[Antiviral activity in vitro and pharmacokinetics of HCV entry inhibitor AVR560].

Several novel compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of the HCV (JFH-1 isolate) infection in vitro. Human serum did not significantly reduce antiviral activity of the lead compound, AVR560 (< 4-fold). The immunohistochemistry studies with the Huh7 cell line, infectable with the HCV (JFH-1 strain), demonstrated that AVR560 inhibited the early steps of viral infection and blocked the spread of the HCV infection in tissue culture. The cytotoxicity in Huh7 and Vero-76 cell lines was mild. AVR560 proved to be a specific HCV inhibitor and exhibited no activity against other flaviviruses such as yellow fever (strain 17D), West Nile (strain NY99), and dengue (New Guinea type 2) in in vitro infection experiments. AVR560 also did not inhibit any of the tested human CYP450 isozymes (3A4, 1A2, 2C19 and 2D6). In the pharmacokinetic studies in mice, rats and dogs, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and good oral bioavailability were observed for AV560. Further pre-clinical studies with this novel HCV inhibitor are in progress.

[Preclinical study of AV0012 early stage inhibitor of hepatitis C virus infection: I. In vitro ADME and pharmacokinetics].

In vitro immunohistochemical investigations on the human hepatoma cell line (Huh7) infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH-1 showed that AV0012 compound blocks the early stages of viral infection. AV0012 also blocked viral infection spread in tissue culture through the secreted virus and through tight cell-to-cell contact. AV0012 is a specific inhibitor of HCV but not of related pestivirus, flaviviruses and other RNA-containing viruses such as bovine diarrhea (BVDV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (strain TC-83), dengue type 2 (New Guinea), yellow fever (strain 17D), west Nile fever, parainfluenza (type 3) virus, RSV (strain A2), and Rhinovirus (type 2 strain HGP). It is established that human serum does not significantly affect the antiviral activity of AV0012 in vitro. The drug combination studies with AV0012 and interferon alpha 2a in vitro showed that the two inhibitors act additively, which makes possible the use of this combination in clinical tests. AV0012 is highly soluble and stable in aqueous solutions and murine blood plasma, has limited metabolic stability, low binding to human plasma proteins, high permeability through biological membranes, and only interacts with isoenzymes 2D6 and 3A4 of human cytochrome P450. In animal pharmacokinetic studies, AV0012 was rapidly absorbed into the blood stream upon oral administration, showed sufficiently long half-elimination times, and had high oral bioavailability that reached 92% in monkeys. Further preclinical development of AV0012 is in progress.

[Preclinical study of the new anti-influenza drug candidate AV0038 (ethyl 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate)].

In the framework of preclinical testing of AV0038, ethyl 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate, which showed high efficiency in the prevention and treatment of influenza A/Aichi/2/69 (H3N2) in mice, we have studied the drug solubility and stability in aqueous solutions, metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, stability in blood plasma of mice and humans, binding to plasma proteins of mice and humans, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in mice, and the acute toxicity and the maximum tolerated dose. It is established that AV0038 has attractive pharmacological properties as anti-influenza drug candidate. The therapeutic doses of AV0038 do not cause acute toxicity in mice. It is expedient to continue preclinical investigations and study the drug metabolism, metabolites, and sub-chronic toxicity in test animals.

[Preclinical study of safety of the new pharmacological substance AV0012 to treat hepatitis C].

Pharmacological safety of a new type of HCV inhibitor, AV0012, was studied including acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity in mice, rats and monkeys. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test and the chromosomal aberrations assay in the bone marrow cells of mice. It is established that AV0012 has low toxicity in SHK line mice, Wistar line rats, and monkey of Rhesus macaques species. Results obtained in the study of genetic toxicity showed that AV0012 exhibits no mutagenic activity. Data on general toxicity and mutagenicity discussed in this paper, together with data on 1 the pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism published previously, allow us to consider AV0012 as a candidate drug for clinical research phase I.

[The hemostatic effect of vagotomy in acute gastroduodenal ulcers complicated by massive hemorrhage]. / Gemostaticheskii éffekt vagotomii pri ostrykh gastroduodenal'nykh iazvakh, oslozhnennykh massivnym krovotecheniem.

The clinico-experimental investigation has shown high efficiency of the bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy in treatment of patients with acute gastroduodenal ulcers complicated by massive hemorrhage. The haemostatic effect of the operation is related to the inhibited acid gastric secretion, proteolytic activity of the intragastric content as well as to the activation of serotonin-containing cells and increased tonus of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for gastric vessel spasm, shortens time of bleeding, increases the amount of thrombocytes and their aggregation. When vagotomy with interventions draining the stomach is not possible, suturing (dissection) of bleeding acute ulcers is recommended in combination with prolonged novocain blockade of vagus nerves.