The "Difficult" Inpatient, a Qualitative Study of Physician Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies exploring difficult inpatients have mostly focused on psychiatric inpatients. OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of difficult medicine inpatients. DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were recorded, transcribed, and coded (MAXQDA) using thematic content analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Medicine inpatient providers at a tertiary care facility. KEY RESULTS: Our sample consisted of 28 providers (6 hospitalists, 10 medicine attendings, 6 medicine residents, and 6 interns). Theme 1: Provider experience: Difficult inpatients were time-consuming and evoked emotional responses including frustration and dysphoria. Theme 2: Patient characteristics: Included having personality disorders or mental health issues, being uncooperative, manipulative, angry, demanding, threatening, or distrustful. Difficult patients also had challenging social situations and inadequate support, unrealistic care expectations, were self-destructive, tended to split care-team messages, and had unclear diagnoses. Theme 3: Difficult families: Shared many characteristics of difficult patients including being distrustful, demanding, manipulative, threatening, or angry. Difficult families were barriers to care, disagreed with the treatment plan and each other, did not act in the patient's best interest, suggested inappropriate treatment, or had unrealistic expectations. STRATEGIES: Approaches to dealing with difficult patients or families included building trust, being calm, and having a consistent message. Communication approaches included naming the emotion, empathetic listening, identifying patient priorities and barriers, and partnering. CONCLUSIONS: Difficult patients induced emotional responses, dysphoria, and self-doubt among providers. Underlying personality disorders were often mentioned. Difficult patients and families shared many characteristics. Communication and training were highlighted as key strategies.

Problem resolution scale: A single-item instrument for easily assessing clinical improvement.

This study describes the development and tests the validity of the Problem Resolution Scale (PRS)-a single-item measure developed by researchers at Systemic Practice Research Network (SYPRENE) for assessing the degree to which the focal problem of therapy is perceived as resolved. Data were collected at termination from 747 clients seen across 18 therapists. Results suggested good construct validity, supported by a strong correlation between client and therapist perceptions as assessed by the PRS (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Good criterion validity was also supported by strong correlations between client-reported psychological well-being and functioning at termination and both client-reported (r = -0.63; p < 0.001) and therapist-reported (r = -0.66; p < 0.001) problem resolution scores. Linear mixed model regression and stratified correlation analysis controlling for the therapist and presenting problem effects confirmed criterion validity. Results provide initial evidence for the validity and utility of the PRS.

Development and Evaluation of Messages to Facilitate Secure Storage and Disposal of Prescribed Opioid Medication.

BACKGROUND: Secure storage and disposal is a critical strategy to reduce prescription opioid misuse. We sought to develop effective messages to promote secure storage and disposal of unused opioid medications that can be used in interventions designed to reduce diversion of opioid medications for nonmedical use. METHODS: We used a mixed-method design to develop and evaluate messages. First, we pretested 34 messages in focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 12 FGDs, n = 2-5 participants per FGD; 37 total participants). Then, we tested the 12 most salient messages in an online survey with a nationally representative Qualtrics® panel (n = 1520 participants). A pretest-posttest design was conducted to assess change in beliefs about storage and disposal of opioid medication following message exposure. RESULTS: All 12 messages favorably influenced participants' perceptions related to concerns and risks of retaining unused opioid medications and the importance of and self-efficacy in securely storing and disposing of unused opioid medications. Storage and disposal messages that included the sentence-"Your prescription can become someone else's addiction."-outperformed other messages in encouraging people to safely store or dispose of opioid medication. CONCLUSIONS: This study informs the development of a universal text message intervention using multimodal feedback from the target population that the intervention seeks to serve. The next step is to conduct a randomized controlled trial to assess efficacy of the intervention.

"I'm fighting with BPD instead of my partner": A dyadic interpretative phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of couples navigating borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with romantic relationship distress and dissolution. The complex interaction between BPD and romantic relationships warrants further attention. Dyadic interviews (N = 10) were conducted to examine the experience and impact of BPD on couples' relationships. The results of interpretative phenomenological analysis consisted of two superordinate themes describing the couple experience of navigating BPD: (a) the shared experience of BPD as a relational stressor; and (b) adaptive dyadic coping in the context of BPD. Although BPD was experienced as a relational stressor, dyadic coping and shared externalization of BPD emerged as central components to adaptive couple functioning. Most couples reported that therapy was a critical external resource in their journey toward adaptively functioning in the context of BPD, both intrapersonally and interpersonally. The lived experiences of these couples provides therapists with an increased understanding of the resources that support adaptive dyadic coping with BPD.

A Model of Burnout Among Healthcare Professionals.

BACKGROUND: Burnout is common and can lead to worse outcomes for both healthcare workers and patients. Our study purpose was to assess the structural relationship among factors that protect against or worsen burnout. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: We surveyed healthcare professionals in 15 different Japanese intensive care units during the 3rd wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2021). Surveys assessed burnout (Mini Z 2.0), resilience (Brief Resilience Scale), depressive (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms, job and work environment characteristics, and personal experience with COVID. We explored survey domains with principal component factor analysis and modeled our results using structural equation modeling. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among 936 ICU professionals, 24.3% met criteria for burnout. Our model suggested that resilience (ß = - 0.26, 95% CI - 0.32 to - 0.20), teamwork (ß = - 0.23, 95% CI - 0.30 to - 0.16), and feeling safe (ß = - 0.11, 95% CI - 0.18 to - 0.04) reduced burnout. Depression (ß = - 0.32, 95% CI - 0.41 to - 0.23) and anxiety (ß = - 0.20, 95% CI - 0.29 to - 0.10) both decreased resilience as did COVID fear (ß = 0.08, 95% CI - 0.14 to - 0.02). In addition to directly reducing resilience, anxiety also indirectly reduced resilience by increasing COVID fear (0.23, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.23), which decreased resilience (ß - 0.08, 95% CI - 0.14 to - 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Burnout is common among Japanese ICU professionals. Resilience, teamwork, and safety are all correlated with reduced burnout. Those who had depression or anxiety or COVID fear had higher degrees of burnout, an effect that appears to be mediated by reduced resilience. These are potential targets for interventions to reduce burnout.

Buprenorphine Use in the United States, 2010-2019.

BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and chronic pain, has a safer pharmacological profile than full mu-opioid agonists, and can now be prescribed by any US provider with a Drug Enforcement Administration license. This study aimed to examine a decade of buprenorphine prescribing patterns in the United States. METHODS: We abstracted opioid and buprenorphine prescribing patterns, including patient characteristics, from the 2010-2019 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of non-federal, ambulatory encounters. DISCUSSION: Among 248,164 ambulatory encounters, opioids were prescribed 2.6%-4.3% of the time with a rate that peaked in 2013 and has been steadily declining. Buprenorphine was infrequently prescribed. Patients receiving buprenorphine were predominantly male (59%), white (70%), younger in age, and had higher rates of substance use disorder (72%). CONCLUSION: Buprenorphine is infrequently used, despite being effective for pain and safer than full mu-opioid agonists. The Drug Enforcement Administration recently ended the requirement for prescribers to obtain an X-waiver, which may increase the rate of buprenorphine use among US practitioners.

Therapeutic techniques and session impact: A practice-research network study in private practice.

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between therapeutic techniques and session impact, by examining the replicability of findings observed in a university-based training clinic (Boswell et al., 2010) in another practice-oriented setting: private practice.Method: N = 8 therapists completed session-level assessments of their technique use for N = 38 clients. The same client sample completed session-level assessments of session outcome. Technique-outcome associations were examined with multilevel models.Results: As in Boswell et al., common factors were associated with positive session impact. For clients who received higher average common factor techniques (relative to their own therapist's caseload), session impact was the poorest in sessions with higher behavioral change techniques use (relative to the client's own average). Moreover, clients with the lowest average common factor techniques (relative to their therapist's caseload) reported better session impact in sessions that involved a higher degree of session-level behavioral change techniques (relative to their own average).Conclusion: In line with Boswell et al., therapists should be mindful of the consistency of their routine technique use between- and within-clients, and this can be aided through collection of their own practice-oriented data.

Imidazolone as an Amide Bioisostere in the Development of ß-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2) Inhibitors.

B3GNT2 is responsible for elongation of cell surface long-chain polylactosamine, which influences the regulation of the immune response, making it an attractive target for immunomodulation. In the development of amide containing B3GNT2 inhibitors guided by structure-based drug design, imidazolones were found to successfully serve as amide bioisosteres. This novel imidazolone isosteric strategy alleviated torsional strain of the amide bond on binding to B3GNT2 and improved potency, isoform selectivity, as well as certain physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we present the synthesis, SAR, X-ray cocrystal structures, and in vivo PK properties of imidazol-4-ones in the context of B3GNT2 inhibition.

Validation of the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS) retrospective pre-test measures.

Establishing the effectiveness of IPE experiences is essential, and current assessment measures may be subject to various types of bias. The Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS) is administered after the learning experience as retrospective pretest and posttest measures of perceived collaborative practice skills. Because the ICCAS does not have an actual pretest, there are potential risks of recall bias and social desirability bias. To address these concerns, Jackson (2017) proposed conducting a true ICCAS pretest before the learning experience and examining the differences between the true and retrospective pretest scores and the differences between these pretest and posttest scores. This study design was implemented for two in-person Interprofessional forums conducted in the Fall (N = 745) and following Spring (N = 599) semesters. Students from 11 (Fall) and 12 (Spring) health professions education programs were included. True ICCAS pretest scores did not significantly differ from the retrospective pretest scores in either sample, although the effect sizes for pretest to posttest gains were slightly smaller for the true pretest scores. These results support and provide confidence for using the standard ICCAS administration methodology by demonstrating the administration methodology is not adversely impacted by recall or social desirability biases.

Burnout and Turnover Intention in Critical Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Cross-sectional Survey.

Rationale: The prevalence of burnout among critical care professionals during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic varies in different countries. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of burnout and turnover intention in Japanese critical care professionals in March 2021. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a web-based survey of Japanese critical care professionals working in 15 intensive care units in 15 prefectures. Burnout was measured using the Mini Z 2.0 Survey. Intention to leave (turnover intention) was assessed by survey. Resilience was measured using the Brief Resilience Scale (Japanese version). Demographics and personal and workplace characteristics were also collected. Results: Of 1,205 critical care professionals approached, 936 (77.6%) completed the survey. Among these, 24.3%, 20.6%, and 14.2% reported symptoms of burnout, depression, and anxiety, respectively. A total of 157 respondents (16.8%) reported turnover intention. On multivariate analysis, higher resilience scores (odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.95; and OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.96) and perceived support from the hospital (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.93; and OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40-0.73) were associated with a lower odds of burnout and turnover intention, respectively. Conclusions: Approximately 24% and 17% of the Japanese critical care professionals surveyed had symptoms of burnout and turnover intention from critical care, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such professionals require organizational support to cultivate both individual and organizational resilience to reduce burnout and turnover intention.

Potent GCN2 Inhibitor Capable of Reversing MDSC-Driven T Cell Suppression Demonstrates In Vivo Efficacy as a Single Agent and in Combination with Anti-Angiogenesis Therapy.

General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) protein kinase is a cellular stress sensor within the tumor microenvironment (TME), whose signaling cascade has been proposed to contribute to immune escape in tumors. Herein, we report the discovery of cell-potent GCN2 inhibitors with excellent selectivity against its closely related Integrated Stress Response (ISR) family members heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), protein kinase R (PKR), and (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), as well as good kinome-wide selectivity and favorable PK. In mice, compound 39 engages GCN2 at levels ≥80% with an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID. We also demonstrate the ability of compound 39 to alleviate MDSC-related T cell suppression and restore T cell proliferation, similar to the effect seen in MDSCs from GCN2 knockout mice. In the LL2 syngeneic mouse model, compound 39 demonstrates significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) as a single agent. Furthermore, TGI mediated by anti-VEGFR was enhanced by treatment with compound 39 demonstrating the complementarity of these two mechanisms.

Depression in Primary Care, 2010-2018.

BACKGROUND: Depression is common in primary care and significantly reduces quality of life. Our study aimed to examine the prevalence of depression in primary care visits, examine patterns of depression treatment and referral, and determine how often depression screening occurred over an 8-year timespan. METHODS: From the 2010-2018 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of non-federal, ambulatory encounters, we identified adults being seen in a primary care clinic. We assessed the prevalence of depression screening, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: During these 8 years, 13.1% of primary care encounters involved a patient with a diagnosis of depression. The prevalence of depression did not change over time. Patients were screened for depression 4.1% of the time, with screening increasing over time. Depression was more likely to be diagnosed when screening occurred (odds ratio 9.9; 95% confidence interval, 6.8-14.5%). Most patients were treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. CONCLUSION: Depression is common in primary care, though screening was infrequent. Practices should consider instituting universal screening.

The Effect of Weather and Sporting Events on Ambulatory Visits and Hospitalizations at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: We explored the impact of weather and sporting events on clinic and emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization. METHODS: Weather, dates of sporting events, ED visits, hospitalizations, clinic visits, no-shows, and same-day patient cancellations from 2015 to 2018 were abstracted from Milwaukee's Veterans Affairs (VA) medical system. RESULTS: Inclement precipitation increased clinic cancellations. Snowfall reduced ED visits. Green Bay Packer football games, University of Wisconsin-Madison football games, and the Super Bowl reduced ED visits but not hospitalizations. Milwaukee Brewers baseball home games didn't affect ED visits, but hospital admissions increased slightly. Basketball events (Milwaukee Bucks, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Marquette University) had no impact. CONCLUSION: Inclement weather increased clinic cancellations, and snow reduced ED visits. Football games reduced ED visits, while baseball increased hospitalizations, probably because the Milwaukee Brewers stadium is located on the VA property.