RESUMEN
Compared to other Arctic ice masses, Svalbard glaciers are low-elevated with flat interior accumulation areas, resulting in a marked peak in their current hypsometry (area-elevation distribution) at ~450 m above sea level. Since summer melt consistently exceeds winter snowfall, these low-lying glaciers can only survive by refreezing a considerable fraction of surface melt and rain in the porous firn layer covering their accumulation zones. We use a high-resolution climate model to show that modest atmospheric warming in the mid-1980s forced the firn zone to retreat upward by ~100 m to coincide with the hypsometry peak. This led to a rapid areal reduction of firn cover available for refreezing, and strongly increased runoff from dark, bare ice areas, amplifying mass loss from all elevations. As the firn line fluctuates around the hypsometry peak in the current climate, Svalbard glaciers will continue to lose mass and show high sensitivity to temperature perturbations.
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OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Endovascular aneurysm (EVAR) repair of an aortic aneurysm extending to the iliac artery remains a challenge. Interventional occlusion of the internal iliac artery (IIA) intending to create a distal landing zone in the external iliac artery is a common approach with inherent morbidity (e.g., buttock claudication, impotence). Alternatively, iliac side-branched stent grafts can maintain pelvic blood supply, but the applicability is limited. The objective was to investigate the morphological applicability of the Cook Zenith branched graft (ZBIS) among patients with aorto-iliac or isolated iliac aneurysms. METHODS: This was a retrospective single centre analysis of 66 patients (60 men; median age 74 years, range 53-90 years) undergoing repair of aorto-iliac aneurysms (open repair, IIA occlusion prior to EVAR and ZBIS) between January 2008 and December 2012. All available computed tomography angiograms with post-processing imaging were compared with the criteria for morphological applicability to (i) the manufacturer's instruction for use (IFU), and (ii) to criteria published in the literature, as well as (iii) to the institutional protocol. RESULTS: In 66 patients, 88 targeted iliac aneurysms were studied. Of these, 36/88 (40.9%) were compliant with the manufacturer's IFU, 35/88 (39.8%) were compliant with the published criteria, and 51/88 (58.0%) were compliant with the in house protocol. The most common morphological exclusion criterion was an aneurysmal IIA. CONCLUSION: In the present cohort with aorto-iliac aneurysm, a maximum of 58% could have been treated with an iliac side branch based on the current experience. In particular, an aneurysmal IIA seems to be a limiting factor for the use of the iliac side-branched stent graft.
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Aneurisma de la Aorta/cirugía , Implantación de Prótesis Vascular/instrumentación , Prótesis Vascular , Procedimientos Endovasculares/instrumentación , Aneurisma Ilíaco/cirugía , Pelvis/irrigación sanguínea , Diseño de Prótesis , Stents , Anciano , Aneurisma de la Aorta/diagnóstico , Aneurisma de la Aorta/fisiopatología , Aortografía/métodos , Implantación de Prótesis Vascular/efectos adversos , Procedimientos Endovasculares/efectos adversos , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Aneurisma Ilíaco/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Ilíaco/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Selección de Paciente , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/fisiopatología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Defining reproducible criteria for lower extremity salvage following severe high-energy trauma continues to be one of the most challenging and controversially discussed fields in orthopaedic surgery. At present, however, the difficult performance, limited availability and number of valid reconstructive options for complex injury types, i. e. simultaneous osteoligamentous trauma with neurovascular lesions and severe soft tissue defects ("composite/compound multilayer defects") represent the decisive prognostic injury components triggering and determining the fate of the limb. Consequently, due to the complex injury pattern of the extremity and the overall situation of multiple injured patient the treatment and decision making has to be made in a priority-adapted algorithm. In this treatment algorithm interdisciplinary cooperation with vascular and plastic surgeons is of tremendous importance. Although the number of severely injured patients remains stable in the last decade, changes in the treatment algorithms result from increased survival rates of multiple injured patients and improved modern reconstructive options leading to continuously increasing rates of salvaged limbs. This paper aimed to systematically review the current literature for lower extremity injuries in order to unravel the different surgical treatment options and provide guidelines for decision making with corresponding treatment algorithms for limb salvage. Furthermore, the experiences in the management of mangled extremities in our centre are presented and illustrated/underscored with different cases.
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Traumatismos de la Pierna , Recuperación del Miembro , Traumatismo Múltiple , Reimplantación , Algoritmos , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Traumatismos de la Pierna/etiología , Traumatismos de la Pierna/fisiopatología , Traumatismos de la Pierna/cirugía , Recuperación del Miembro/efectos adversos , Recuperación del Miembro/métodos , Traumatismo Múltiple/etiología , Traumatismo Múltiple/fisiopatología , Traumatismo Múltiple/cirugía , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Reimplantación/efectos adversos , Reimplantación/métodos , Traumatismos de los Tejidos Blandos/cirugía , Lesiones del Sistema Vascular/cirugíaRESUMEN
The Arabidopsis mutant shm1-1 is defective in mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 activity and displays a lethal photorespiratory phenotype at ambient CO2 concentration but grows normally at high CO2 . After transferring high CO2 -grown shm1-1 plants to ambient CO2 , the younger leaves remain photosynthetically active while developed leaves display increased yellowing and decreased FV /FM values. Metabolite analysis of plants transferred from high CO2 to ambient air indicates a massive light-dependent (photorespiratory) accumulation of glycine, 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). Amino acid markers of senescence accumulated in ambient air in wild-type and shm1-1 plants maintained in darkness and also build up in shm1-1 in the light. This, together with an enhanced transcription of the senescence marker SAG12 in shm1-1, suggests the initiation of senescence in shm1-1 under photorespiratory conditions. Mitochondrial D-2HG dehydrogenase (D-2HGDH) converts D-2HG into 2OG. In vitro studies indicate that 2OG exerts competitive inhibition on D-2HGDH with a Ki of 1.96 mm. 2OG is therefore a suitable candidate as inhibitor of the in vivo D-2HGDH activity, as 2OG is produced and accumulates in mitochondria. Inhibition of the D-2HGDH by 2OG is likely a mechanism by which D-2HG accumulates in shm1-1, however it cannot be ruled out that D-2HG may also accumulate due to an active senescence programme that is initiated in these plants after transfer to photorespiratory conditions. Thus, a novel interaction of the photorespiratory pathway with cellular processes involving D-2HG has been identified.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Dióxido de Carbono/farmacología , Glutaratos/metabolismo , Glicina Hidroximetiltransferasa/genética , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Respiración de la Célula , Cisteína Endopeptidasas/genética , Cisteína Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Glutaratos/análisis , Glicina/metabolismo , Glicina Hidroximetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Intrones/genética , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/metabolismo , Luz , Lisina/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mutación , Fenotipo , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Sitios de Empalme de ARN/genética , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: GAMT deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of creatine biosynthesis resulting in severe neurological complications in untreated patients. Currently available treatment is only successful to stop disease progression, but is not sufficient to reverse neurological complications occurring prior to diagnosis. Normal neurodevelopmental outcome in a patient, treated in the newborn period, highlights the importance of early diagnosis. METHODS: Targeted mutation analysis (c.59G>C and c.327G>A) in the GAMT gene by the QIAxcel system and GAA measurement by a novel two-tier method were performed in 3000 anonymized newborn blood dot spot cards. RESULTS: None of the targeted mutations were detected in any newborn. Two novel heterozygous variants (c.283_285dupGTC; p.Val95dup and c.278_283delinsCTCGATGCAC; p.Asp93AlafsX35) were identified by coincidence. Carrier frequency for these insertion/deletion types of GAMT mutations was 1/1475 in this small cohort of newborns. GAA levels were at or above the 99th percentile (3.12 µmol/l) in 4 newborns. Second-tier testing showed normal results for 4 newborns revealing 0.1% false positive rate. No GAMT mutations were identified in 4 of the newborns with elevated GAA levels in the first tier testing. CONCLUSION: This is the first two-tier study to investigate carrier frequency of GAMT deficiency in the small cohort of newborn population to establish evidence base for the first steps toward newborn screening for this treatable neurometabolic disorder.
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Guanidinoacetato N-Metiltransferasa/genética , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/genética , Trastornos del Movimiento/congénito , Adulto , Alelos , Secuencia de Bases , Creatina/sangre , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Guanidinoacetato N-Metiltransferasa/sangre , Guanidinoacetato N-Metiltransferasa/deficiencia , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/sangre , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Trastornos del Movimiento/sangre , Trastornos del Movimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Movimiento/genética , Mutagénesis Insercional , Tamizaje Neonatal , Eliminación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
We report a patient with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency who presented a mild phenotype including developmental language delay, in association with the typical elevations of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in biological fluids and MRI alterations. Two pathogenic mutations were identified one transversion (c.278 G>T) in exon 1 and another (c.1557 T>G) in exon 10. Both parents are carriers of one of the mutations, confirming compound-heterozygosity in their affected child. To reduce the GHB levels in body fluids, a treatment with vigabatrin at low dose (25 mg/kg per day) was started, monitoring its efficacy by clinical and neurochemical follow-up. After 9 months of therapy with vigabatrin, a significant reduction of GHB concentrations in urine and CSF was observed; after 36 months, a significant improvement of communicative skills, not previously reported, was referred. These results support the hypothesis that the clinical improvement is correlated to the reduction in the GHB levels and the importance of considering the SSADH deficiency in the differential diagnosis of patients with mental retardation and language delay.
RESUMEN
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for vascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is a principal manifestation of underlying endothelial dysfunction, which is an initial event in vascular disease. Inhibition of cellular methylation reactions by S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), which accumulates during HHcy, has been suggested to contribute to vascular dysfunction. However, thus far, the effect of intracellular AdoHcy accumulation on NO bioavailability has not yet been fully substantiated by experimental evidence. The present study was carried out to evaluate whether disturbances in cellular methylation status affect NO production by cultured human endothelial cells. Here, we show that a hypomethylating environment, induced by the accumulation of AdoHcy, impairs NO production. Consistent with this finding, we observed decreased eNOS expression and activity, but, by contrast, enhanced NOS3 transcription. Taken together, our data support the existence of regulatory post-transcriptional mechanisms modulated by cellular methylation potential leading to impaired NO production by cultured human endothelial cells. As such, our conclusions may have implications for the HHcy-mediated reductions in NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction.
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Arginina/análogos & derivados , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Metilación , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , S-Adenosilhomocisteína/metabolismo , Arginina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Hiperhomocisteinemia/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/deficiencia , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Enfermedades Vasculares/metabolismoRESUMEN
The recent discovery of heterozygous isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) mutations of residue Arg(140) to Gln(140) or Gly(140) (IDH2(wt/R140Q), IDH2(wt/R140G)) in d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) has defined the primary genetic lesion in 50% of D-2-HGA patients, denoted type II. Overexpression studies with IDH1(R132H) and IDH2(R172K) mutations demonstrated that the enzymes acquired a new function, converting 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), in lieu of the normal IDH reaction which reversibly converts isocitrate to 2-KG. To confirm the IDH2(wt/R140Q) gain-of-function in D-2-HGA type II, and to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies, we developed a specific and sensitive IDH2(wt/R140Q) enzyme assay in lymphoblasts. This assay determines gain-of-function activity which converts 2-KG to D-2-HG in homogenates of D-2-HGA type II lymphoblasts, and uses stable-isotope-labeled 2-keto[3,3,4,4-(2)H(4)]glutarate. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay are enhanced with chiral separation and detection of stable-isotope-labeled D-2-HG by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Eleven potential inhibitors of IDH2(wt/R140Q) enzyme activity were evaluated with this procedure. The mean reaction rate in D-2-HGA type II lymphoblasts was 8-fold higher than that of controls and D-2-HGA type I cells (14.4nmolh(-1)mgprotein(-1) vs. 1.9), with a corresponding 140-fold increase in intracellular D-2-HG level. Optimal inhibition of IDH2(wt/R140Q) activity was obtained with oxaloacetate, which competitively inhibited IDH2(wt/R140Q) activity. Lymphoblast IDH2(wt/R140Q) showed long-term cell culture stability without loss of the heterozygous IDH2(wt/R140Q) mutation, underscoring the utility of the lymphoblast model for future biochemical and therapeutic studies.
Asunto(s)
Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/enzimología , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Linfocitos/enzimología , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/genética , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/terapia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Células Cultivadas , Cromatografía Liquida , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glutaratos/metabolismo , Humanos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/metabolismo , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/patología , Mutación/genética , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
CSF N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) has been found to be elevated in some hypomyelinating disorders. This study addressed the question whether it could be used as a marker for hypomyelination and as a means to distinguish between hypomyelinating disorders biochemically. We have measured CSF NAAG in a cohort of 28 patients with hypomyelination with known and unknown aetiology. NAAG was found to be elevated in 7 patients, but was normal in the majority, including patients with defined hypomyelinating disorders. CSF NAAG is not a universal marker of hypomyelination, and the mechanism of its elevation remains poorly understood.
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Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Dipéptidos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Leucoencefalopatías/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Tritio/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in CTNS. The most prevalent CTNS mutation is a homozygous 57-kb deletion that also includes an adjacent gene named SHPK (CARKL), encoding sedoheptulokinase. Patients with this deletion have elevated urinary concentrations of sedoheptulose. Using derivatisation with pentafluorobenzyl hydroxylamine and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we developed a new sensitive method for the quantification of sedoheptulose in dried blood spots. This method can be utilized as a quick screening test to detect cystinosis patients homozygous for the 57-kb deletion in CTNS; which is the most common mutation of cystinosis. Sedoheptulose concentrations in the deleted patients were 6 to 23 times above the upper limit for controls. The assessment of sedoheptulose in a bloodspot from a known cystinosis patient homozygous for the 57-kb deletion retrieved from the Dutch neonatal screening program showed that sedoheptulose was already elevated in the neonatal period. There was no overlap in sedoheptulose levels between cystinosis patients homozygous for the 57-kb deletion and cystinosis patients not homozygous for this deletion. Our presented method can be used prior to mutation analysis to detect cystinosis patients homozygous for the 57-kb deletion. We feel that the presented method enables fast (pre)-symptomatic detection of cystinosis patients homozygous for the 57-kb deletion, allowing early treatment.
Asunto(s)
Cistinosis/diagnóstico , Cistinosis/enzimología , Eliminación de Gen , Heptosas/sangre , Tamizaje Neonatal/métodos , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Neutros/genética , Cistinosis/sangre , Cistinosis/genética , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Fosfotransferasas (Aceptor de Grupo Alcohol)/genética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
The creatine transporter defect is an X-linked cause of mental retardation. We investigated the clinical features and pattern of X-inactivation in a Dutch cohort of eight female heterozygotes. We show that symptoms of the creatine transporter defect (mental retardation, learning difficulties, and constipation) can be present in female heterozygotes. We further show that the diagnosis in females is not straightforward: (i) The creatine/creatinine ratio in urine was elevated only in three of eight females. (ii) Although as a group the females had a significantly decreased cerebral creatine concentration, individual females had creatine concentrations overlapping with normal controls. (iii) Skewed X-inactivation was found in the cultured fibroblasts, in favour of either the mutated or the wild-type allele, leading to either deficient or normal results in the creatine uptake studies in fibroblasts. Thus, screening by these tests is unreliable for the diagnosis. In addition, we found no consistent skewing of the X-inactivation in peripheral tissues indicating that there is no selection against the creatine transporter defect. We conclude that testing for creatine transporter defect should be considered in females with (mild) mental retardation. Screening by DNA analysis of the SLC6A8 gene is recommended.
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Heterocigoto , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Neurotransmisores en la Membrana Plasmática/genética , Inactivación del Cromosoma X/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Células Cultivadas , Creatina/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/diagnóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Países Bajos , Pruebas NeuropsicológicasRESUMEN
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a slowly progressive to static neurological disorder featuring elevated concentrations of 4-hydroxybutyric acid in body fluids. We present two patients with elevated 4-hydroxybutyric acid in urine which was later shown to be linked to catheter usage.
Asunto(s)
Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos/diagnóstico , Catéteres , Hidroxibutiratos/orina , 4-Butirolactona/orina , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo de los Aminoácidos/enzimología , Catéteres/normas , Discapacidades del Desarrollo , Femenino , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/sangre , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Enfermedad de la Orina de Jarabe de Arce/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Orina de Jarabe de Arce/enzimología , Succionato-Semialdehído Deshidrogenasa/deficienciaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE) is a rare autosomal recessive disease with neonatal seizures resistant to conventional anti-epileptic drugs. This metabolic disease has to be diagnosed early and treated to improve outcome. We report on two new mutations that open new prenatal prospects and suggest a new diagnostic procedure. CASE REPORT: We describe PDE in a neonate carrying two novel mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene: c.[852_856delCTTAG] + [1230C > A]; p.[(Phe410Leu)] + p.[(Leu285CysfsX26)]. This case also illustrates that diagnosis could have been made without any pyridoxine withdrawal, thanks to the measurement of biomarkers. The patient was successfully treated with pyridoxine supplementation and currently shows normal neurological development.
Asunto(s)
Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/genética , Epilepsia/enzimología , Epilepsia/genética , Mutación del Sistema de Lectura/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Mutación Missense/genética , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The authors summarize the pathomechanism of the myelination process, the clinical, radiological and the genetical aspects of the leukodystrophies, as in 18q deletion syndrome, adrenoleukodysrtophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy, Alexander disease and olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (OPCA).
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/patología , Cromosomas Humanos Par 18 , Eliminación de Gen , Leucodistrofia Metacromática/diagnóstico , Leucodistrofia Metacromática/genética , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Adrenoleucodistrofia/diagnóstico , Adrenoleucodistrofia/genética , Adulto , Enfermedad de Alexander/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Alexander/genética , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Canavan/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Canavan/genética , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Leucodistrofia Metacromática/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Enfermedad de Pelizaeus-Merzbacher/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Pelizaeus-Merzbacher/genética , Radiografía , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
Malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9, MCD) deficiency, or malonic aciduria, is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterised by a variable phenotype of developmental delay, seizures, cardiomyopathy and acidosis. There is no consensus for dietary treatment in this condition. This case describes the effect of a long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-restricted/medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-supplemented diet upon the progress of an affected child. A full-term Asian girl of birth weight 3590 g was screened for malonic aciduria after birth due to a positive family history. She had elevated urine malonic and methylmalonic acids and was presumably homozygous for a deleterious mutation in the MLYCD gene. Her echocardiography showed mild cardiomyopathy at 0.5 months of age, but heart function was good. She was treated with carnitine 100 mg/kg per day and continued a high-energy formula feed, as her growth was slow. At 3 months of age, echocardiography showed deteriorating cardiac function with a fractional shortening of 18%. She started an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (Captopril). Over the next few months, her diet was altered to comprise 1.9% energy from LCT, 25% from MCT and the remainder carbohydrate. Cardiac function improved and was optimal at 23 months of age, with a fractional shortening of 28% and good systolic function. During a period of low MCT intake, her cardiac function was noted to deteriorate. This reversed and stabilised following reinstatement of the diet. This case of malonic aciduria with cardiomyopathy demonstrates improvement in cardiac function attributable to LCT-restricted/MCT-supplemented diet.
Asunto(s)
Carboxiliasas/deficiencia , Cardiomiopatías/dietoterapia , Suplementos Dietéticos , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/dietoterapia , Triglicéridos/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Captopril , Carboxiliasas/genética , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatías/enzimología , Cardiomiopatías/genética , Carnitina/uso terapéutico , Preescolar , Terapia Combinada , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Lactante , Fórmulas Infantiles , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Recién Nacido , Malonil Coenzima A/genética , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/diagnóstico , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/enzimología , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/genética , Ácido Metilmalónico , Mutación , Estado Nutricional , Fenotipo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is often overexpressed in cancer and potentially plays a role in the stimulation of angiogenesis. The exact mechanism of angiogenesis induction is unclear, but is postulated to be related to thymidine-derived sugars. TP catalyzes the conversion of thymidine (TdR) to thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate (dR-1-P), which can be converted to dR-5-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) or deoxyribose (dR). However, it is unclear which sugar accumulates in this reaction. Therefore, in the TP overexpressing Colo320 TP1 and RT112/TP cells we determined by LC-MS/MS which sugars accumulated, their subcellular localization (using (3)H-TdR) and whether dR was secreted from the cells. In both TP-overexpressing cell lines, dR-1-P and dR-5-P accumulated intracellularly at high levels and dR was secreted extensively by the cells. A specific inhibitor of TP completely blocked TdR conversion, and thus no sugars were formed. To examine whether these sugars may be used for the production of angiogenic factors or other products, we determined with (3)H-TdR in which subcellular location these sugars accumulated. TdR-derived sugars accumulated in the cytoskeleton and to some extent in the cell membrane, while incorporation into the DNA was responsible for trapping in the nucleus. In conclusion, various metabolic routes were entered, of which the TdR-derived sugars accumulated in the cytoskeleton and membrane. Future studies should focus on which exact metabolic pathway is involved in the induction of angiogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatos de Azúcar/metabolismo , Timidina Fosforilasa/biosíntesis , Timidina/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Citoesqueleto/química , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ribosamonofosfatos/metabolismo , Especificidad por Sustrato , Fosfatos de Azúcar/química , Timidina/química , Timidina Fosforilasa/genética , Timidina Fosforilasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The urinary creatine:creatinine (Cr:Crn) ratio was measured in males from 49 families with a family history compatible with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) in order to estimate the prevalence of SLC6A8 deficiency in Estonia. We identified 11 boys from 9 families with an increased urinary Cr:Crn ratio (18%). In three related boys, a hemizygous missense mutation (c.1271G>A; p.Gly424Asp) was identified. Their mother was heterozygous for the same mutation. Although many missense mutations have been described, the p.Gly424Asp mutation has not been previously reported. The clinical expression varied widely among affected males of this family. Patients 1 and 3 had relatively mild clinical expression (mild mental retardation (MR) and attention deficit disorder), but patient 2 had all typical clinical signs of SLC6A8 defect such as moderate MR, autistic features, expressive dysphasia and epilepsy. Among our patients, we saw significant problems in speech and language development combined with attention and behavioural difficulties. The number of false-positive biochemical results with increased urinary Cr:Crn ratio was higher (18%) in our study than in previous reports (1.810%). We therefore suggest that repeated biochemical testing should be performed before DNA sequencing analysis. Our study suggests that 2% (95% confidence limits: 0.0511.1%) of this Estonian XLMR panel are due to mutations in the SLC6A8, which is similar to the prevalence reported in other populations. We therefore conclude that creatine transporter deficiency is a relatively common genetic disorder in males with sporadic or familiar MR and diagnostic screening of them should always include screening for SLC6A8 deficiency.
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Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/diagnóstico , Creatina/deficiencia , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Pruebas Genéticas/métodos , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/diagnóstico , Mutación Missense , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Neurotransmisores en la Membrana Plasmática/deficiencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/orina , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/epidemiología , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/genética , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/psicología , Encefalopatías Metabólicas Innatas/orina , Niño , Creatina/genética , Creatina/orina , Creatinina/orina , Estonia/epidemiología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Herencia , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Inteligencia/genética , Masculino , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/epidemiología , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/genética , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/psicología , Discapacidad Intelectual Ligada al Cromosoma X/orina , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/deficiencia , Linaje , Personas con Discapacidades Mentales , Fenotipo , Proteínas de Transporte de Neurotransmisores en la Membrana Plasmática/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Neurotransmisores en la Membrana Plasmática/orina , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria) is a rare neurometabolic disease caused by a deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric degradation, resulting in an increase in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in biological fluids. The clinical spectrum is heterogeneous, including a variety of neurological manifestations and psychiatric symptoms. The treatment usually used is vigabatrin, but its clinical efficacy is under discussion. We present two affected siblings. The older brother was examined when he was 2.5 years old due to psychomotor and developmental delay, disturbances in motor coordination, axial hypotonia and language disability. His younger brother had mild axial hypotonia when 5 months old. Metabolic studies demonstrated a high plasma and urine concentration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Mutation analysis of the gene ALDH5A1 confirmed the disease. After 1 year of treatment with low-doses of vigabatrin of the older patient, a decrease in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid plasma levels and a slow clinical improvement were observed.
Asunto(s)
GABAérgicos/farmacología , GABAérgicos/uso terapéutico , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/diagnóstico , Errores Innatos del Metabolismo/genética , Succionato-Semialdehído Deshidrogenasa/deficiencia , Succionato-Semialdehído Deshidrogenasa/genética , Vigabatrin/farmacología , Vigabatrin/uso terapéutico , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/sangre , Adulto , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , GABAérgicos/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Lactante , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Hipotonía Muscular/diagnóstico , Hipotonía Muscular/metabolismo , Hipotonía Muscular/fisiopatología , Vigabatrin/administración & dosificación , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Free amino acids affect food palatability. As information on amino acids in frequently purchased pre-packaged food is virtually absent, we analyzed free amino acid patterns of 17 frequently purchased ready-to-serve convenience food products, and compared them with the information obtained from the respective food labels. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Quantitative amino acid analysis was performed using ion-exchange chromatography. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were verified using a stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The patterns of free amino acids were compared with information obtained from food labels. RESULTS: An obvious mismatch between free amino acid patterns and food label information was detected. Even on considering that tomatoes and cereal proteins are naturally rich in glutamate, the concentrations of free glutamate outranged the natural concentration of this amino acid in several products, and strongly suggested artificial enrichment. Free glutamate was found to be elevated even in dishes that explicitly state 'no glutamate added'. Arginine was markedly elevated in lentils. Free cysteine was generally low, possibly reflecting thermal destruction of this amino acid during food processing. The meat and brain-specific dipeptide carnosine (CARN) was present in most meat-containing products. Some products did not contain detectable amounts of CARN in spite of meat content being claimed on the food labels. We detected GABA at concentrations that contribute significantly to the taste sensation. CONCLUSION: This investigation highlights a marked mismatch between food label information and food composition.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/análisis , Comida Rápida/análisis , Etiquetado de Alimentos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía por Intercambio Iónico , Alemania , Humanos , Productos de la Carne , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , GustoRESUMEN
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. An assay to evaluate L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L-2-HGDH) activity in fibroblast, lymphoblast and/or lymphocyte lysates has hitherto been unavailable. We developed an L-2-HGDH enzyme assay in cell lysates based on the conversion of stable-isotope-labelled L-2-hydroxyglutarate to 2-ketoglutarate, which is converted into L-glutamate in situ. The formation of stable isotope labelled L-glutamate is therefore a direct measure of L-2-HGDH activity, and this product is detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A deficiency of L-2-HGDH activity was detected in cell lysates from 15 out of 15 L-2-HGA patients. Therefore, this specific assay confirmed the diagnosis unambiguously affirming the relationship between molecular and biochemical observations. Residual activity was detected in cells derived from one L-2-HGA patient. The L-2-HGDH assay will be valuable for examining in vitro riboflavin/FAD therapy to rescue L-2-HGDH activity.