Evaluation of the Effect of Thickeners in Enteral Formulas on the Gastric Emptying Rate of Proteins and Carbohydrates Using a Semi-Dynamic Gastric Model.

The emptying rate of specific nutrients in enteral formulas is poorly understood, despite the importance of controlling the emptying rate in tube-fed patients. Because of their viscosity, thickened formulas are widely used to avoid gastric reflux and reduce the burden on caregivers. This study examined how thickeners in enteral formulas affected the gastric emptying rates of proteins and carbohydrates. A semi-dynamic gastric model was used to prepare and digest test enteral formulas that contained either no thickeners or agar (0.2%). The amounts of protein and carbohydrates in each emptied aliquot were determined, and the emptying rate was calculated. We found that agar accelerated protein emptying, and an exploratory experiment with agar (0.5%) suggested the possibility of concentration dependence. Additionally, experiments using gellan gum (0.08%), guar gum (0.2%), or carrageenan (0.08%, 0.2%) suggested that protein emptying could vary depending on the thickener type and that carrageenan might slow it. These results could help with the appropriate selection of thickeners added to liquid foods based on the patient's metabolic profile to manage nutrition, not only for tube-fed patients but also for those with oropharyngeal dysphagia or diabetes.

Lipocalin-2 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secretory glycoprotein upregulated by oxidative stress; moreover, patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have shown increased LCN2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This study aimed to determine whether circulatory LCN2 could be a systemic biomarker in patients with IPF and to investigate the role of LCN2 in a bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model. METHODS: We measured serum LCN2 levels in 99 patients with stable IPF, 27 patients with acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF, 51 patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and 67 healthy controls. Further, LCN2 expression in lung tissue was evaluated in a bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model, and the role of LCN2 was investigated using LCN2-knockout (LCN2 -/-) mice. RESULTS: Serum levels of LCN2 were significantly higher in patients with AE-IPF than in the other groups. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that elevated serum LCN2 level was an independent predictor of poor survival in patients with AE-IPF. In the bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model, a higher dose of bleomycin resulted in higher LCN2 levels and shorter survival. Bleomycin-treated LCN2 -/- mice exhibited increased BALF cell and protein levels as well as hydroxyproline content. Moreover, compared with wild-type mice, LCN2-/- mice showed higher levels of circulatory 8-isoprostane as well as lower Nrf-2, GCLC, and NQO1 expression levels in lung tissue following bleomycin administration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that serum LCN2 might be a potential prognostic marker of AE-IPF. Moreover, LCN2 expression levels may reflect the severity of lung injury, and LCN2 may be a protective factor against bleomycin-induced acute lung injury and oxidative stress.

High S100A9 level predicts poor survival, and the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod is a candidate for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: S100A9 is a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that may play an important role in the inflammatory response and fibrotic processes. Paquinimod is an immunomodulatory compound that prevents S100A9 activity. Its safety and pharmacokinetics have been confirmed in human clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the effects of paquinimod in preventing the development of lung fibrosis in vivo and examined the prognostic values of circulatory and lung S100A9 levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: The expression and localisation of S100A9 and the preventive effect of S100A9 inhibition on fibrosis development were investigated in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In this retrospective cohort study, the S100A9 levels in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 76 and 55 patients with IPF, respectively, were examined for associations with patient survival. RESULTS: S100A9 expression was increased in the mouse lungs, especially in the inflammatory cells and fibrotic interstitium, after bleomycin administration. Treatment with paquinimod ameliorated fibrotic pathological changes and significantly reduced hydroxyproline content in the lung tissues of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, we found that paquinimod reduced the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in BALF and suppressed endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox hazard proportion analyses revealed that high levels of S100A9 in the serum and BALF were significantly associated with poor prognoses in patients with IPF (Kaplan-Meier curve analysis: p=0.037 (serum) and 0.019 (BALF); multivariate Cox hazard proportion analysis: HR=3.88, 95% CI=1.06 to 14.21, p=0.041 (serum); HR=2.73, 95% CI=1.05 to 7.10, p=0.039 (BALF)). CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that increased S100A9 expression is associated with IPF progression and that the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod is a potential treatment for IPF.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α modulates interstitial pneumonia-mediated lung cancer progression.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with lung cancer accompanied by interstitial pneumonia is poorer than that of patients with lung cancer but without interstitial pneumonia. Moreover, the available therapeutic interventions for lung cancer patients with interstitial pneumonia are limited. Therefore, a new treatment strategy for these patients is required. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiological relationship between interstitial pneumonia and lung cancer and explore potential therapeutic agents. METHODS: A novel hybrid murine model of lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia was established via bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis followed by orthotopic lung cancer cell transplantation into the lungs. Changes in tumor progression, lung fibrosis, RNA expression, cytokine levels, and tumor microenvironment in the lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia model were investigated, and therapeutic agents were examined. Additionally, clinical data and samples from patients with lung cancer accompanied by interstitial pneumonia were analyzed to explore the potential clinical significance of the findings. RESULTS: In the lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia model, accelerated tumor growth was observed based on an altered tumor microenvironment. RNA sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway. These findings were consistent with those obtained for human samples. Moreover, we explored whether ascorbic acid could be an alternative treatment for lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia to avoid the disadvantages of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 inhibitors. Ascorbic acid successfully downregulated the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway and inhibited tumor progression and lung fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathway is critical in lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia and could be a therapeutic target for mitigating interstitial pneumonia-mediated lung cancer progression.

Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Asthma: Association with Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Objectives: Olfactory dysfunction is a clinical sign that is important to detect with coexistent upper airway comorbidities in patients with asthma. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of olfactory dysfunction in patients with asthma and the relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels. Materials and Methods: This study included 47 asthma patients who were evaluated for olfactory dysfunction at Hiroshima University Hospital between 2012 and 2020. The etiologies of olfactory dysfunction were evaluated, and they were classified according to the FeNO levels of patients with asthma. Results: Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 30 patients with asthma, with chronic rhinosinusitis (77%) being the most prevalent etiology. Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) was the most prevalent etiology of olfactory dysfunction in asthma patients with high FeNO levels (≥25 ppb), while non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (NCRS) was the most prevalent etiology in asthma patients with low FeNO levels (<25 ppb). Additionally, the prevalence of ECRS was significantly higher in asthma patients with olfactory dysfunction and high FeNO levels (74%) than in those with either high FeNO levels or olfactory dysfunction and those with low FeNO levels and no olfactory dysfunction (12% and 9%, respectively). Conclusions: We found that ECRS was the predominant cause of olfactory dysfunction in patients with high FeNO levels, while NCRS was more common in those with low FeNO levels. The present study showed that both ECRS and NCRS are common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction in patients with asthma. Additionally, this study supports the link between upper and lower airway inflammation in patients with asthma complicated with olfactory dysfunction.

Usefulness of Quantification and Serial Monitoring of Fine Crackles for Early Detection of Treatment-related Lung Injury: A Report of Two Cases.

Early detection and appropriate management of treatment-related interstitial lung disease (ILD) are important in cancer treatment. We established an algorithm for quantifying fine crackles using machine learning and reported that the fine crackle quantitative value (FCQV) calculated by this algorithm was more sensitive than chest radiography for detecting interstitial changes. Using this algorithm, we periodically analyzed respiratory sounds in two patients with lung cancer who developed treatment-related ILDs and found that the FCQV was elevated before the diagnosis of ILD. These cases may indicate the usefulness of the FCQV in the early diagnosis of treatment-related ILDs.

Nestin and Notch3 collaboratively regulate angiogenesis, collagen production, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition in lung endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, participates in various pathophysiological processes, including wound healing, angiogenesis, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), and fibrosis. However, the pathophysiological roles of lung nestin-expressing cells remain unclear due to conflicting reports. The objective of this study is to elucidate the characteristics and functions of lung nestin-expressing cells. METHODS: We conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments using endothelial cell line MS1 and nestin-GFP mice. This animal model allows for nestin-expressing cell detection without the use of anti-nestin antibodies. RESULTS: Lung nestin-expressing cells occurred in approximately 0.2% of CD45- cells and was co-expressed with epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cell-surface markers. Importantly, virtually all nestin-expressing cells co-expressed CD31. When compared to lung nestin-nonexpressing endothelial cells, nestin-expressing endothelial cells showed robust angiogenesis with frequent co-expression of PDGFRß and VEGFR2. During TGFß-mediated EndoMT, the elevation of Nes mRNA expression preceded that of Col1a1 mRNA, and nestin gene silencing using nestin siRNA resulted in further upregulation of Col1a1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, Notch3 expression was regulated by nestin in vitro and in vivo; nestin siRNA resulted in reduced Notch3 expression accompanied with enhanced EndoMT. Contrary to previous reports, neither Nes mRNA expression nor nestin-expressing cells were increased during pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that (1) lung nestin-expressing cells are an endothelial lineage but are distinct from nestin-nonexpressing endothelial cells; (2) nestin regulates Notch3 and they act collaboratively to regulate angiogenesis, collagen production, and EndoMT; and (3) nestin plays novel roles in lung angiogenesis and fibrosis. Video Abstract.

Allergenicity of partially hydrolyzed whey and casein formulas evaluated by ImmunoCAP inhibition assay and basophil activation test.

Background: When exclusive breastfeeding is not possible, partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) is often used as a starter formula for infants. Some children develop allergic symptoms, including anaphylaxis, after the first intake of cow protein. Therefore, the tolerability of PHF in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA) is important information. Partially hydrolyzed whey formula (PHWF) is well characterized, but those containing both whey and casein are also available. We evaluated the characteristics of two whey and casein PHFs, PHF1 and PHF2, in vitro and ex vivo, and compared them with a PHWF, PHWF1. Methods: Residual antigenicity of ß-lactoglobulin (ß-LG) and casein in the formulas was measured using ELISA. The molecular weight profile was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. IgE reactivity and allergenic activity of the formulas were evaluated by ImmunoCAP inhibition assay and by basophil activation test using blood from patients with CMA, respectively. Results: All the participants (n = 10) had casein-specific IgE. The antigenicity of ß-LG in PHF1 was similar to that in PHWF1, but it was slightly higher than that in PHWF1 for casein. PHF1 had a higher IgE reactivity than PHWF1. However, PHF1 and PHWF1 had a similar ability to activate basophils. PHF2 had lower antigenicity of casein and ß-LG, IgE reactivity and basophil activation than PHWF1. Conclusion: These results suggest that the tolerability of PHF1 and PHF2 in patients with CMA is similar to and higher than that of PHWF1, respectively, and that the degree of IgE binding to PHFs does not necessarily correspond to basophil activation.

Intestinal overgrowth of Candida albicans exacerbates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice with dysbiosis.

Increasing evidence indicates an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and diseases in distal organs. However, the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and the intestinal microbiota, especially intestinal fungal microbiota, is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of changes in the intestinal fungal microbiota on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice with intestinal overgrowth of Candida albicans, which was established by oral administration of antibiotics plus C. albicans, showed accelerated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis relative to the control mice (i.e. without C. albicans treatment). In addition, the mice with intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans showed enhanced Th17-type immunity, and treatment with IL-17A-neutralizing antibody alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in these mice but not in the control mice. This result indicates that IL-17A is involved in the pathogenesis of C. albicans-exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis. Even before bleomycin treatment, the expression of Rorc, the master regulator of Th17, was already upregulated in the pulmonary lymphocytes of the mice with intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans. Subsequent administration of bleomycin triggered these Th17-skewed lymphocytes to produce IL-17A, which enhanced endothelial-mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that intestinal overgrowth of C. albicans exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis via IL-17A-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, it might be a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis. This study may serve as a basis for using intestinal fungal microbiota as novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Prospective Real-World Analysis of Asthma Patients With Preserved and Reduced Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a highly heterogeneous airway disease, and the clinical characteristics of patients with asthma with preserved and reduced physical activity are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the risk factors and clinical phenotypes associated with reduced physical activity in a wide range of patients with asthma. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of 138 patients with asthma, including patients with asthma without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 104) and asthma-COPD overlap (n = 34), and 42 healthy controls. Physical activity levels were measured for 2 weeks using a triaxial accelerometer at baseline and 1 year later. RESULTS: Higher eosinophils and body mass index (BMI) were associated with reduced physical activity in patients with asthma without COPD. Cluster analysis of asthma without COPD revealed 4 asthma phenotypes. We identified a cluster with preserved physical activity (n = 43) that was characterized by good symptom control and lung function and included a high proportion of biologics users (34.9%). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients with late-onset eosinophilic (n = 21), high-BMI noneosinophilic (n = 14), and symptom-predominant asthma phenotypes (n = 26) had lower levels of physical activity than controls. Patients with asthma-COPD overlap also had significantly lower physical activity levels than controls. Similar trends in physical activity levels were observed in each asthma group at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study showed the clinical features of patients with asthma with preserved and reduced physical activity. Reduced physical activity was observed in various asthma phenotypes and in asthma-COPD overlap.

Clinical characteristics of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in comparison with pulmonary infections: A single-center, retrospective study in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections is increasing worldwide. Although NTM can affect extrapulmonary organs, studies on the clinical characteristics of extrapulmonary NTM are rare. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were newly diagnosed with NTM infections at Hiroshima University Hospital between 2001 and 2021 to investigate species distribution, infected sites, and risk factors of extrapulmonary NTM compared to pulmonary NTM. RESULTS: Of the 261 NTM infections, 9.6% and 90.4% had extrapulmonary and pulmonary NTM, respectively. The mean ages of patients with extrapulmonary and pulmonary NTM were 53.4 and 69.3 years, 64.0% and 42.8% were male, 36.0% and 9.3% received corticosteroids, 20.0% and 0% had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 56.0% and 16.1% had any immunosuppressive conditions, respectively. Younger age, corticosteroid use, and AIDS were associated with extrapulmonary NTM. In pulmonary NTM, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) accounted for 86.4% of NTM species, followed by M. abscessus complex (4.2%), whereas in extrapulmonary NTM, M. abscessus complex, MAC, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum accounted for 36.0%, 28.0%, 12.0%, and 8.0%, respectively. Compared to pulmonary NTM, extrapulmonary NTM were significantly more likely to be rapid-growing mycobacteria (RGM) (56.0% vs. 5.5%). The most common sites of infection were the skin and soft tissues (44.0%), followed by the blood (20.0%), tenosynovium, and lymph nodes (12.0%). CONCLUSION: Younger age and immunosuppressive conditions are associated with extrapulmonary NTM, with a higher prevalence of RGM in extrapulmonary NTM than in pulmonary NTM. These results provide a better understanding of extrapulmonary NTM.

Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of soluble B7H3 in patients with interstitial lung diseases.

BACKGROUND: The B7 family member B7H3/CD276 was recently reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the association of B7H3 with prognosis in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including IPF, remains unclear. This study was investigated to determine the potential of soluble B7H3 (sB7H3) as a biomarker to predict prognosis in patients with fibrosing ILDs. METHODS: Patients with ILDs from various categories who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were included in the study. The relationship between sB7H3 levels in serum or BAL fluid (BALF) and clinical variables at the time of ILD diagnosis was studied retrospectively. All patients who met the fibrosing ILD criteria were followed for 5 years. RESULTS: We found that coexisting malignancy affected the serum, but not the BALF, sB7H3 levels. There was no significant correlation between serum and BALF levels of sB7H3 in 49 ILD patients without malignancy (11 with sarcoidosis, 5 with drug-induced ILD, 22 with IPF, and 11 with ILD associated with systemic sclerosis). We also found that the BALF levels, but not serum levels, of sB7H3 at the time of ILD diagnosis had independent prognostic potential on 5-year survival in patients with fibrosing ILDs. Of note, patients with a higher level of BALF sB7H3 at diagnosis (≥0.100 ng/mL) showed significantly shorter survival than those with lower levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that BALF sB7H3 could be a novel prognostic biomarker in a broad range of fibrosing ILD patients.

Association between Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Osimertinib Tolerance in EGFR-Mutated Lung Cancer via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Most epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells are killed within a few days after osimertinib treatment; however, surviving cells remain detectable and are called drug-tolerant cells. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was reported to be involved in chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic resistance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether PAI-1 is involved in osimertinib tolerance and whether it could be a therapeutic target for overcoming this tolerance. We showed that the PAI-1 mRNA expression levels and mesenchymal gene expression levels were significantly higher in drug-tolerant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells than in control cells after 7 days of in vitro osimertinib treatment. Additionally, an RNA microarray analysis revealed upregulation of the integrin-induced EMT pathway in osimertinib-tolerant cells. Furthermore, we observed that PAI-1 inhibitors suppressed proliferation and the degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tolerant cells. Finally, in a subcutaneous tumor model, we showed that combining osimertinib with a PAI-1 inhibitor prevented the regrowth of tumors comprising EGFR-mutated cancer cells. The present study is the first to show PAI-1 to be involved in tolerance to osimertinib via EMT.

Preserved ratio impaired spirometry with or without restrictive spirometric abnormality.

Preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is defined by reduced FEV1 with a preserved FEV1/FVC ratio; some individuals with PRISm can also have restrictive ventilatory abnormality. The aim of this study was to clarify clinical features of restrictive and non-restrictive PRISm. In total, 11,246 participants (mean, 49.1 years; range, 35-65 years) from five healthcare centres were included in this study. We evaluated baseline characteristics of participants with restrictive PRISm (FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7, FEV1 < 80% and FVC < 80%) and non-restrictive PRISm (FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7, FEV1 < 80% and FVC ≥ 80%), and airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC < 0.7). We examined the longitudinal risk of developing airflow obstruction by comparing spirometry results at baseline and 5 years post-baseline among 2141 participants. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a history of asthma or smoking could constitute an independent risk factor for non-restrictive PRISm, and that non-restrictive PRISm was independently associated with the risk of developing airflow obstruction. In contrast, female sex, advanced age, and high BMI, but not history of asthma or smoking, were risk factors for restrictive PRISm. Restrictive PRISm was not associated with the development of airflow obstruction. In conclusion, our results indicate that PRISm can be categorized according to the presence or absence of restrictive abnormality. Non-restrictive PRISm, which does not meet the conventional criteria of obstructive and restrictive ventilatory abnormalities, may be a precursor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and merits increased monitoring.

Fermentation Supernatant of Elderly Feces with Inulin and Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Maintains the Barrier of Inflammation-Induced Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 Co-Cultured Cells.

Intestinal barrier function declines with aging. We evaluated the effect of dietary fibers and indigestible oligosaccharides on intestinal barrier function by altering the microbiota of the elderly. The feces were anaerobically cultured with indigestible dextrin, inulin, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), lactulose, raffinose, or alginate, and the fermented supernatant was added to inflammation-induced Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 co-cultured cells. Our data showed that inulin- and PHGG-derived supernatants exerted a protective effect on the intestinal barrier. The protective effect was significantly positively correlated with total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and butyric acid production in the supernatant and negatively correlated with the claudin-2 (CLDN2) gene expression in the cultured cells. Furthermore, we showed that the CLDN2 levels are regulated by butyric acid. Thus, inulin and PHGG can change the intestinal environment of the elderly and maintain the intestinal barrier by accelerating the production of SCFAs and modifying the expression levels of barrier function-related genes.

Predictive value of serum high-mobility group box 1 levels for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP), caused by the anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody, can be a fatal adverse event in cancer patients. However, no predictive biomarkers for CIP have been identified. Because high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can aggravate lung injury and potentially increase the immune response, it was investigated as a predictive blood marker. METHODS: Blood samples, prospectively stored before anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy between December 2015 and October 2020, were obtained at two university hospitals from 87 and 43 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (discovery and validation cohorts, respectively). We retrospectively evaluated the association of serum HMGB1 levels with the incidence of CIP developed within 3 months of initiating anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. RESULTS: CIP was observed in 9 (10.3%) and 6 (14.0%) patients in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively. In each cohort, serum HMGB1 levels were significantly and reproducibly higher in patients with CIP. In the discovery cohort, an HMGB1 cut-off level of 11.24 ng/ml was identified by receiver operating characteristic analysis. CIP incidence in the HMGB1high subgroup was significantly higher than that in the HMGB1low subgroup in the discovery (41.2% vs. 2.9%) and validation cohorts (36.4% vs. 6.3%). In an exploratory pooled analysis, three patients died of grade 5 CIP; a 19.29 ng/ml HMGB1 cut-off level detected grade 5 CIP with 100% sensitivity and 96.85% specificity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HMGB1 may be a potential blood marker to predict the development and severity of CIP in NSCLC patients.

Plasma extracellular vesicle proteins as promising noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging is critical for diagnostic evaluation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). However, several other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) often exhibit radiologic pattern similar to IPF on HRCT making the diagnosis of the disease difficult. Therefore, biomarkers that distinguish IPF from other ILDs can be a valuable aid in diagnosis. Using mass spectrometry, we performed proteomic analysis of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) in patients diagnosed with IPF, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, and healthy subjects. A five-protein signature was identified by lasso regression and was validated in an independent cohort using ELISA. The five-protein signature derived from mass spectrometry data showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.915 (95%CI: 0.819-1.011) and 0.958 (95%CI: 0.882-1.034) for differentiating IPF from other ILDs and from healthy subjects, respectively. Stepwise backwards elimination yielded a model with 3 and 2 proteins for discriminating IPF from other ILDs and healthy subjects, respectively, without compromising diagnostic accuracy. In summary, we discovered and validated EV protein biomarkers for differential diagnosis of IPF in independent cohorts. Interestingly, the biomarker panel could also distinguish IPF and healthy subjects with high accuracy. The biomarkers need to be evaluated in large prospective cohorts to establish their clinical utility.

Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells.

INTRODUCTION: It is important to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and surgery. Endotoxin tolerance is one of the immunosuppressive conditions and it has been known that endotoxin tolerance relates to poorer clinical outcomes in patients with severe insults. This study investigated whether whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) mitigates inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells. METHODS: Endotoxin tolerance can be experimentally reproduced by two consecutive stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP-1 cells were incubated with LPS and WPH (first stimulation). After collecting the culture supernatant to evaluate the effect on inflammation, the cells were washed and restimulated by 100 ng/ml LPS (second stimulation). The culture supernatant was again collected to evaluate the effect on endotoxin tolerance. Concentrations of LPS and WPH in the first stimulation were adjusted to evaluate their dose dependency. Cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t-test or Dunnett's test. RESULTS: Five mg/ml WPH significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-6 (p = .006) and IL-10 (p < .001) levels after the first LPS stimulation (1000 ng/ml). WPH significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p < .001) and IL-10 (p = .014) levels after the second LPS stimulation. The suppressive effect of WPH on inflammation and endotoxin tolerance was dependent on the concentrations of LPS and WPH. The effective dose of WPH for endotoxin tolerance was lower than its effective dose for inflammation. CONCLUSION: WPH mitigated both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance. Therefore, WPH might be a candidate for valuable food ingredients to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults.

Association Between Patient Preference for Inhaler Medications and Asthma Outcomes.

Purpose: Asthma guidelines recommend considering the patient preference to optimize medication choices. Patient preference for inhaler medication may affect asthma outcomes, but evidence regarding this is lacking. This study investigated the associations between patient preference for inhaler medications and asthma outcomes. Patients and Methods: A multicenter questionnaire survey was conducted among 351 adult patients with asthma treated with regular inhaled corticosteroids. Agreement between patients' preferences and current medication was evaluated using two questions: matched preference was defined as patients answering that the current inhaler medication was the most preferred treatment and they were satisfied with it. Mismatched preference was defined as when patients reported that the current inhaler medication was not the most preferred treatment and/or they were not satisfied with it. We investigated the factors associated with patient preference for asthma inhaler medications. Results: In total, 269 (76.6%) patients were classified into the matched preference group and 82 (23.4%) patients into the mismatched preference group. Multivariate analyses showed that matched preference was independently associated with higher asthma control test scores (P<0.001), fewer exacerbations (P=0.009), less regular oral corticosteroid use (P=0.009), and better inhaler adherence (P=0.006) than the mismatched preference group. In subgroup analysis, younger age was associated with matched preference in patients using dry powder inhalers but not in those using pressurized metered dose inhalers. Conclusion: The use of preference-matched inhaler medication was associated with better asthma outcomes. Evaluation of patients' preference for inhaler medication might provide useful information for individualized treatment with asthma inhaler medications.

An Evaluation of the Protein Requirements of Japanese Young Men by Consuming Two Types of Dairy Proteins Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method.

The indicator amino acid oxidation method is a relatively new method for determining protein requirements. Our hypothesis was that the protein requirement of the casein-whey protein mixture (70% casein and 30% whey protein) was lower than the protein requirement of plain casein, because casein and whey proteins compensate for the lack of the first-limiting amino acids. The optimal mixing ratio was determined based on the amino acid scoring pattern which is used to calculate the digestible indispensable amino acid score. In this study, digestibility was not considered to determine the optimal mixing ratio because dairy protein is a good source of digestible protein. This study aimed to evaluate the protein requirements of Japanese young men by consuming casein and casein-whey protein mixture. Ten healthy young men (22±0.2 y old) participated in 12 experiments according to a graded protein intake (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 g/kg/d) of casein and casein-whey protein mixture. The mean protein requirement was calculated as the breakpoint of breath 13CO2 enrichment using change-point regression models. The mean protein requirements of Japanese young men by consuming casein and casein-whey protein mixture were estimated to be 1.00 g/kg/d and 0.90 g/kg/d, respectively. These estimated requirements were consistent with the protein quality expected from the amount of the first-limiting amino acids. The indicator amino acid oxidation method may be useful to evaluate protein quality.