetic apparatus and improves the performance of transgenic poplars on heavy metal-contaminated soil.

Recent studies of transgenic poplars over-expressing the genes gsh1 and gsh2 encoding γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) and glutathione synthetase, respectively, provided detailed information on regulation of GSH synthesis, enzymes activities and mRNA expression. In this experiment, we studied quantitative parameters of leaves, assimilating tissues, cells and chloroplasts, mesophyll resistance for CO(2) diffusion, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content in wild-type poplar and transgenic plants over-expressing gsh1 in the cytosol after 3 years of growth in relatively clean (control) or heavy metal-contaminated soil in the field. Over-expression of gsh1 in the cytosol led to a twofold increase of intrafoliar GSH concentration and influenced the photosynthetic apparatus at different levels of organisation, i.e., leaves, photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts. At the control site, transgenic poplars had a twofold smaller total leaf area per plant and a 1.6-fold leaf area per leaf compared to wild-type controls. Annual aboveground biomass gain was reduced by 50% in the transgenic plants. The reduction of leaf area of the transformants was accompanied by a significant decline in total cell number per leaf, indicating suppression of cell division. Over-expression of γ-ECS in the cytosol also caused changes in mesophyll structure, i.e., a 20% decrease in cell and chloroplast number per leaf area, but also an enhanced volume share of chloroplasts and intercellular airspaces in the leaves. Transgenic and wild poplars did not exhibit differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid content of leaves, but transformants had 1.3-fold fewer soluble carbohydrates. Cultivation on contaminated soil caused a reduction of palisade cell volume and chloroplast number, both per cell and leaf area, in wild-type plants but not in transformants. Biomass accumulation of wild-type poplars decreased in contaminated soil by more than 30-fold, whereas transformants showed a twofold decrease compared to the control site. Thus, poplars over-expressing γ-ECS in the cytosol were more tolerant to heavy metal stress under field conditions than wild-type plants according to the parameters analysed. Correlation analysis revealed strong dependence of cell number per leaf area unit, chloroplast parameters and mesophyll resistance with the GSH level in poplar leaves.

[Morphogenesis of the structural changes of the internal organs in superinvasive opisthorchiasis].

The study of the model of superinvasive opisthorchiasis (SO) in Syrian hamsters and autopsy material obtained from patients with SO, it was shown that during the early period of pulmonary disease, the lungs underwent changes developing on the basis of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. In the chronic phase of SO, exudative and predominant productive reactions were revealed leading to the interstitial lung disease, fibrosing alveolitis. In the heart in SO, eosinophilic cell myocarditis was found with subsequent diffuse cardiosclerosis. In the testes, sclerotic processes with atrophy of glandulocytes (Leydig cells) and sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) were detected. The structural changes in the lungs, heart and testes were induced by parasite metabolites, that are deposited in tissues in the form of granules and conglomerates.

[CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A-infected patients carrying mutations V77I in protease and/or A62V in reverse transcriptase].

The peripheral blood counts of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4/CD8 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A-infected patients were comparatively analyzed with the data of a genetic study of the pol gene. Thirty peripheral blood samples from antiretroviral-naïve patients with grade 3 (sublinical) HIV infection were analyzed. According to the presence or absence of mutations V77I in protease and/or A62V in reverse transcriptase, the patients were divided into 2 study groups. The genetic analysis of the groups indicated that 19.5% of the study samples had no mutations; 75% contained one or both mutations, of them 36% contained both mutations. Immunological study showed that the median CD4+, CD8+, and CD4/CD8 in the patients infected with virus variants containing mutations V77I and/or A62V were increased by 25, 20, and 16%, respectively. The findings suggest that these mutations may be associated with an immune response in HIV-infected patients.