Assessment of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries (NSSIs) Amongst Orthopaedic Surgeons in Clinical Practice: A Pan-India Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Needlestick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) represent an existential occupational hazard risk to orthopaedic surgeons during their career due to the interaction with various devices, instruments and bone fragments. Consequently, NSSIs have the potential to transmit infections such as Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leading to serious illness. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the clinical settings predisposing orthopaedic surgeons to NSSIs and assess their adherence to safety protocols in the Indian context. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of 618 orthopaedic surgeons in India, stratified by experience into two groups: under five years and with 5 years or more was undertaken. The data were collected via an expert-validated online questionnaire to evaluate demographic distribution, injury characteristics, knowledge of safety protocols, and adherence to these protocols. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, Chi-square tests assessed variable associations, and odds ratios were computed for significant variables. Ethical integrity was maintained via electronic informed consent and for confidentiality assurances. Results: The study revealed that orthopaedic surgeons with less than 5 years of clinical experience had higher risks for NSSIs as compared to those with 5 or more years of clinical practice. Conversely, the latter group was more susceptible to bone spike injuries and viral positive needlestick incidents. The analysis shows that whilst the more experienced practitioners displayed greater proficiency in the application of universal precautions and NSSI prevention, they were also less likely to report injuries, often due to discomfiture. Risk profiles were consistent across different practice settings and affiliations, regardless of experience level. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study reveals less experienced orthopaedic surgeons face higher risks of NSSIs, possibly due to inadequate education or awareness. More experienced practitioners encounter distinct risks, likely owing to long-term exposure and traditional practices. There is an immediate need to raise awareness of the potential risks of NSSIs, enhanced education, appropriate training, collaboration with the hospital risk management team and developing a culture of transparent reporting to mitigate these risks. The emphasis should be on reducing the incidence and fostering open reporting of NSSIs to protect clinicians and promote health safety.

BAASIK technique: an innovative single needle technique of performing shoulder corticosteroid injections.

The novel BAASIK (B-Botchu,Bipin, A-Agrawal, A-Ankit, S- Sindhura, I-Iyengar, K- Kapil) technique is a combined ultrasound-guided injection into the subacromial-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa and the biceps tendon sheath to treat shoulder pain associated with biceps tendonitis/tendinopathy, subacromial bursitis, rotator cuff impingement or to determine the source of shoulder pain. This technique aims in reducing shoulder pain, improving functional activities and enhancing treatment delivery. A single-entry supine ultrasound-guided injection of the subacromial-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa and biceps tendon sheath involves using a single needle insertion point to access both structures for therapeutic injection. This technique could become a favoured alternative technique, rather than  subjecting patients to two needlesticks and preparing two separate injections to address often concomitant pathologies.

Optimizing scapulothoracic injections: the role of hand positioning in enhancing procedural ease.

INTRODUCTION: Pathologies of the scapulothoracic articulation may lead to painful symptoms such as crepitus and bursitis. While conservative treatments are preferred, persistent symptoms may require image-guided injections. This study aims to determine the optimal hand positioning during ultrasound to maximize the distance between the scapula and thoracic wall, and improve its accessibility during injections. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included ten healthy adult volunteers without scapulothoracic issues or history of trauma/surgery. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently measured the scapulothoracic distance on Ultrasound in three hand positions: 1. Hands under the head; 2. Hands by the side of the trunk; and 3. Hands hanging by the side of the couch. Data was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Continuous variables were described using mean and standard deviation (SD), with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Measurements on 20 scapulothoracic articulations (10 volunteers) showed the following findings: Position 1: Baseline value of 1. Position 2: Distance increased by 1.515 mm ± 3.617 (95% CI [- 0.0178, 3.208]. Position 3: Distance increased by 2.175 mm ± 0.66 (95% CI [0.793, 3.557]. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference (p = 0.39) between positions. However, both radiologists subjectively noted that positions 2 and 3 provided better access for interventions. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of hand positioning in optimizing the scapulothoracic distance for therapeutic interventions. While no significant statistical differences were found, the results suggest potential benefits for clinical practice. Further research with larger samples is needed to establish evidence-based guidelines for scapulothoracic injections.

Imaging in shoulder arthroplasty: Current applications and future perspectives.

Shoulder arthroplasty has become a standard surgical procedure for treating a variety of complex shoulder disorders, including those with degenerative and traumatic aetiologies. The ever-improving success rates of shoulder arthroplasty could be attributed to advancements in endoprosthesis design, improvements in the biomechanics of endoprosthetic components, and improvements in surgical techniques. It improves patient outcomes and helps restore shoulder joint function and mobility. Imaging plays a vital role by enabling surgeons to plan arthroplasty procedures, help guide endoprosthesis placement, and monitor postoperative outcomes. In addition, imaging plays a role in assessing the residual bone stock and status of rotator cuff integrity and in correcting the placement of prosthetic components to restore shoulder mobility. CT-guided navigation aids surgeons by helping them choose appropriate components for implants and ensuring that implants are placed optimally during surgery. It can lead to better surgical results with reduced patient morbidity and a longer duration of prosthetic stability. After surgery, it is crucial to use imaging techniques to detect issues such as periprosthetic loosening, infections, or fractures to start effective management strategies to enhance patient recovery. This article aims to provide orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists with knowledge on the imaging methods used in shoulder arthroplasty and their role in presurgical planning, intraoperative guidance and postoperative assessment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rationale behind utilising various types of shoulder replacements: total shoulder replacement (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), and hemiarthroplasty; methods, their respective advantages and limitations; and outcomes. Our objective is to comprehensively analyse the procedures mentioned above and highlight their unique features and benefits to facilitate a better understanding of these approaches. Additionally, we will discuss how these imaging techniques help identify issues such as loose components, fractures around the implant site, joint instability and infections.

Isolated spontaneous non-insertional tear of the iliopsoas tendon in an elderly patient: significance of ultrasound imaging.

Isolated spontaneous tears in the non-insertional portion of the iliopsoas tendon without any underlying injury are uncommon, especially among elderly individuals. We describe the case of an 88-year-old man who experienced right groin pain caused by a spontaneous non-insertional tear in the iliopsoas tendon identified through ultrasound and confirmed via MRI. Ultrasound revealed hypoechogenicity in the non-insertional portion of the iliopsoas tendon, leading to quick identification and conservative treatment and resulting in positive functional outcomes. This case report emphasises the significance of considering spontaneous non-insertional iliopsoas tendon tears when evaluating cases of acute groin pain. This finding underscores the effectiveness of ultrasound as an initial diagnostic tool for the early cost-effective diagnosis of soft tissue injuries around the hip joint, especially in low-resource settings. Timely detection and management can help avoid unnecessary operative interventions and facilitate faster and better recovery.

Advancing orthopaedic trauma care through WhatsApp: An analysis of clinical and non-clinical applications, challenges, and future directions.

The integration of WhatsApp, a widely-used instant messaging application (IMA), into the realm of orthopaedics and trauma surgery has emerged as a significant development in recent years. This paper explores the multifaceted role of WhatsApp in orthopaedics, focusing on its clinical and non-clinical applications, advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects. The study synthesizes findings from various research papers, emphasizing the growing reliance on mobile technology in healthcare. WhatsApp's role in orthopaedics is notable for its ease of use, real-time communication, and accessibility. Clinically, it facilitates triage, teleconsultation, diagnosis, treatment, patient advice, and post-operative monitoring. Non-clinically, it supports telemedicine, teleradiology, virtual fracture clinics, research, and education in orthopaedic surgery. The application has proven beneficial in enhancing communication among healthcare teams, providing quick responses, and motivating junior physicians. Its use in educational settings has been shown to improve learner's understanding and patient care. However, the use of WhatsApp in orthopaedics is not without challenges. Risks include the potential spread of misleading information, privacy concerns, and issues with image quality affecting diagnosis and treatment decisions. The paper acknowledges the importance of maintaining professional boundaries and the need for oversight measures to ensure content accuracy. Looking forward, the potential of WhatsApp and similar IMAs in orthopaedics lies in their ability to streamline data collection and retrieval, improve doctor-patient communication, and address challenges like bureaucratic red tape and limited resources. The paper suggests that future orthopaedic practice, particularly in emergency departments, will increasingly rely on such technologies for efficient patient management. This shift, however, must be approached with an understanding of the ethical, legal, and practical implications of integrating social media and mobile technology in healthcare.

An Unusual Case of Calcific Periarthritis Causing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Its Management with Ultrasound-Guided Barbotage.

Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD) is a common disorder resulting from the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in various soft tissues, typically in periarticular distribution, including tendons, tendon sheaths, joint capsules, ligaments, bursae, periarticular soft tissues, and occasionally within the joints. The more commonly known subtypes of HADD are calcific tendinopathy and calcific periarthritis. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) can be rarely caused by calcific deposits within the carpal tunnel in the setting of HADD-related calcific periarthritis. Imaging, particularly ultrasound and radiographs, is crucial in distinguishing this entity from the conventional form of CTS that tends to be idiopathic. We describe a rare presentation of CTS secondary to calcific periarthritis in a 45-year-old patient, with imaging demonstrating mass-like calcification within the carpal tunnel, with typical features of those seen with HADD. The patient was treated with ultrasound-guided barbotage, with significant clinical improvement. The case highlights a lesser-known cause of CTS as well as a presentation of HADD, and the role of ultrasound-guided barbotage, a minimally invasive procedure, as a viable first-line management option as an alternative to surgery.

Cubital tunnel syndrome: anatomy, pathology, and imaging.

Cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common peripheral neuropathy in the upper limb. It occurs due to ulnar nerve compression within the fibro-osseous cubital tunnel at the elbow joint. Although CuTS is typically diagnosed clinically and with electrodiagnostic studies, the importance of imaging in evaluating the condition is growing. Knowing the typical imaging findings of ulnar nerve entrapment is necessary for precise diagnosis and proper treatment. In this article, we focus on the clinical features, workup and complex imaging of the "anatomic" cubital tunnel and relevant pathological entities.

Surgical Preparedness Index in Orthopaedics During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the vulnerability of routine surgical procedures and elective surgery preparedness all over the world, with the suspension of most elective surgeries during the pandemic and the backlog of patients currently on waiting lists, especially in publicly funded healthcare systems. On average, at the beginning of the year 2022, about 200 million patients awaited surgery all over the world. By enhancing the strength of surgical preparedness, there is a better chance of strengthening elective surgical systems against shocks such as future pandemics or climate emergencies. We explore the implications, challenges, and strategies of the concept of surgical preparedness to maintain sustainability in the global healthcare system, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the experiences gained during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effectiveness of AI-powered Chatbots in responding to orthopaedic postgraduate exam questions-an observational study.

PURPOSE: This study analyses the performance and proficiency of the three Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative chatbots (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, Bard Google AI®) and in answering the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of postgraduate (PG) level orthopaedic qualifying examinations. METHODS: A series of 120 mock Single Best Answer' (SBA) MCQs with four possible options named A, B, C and D as answers on various musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions covering Trauma and Orthopaedic curricula were compiled. A standardised text prompt was used to generate and feed ChatGPT (both 3.5 and 4.0 versions) and Google Bard programs, which were then statistically analysed. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between responses from Chat GPT 3.5 with Chat GPT 4.0 (Chi square = 27.2, P < 0.001) and on comparing both Chat GPT 3.5 (Chi square = 63.852, P < 0.001) with Chat GPT 4.0 (Chi square = 44.246, P < 0.001) with. Bard Google AI® had 100% efficiency and was significantly more efficient than both Chat GPT 3.5 with Chat GPT 4.0 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the variable potential of the different AI generative chatbots (Chat GPT 3.5, Chat GPT 4.0 and Bard Google) in their ability to answer the MCQ of PG-level orthopaedic qualifying examinations. Bard Google AI® has shown superior performance than both ChatGPT versions, underlining the potential of such large language processing models in processing and applying orthopaedic subspecialty knowledge at a PG level.

Impact of Excessive Noise Generation in Orthopaedic Operating Theatres: A Comprehensive Review.

Excessive noise in the orthopaedic operating theatre (OT) is an underrecognized and often neglected health hazard noticed amongst surgeons, patients and theatre and scrub practitioners. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted using databases, such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, with the search words 'noise', 'NIHL' and 'orthopaedics' to retrieve the significant data and generate this narrative review. We evaluated the typical causes, potential hazards and negative effects of noise-induced impacts on OT personnel and patients. Strategies to mitigate the effects of unnecessary, disproportionate noises in the OT environment were explored. Excessive noise generated in orthopaedic OTs can produce several negative effects on patients, surgeons and staff. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a rare and under-noticed disorder. The orthopaedic OT environment, with the ever-increasing use of power tools and surgical instruments, contributes to detrimental noise generation. NIHL is an occupational hazard. Raising awareness, appropriate training and clinical governance in collaboration with the hospital risk management team amongst all the medical and paramedical fraternities working in orthopaedic theatres can mitigate challenges faced due to the deleterious effects of excessive noise. We propose recommendations and standard operating protocols that can be incorporated into hospital policies to prevent NIHL among the orthopaedic fraternity and patients alike.

Bilateral Cubonavicular and Synchronous Talocalcaneal Tarsal Coalition with Stress Response-Case Report and Review of Literature.

Tarsal coalition occurs in 1% of the population and represents a congenital failure of segmentation in two or more tarsal bones. It most commonly occurs at the talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular joint. Although commonly asymptomatic, it may present with pain, rigidity, and pes planus. Cubonavicular, multiple synchronous, and bilateral coalitions are rare but an awareness is required to ensure accurate diagnosis and management. In this article, we presented the first reported case (to the best of our knowledge) of bilateral cubonavicular coalition with synchronous talocalcaneal coalition and stress response within the intermediate cuneiform.

Safe usage of Mini 'C'-arm in operating room environment: Implications for clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Mini 'C'-arm machine is an advanced medical imaging device used primarily for intraoperative imaging during surgical, orthopaedic and emergency care procedures. Since the technology is based on ionising radiation, safe usage of Mini 'C'-arm machine is mandatory to protect patients and operating personnel. OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to describe the various components related to patients, operator and equipment to ensure safe usage of Mini 'C'-arm machine. A comprehensive search strategy using the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate databases to identify suitable literature. The keywords used for the search included 'Fluoroscopy', 'Ionising Radiation' and 'surgical safety'. KEY FINDINGS: Safe usage of Mini 'C'-arm equipment involves components of operator training, operator safety, patient safety, radiation dose, operating room logistics, handling of images and auditing of Mini 'C'-arm use. CONCLUSION: Mini 'C'-arm provides an invaluable, portable imaging tool in a spectrum of general surgical and orthopaedic interventional procedures. However, safe usage of Mini 'C'-arm machine requires a multifaceted approach including operator responsibility and safety, patient protection, equipment maintenance, radiation dose awareness, documentation and sound reporting mechanisms.

Exploring the potential of ChatGPT in the peer review process: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Peer review is the established method for evaluating the quality and validity of research manuscripts in scholarly publishing. However, scientific peer review faces challenges as the volume of submitted research has steadily increased in recent years. Time constraints and peer review quality assurance can place burdens on reviewers, potentially discouraging their participation. Some artificial intelligence (AI) tools might assist in relieving these pressures. This study explores the efficiency and effectiveness of one of the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), in the peer review process. METHODS: Twenty-one peer-reviewed research articles were anonymised to ensure unbiased evaluation. Each article was reviewed by two humans and by versions 3.5 and 4.0 of ChatGPT. The AI was instructed to provide three positive and three negative comments on the articles and recommend whether they should be accepted or rejected. The human and AI results were compared using a 5-point Likert scale to determine the level of agreement. The correlation between ChatGPT responses and the acceptance or rejection of the papers was also examined. RESULTS: Subjective review similarity between human reviewers and ChatGPT showed a mean score of 3.6/5 for ChatGPT 3.5 and 3.76/5 for ChatGPT 4.0. The correlation between human and AI review scores was statistically significant for ChatGPT 3.5, but not for ChatGPT 4.0. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT can complement human scientific peer review, enhancing efficiency and promptness in the editorial process. However, a fully automated AI review process is currently not advisable, and ChatGPT's role should be regarded as highly constrained for the present and near future.

The clinical significance of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in patients with primary bone sarcoma: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To report the incidence of indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPN) and the rate of progression of IPNs to metastasis in patients with primary bone cancers. We also aimed to evaluate clinical or radiological parameters that may identify IPNs more likely to progress to metastatic disease and their effect on overall or event-free survival in patients with primary bone sarcoma. METHODS: A systematic search of the electronic databases Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library was undertaken for eligible articles on IPNs in patients with primary bone sarcomas, published in the English language from inception of the databases to 2023. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for Cohort Studies was utilized to evaluate risk of bias in included studies. RESULTS: Six studies, involving 1667 patients, were included in this systematic review. Pooled quantitative analysis found the rate of incidence of IPN to be 18.1% (302 out of 1667) and the rate of progression to metastasis to be 45.0% (136 out of 302). Nodule size (more than 5 mm diameter), number (more than or equal to 4), distribution (bilaterally distributed), incomplete calcification, and lobulated margins were associated with an increased likelihood of IPNs progressing to metastasis, however, their impact on overall or event-free survival remains unclear. CONCLUSION: The risk of IPNs progressing to metastasis in patients with primary bone sarcoma is non-negligible. Large IPNs have a high risk to be an actual metastasis. We suggest that IPNs in these patients be followed up for a minimum of 2 years with CT imaging at 3, 6, and 12 month intervals, particularly for nodules measuring >5 mm in average diameter. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This is the first systematic review on IPNs in patients with primary bone sarcomas only and proposes viable management strategies for such patients.

Value of chemical shift imaging in the evaluation of neural foramen stenosis.

Background: Chemical shift Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is often routinely acquired to assess a spectrum of spinal lesions due to its ability versatility to obtain rapid sequences at the expense of spatial resolution images. It is one of the quickest sequences to acquire at the expense of spatial resolution. Objective: In this study we assess the diagnostic efficacy of Chemical shift Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of Neural Foraminal stenosis. Materials and methods: Conventional T2, T1 and STIR sagittal and axial images as well as 'in' and 'out' phase chemical shift sagittal MRI sequences of 25 consecutive patients presenting with back pain and radiculopathy were reviewed. The degree of neural stenosis in the lumbar spine foramina on both sides was graded using the Lee classification on T2 and 'in' and 'out' phase MRI sequences by two independent MSK radiologists. Statistical analysis was performed using paired T-Test and Cohen's weighted kappa test was applied as a measure of agreement between the two observed raters. Results: A total of 250 lumbar neural foramina were assessed. There was substantial agreement (Cohen's weighted kappa) for both raters between 'in' and 'out' phase chemical shift sagittal MRI sequences (rater 1 = 0.699, rater 2 = 0.718), as well as good agreement between raters for both 'in' and 'out' phase chemical shift sagittal MRI sequences (in phase = 0.656, 'out' phase = 0.576). However, when compared to the gold standard rating on a T2 based sequence, ratings on in' and 'out' phase MRI sequences overestimated the degree of stenosis. When comparing 'in' and 'out' ratings to the T2 ratings, agreement was poor with kappa ranging from 0.132 to 0.202. Conclusion: Though both 'in' and 'out' phase chemical shift sagittal MRI sequences can be used to analyse neural foraminal stenosis, given its propensity to over-estimate the degree of stenosis in comparison to the T2 based images, assessment of the condition on these complementary limited sequences technique should be avoided/should be undertaken with caution.

The role of peroneus longus (PL) autograft in the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): A comprehensive narrative review.

Background: Peroneus longus tendon (PLT) is a known graft utilised in the ligamentous reconstructions of knee. The current review was performed to analyze the available evidence regarding PLT in the arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: A comprehensive search of literature was performed on March 1, 2023 using 5 databases (for manuscripts published between 2010 and 2023). All studies reporting ACL reconstruction with PL graft in adults ≥18 years were considered; and final studies were shortlisted based on specific exclusion criteria. Results: The search identified 684 articles, among which 26 manuscripts were finally selected. PLT has been used in primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR), revision ACLR, ACLR in multiligamentous injuries and those at risk for anterior knee pain. The full-thickness PLT graft is variable in its dimensions with the mean size ranging between 7 and 8.8 mm (half-PLT grafts ≤8.1 mm). The ultimate strength of doubled PLT graft is significantly higher than native ACL and comparable to the quadrupled hamstring.There was statistically insignificant difference in the laxity and functional outcome of knee following ACLR with PLT, as compared with other autografts (p > 0.05). PLT harvest is associated with satisfactory clinical foot and ankle outcomes, as well as excellent regenerative ability. Overall, studies have demonstrated lower complications with PLT (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The dimensions of harvested PLT graft are more consistent than HT. It has similar functional outcome and survival, as compared to other autografts. It also has lower risk for donor-site morbidity and lower complications than HT. PLT is a promising, alternative autograft choice in patients undergoing ACLR.

Total hip arthroplasty in active and advanced tubercular arthritis: a systematic review of the current evidence.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. INTRODUCTION: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a well-acknowledged surgical intervention to restore a painless and mobile joint in patients with osteoarticular tubercular arthritis of the hip joint. However, there is still substantial uncertainty about the ideal management, clinical and functional outcomes following THA undertaken in patients with acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) hip infections. AIM OF THE STUDY: To undertake a systematic review and evaluate existing literature on patients undergoing THA for acute mycobacterium tuberculosis arthritis of the hip. METHODS: A systematic review of electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library was performed on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search focused on "arthroplasty in cases with tuberculosis of hip joint" since inception of databases until July 2023. Data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment administered, surgical interventions and outcome, as reported in the included studies, were recorded. Median (range) and mean (standard deviation) were used to summarise the data for continuous variables (as reported in the original studies); and frequency/percentage was employed for categorical variables. Available data on Harris hip scores and complications were statistically pooled using random-effects meta-analysis or fixed-effect meta-analysis, as appropriate RESULTS: Among a total of 1695 articles, 15 papers were selected for qualitative summarisation and 12 reporting relevant data were included for proportional meta-analysis. A total of 303 patients (mean age: 34 to 52 years; mean follow-up: 2.5 to 10.5 years) were included in our systematic review. In a majority of included studies, postero-lateral approach and non-cemented prosthesis were employed. Fourteen studies described a single-staged procedure in the absence of sinus, abscess and tubercular infection syndrome (TIS). All surgeries were performed under cover of prolonged course of multi-drug anti-tubercular regimen. The mean Harris hip score (HHS) at final follow-up was 91.36 [95% confidence interval (CI): 89.56-93.16; I2:90.44%; p<0.001]. There were 30 complications amongst 174 (9.9%) patients (95% CI: 0.06-0.13; p=0.14; I2=0%). CONCLUSION: THA is a safe and effective surgical intervention in patients with active and advanced TB arthritis of hip. It is recommended that the surgery be performed under cover of multi-drug anti-tubercular regimen. In patients with active sinus tracts, abscesses and TIS, surgery may be accomplished in a multi-staged manner. The clinical (range of motion, deformity correction, walking ability and pain scores), radiological (evidence of radiological reactivation and implant incorporation) and function outcome (as assessed by HHS) significantly improve after THA in these patients.