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1.
Can J Aging ; 42(3): 434-445, 2023 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36847179

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to describe the social isolation of older adults in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood (Montreal, Canada) from the perspectives of older adults and community stakeholders. To do so, a descriptive qualitative study was conducted, involving community-dwelling older adults and a variety of key stakeholders from the neighbourhood. Seven focus groups were held, with a total of 37 participants. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using the approach of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. Participants reported that social isolation of older adults is characterized by gaps in social interactions (scarcity of social interactions, lack of social support, and unsatisfying relationships) as well as by low social participation that can be depicted in three ways: (1) exclusion by society, (2) self-restriction of participation, and (3) low eagerness to socialize. This study highlights that there is a diversity in how social isolation of older adults manifests itself. It can be the result of a deliberate choice (or not), as well as being desired (or not). These aspects of the phenomenon of social isolation of older adults are still not well described. However, they offer relevant avenues for rethinking approaches to intervention development.


Asunto(s)
Características de la Residencia , Aislamiento Social , Humanos , Anciano , Investigación Cualitativa , Apoyo Social , Vida Independiente
2.
J Hist Neurosci ; 26(2): 216-223, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27767377

RESUMEN

An acerbic footnote in Volume 3 (1818) of the five-volume great work of Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General and of the Brain in Particular with Observations on the Possibility of Understanding the Many Moral and Intellectual Dispositions of Man and Animals by the Configuration of Their Heads, marked the end of the collaboration between Gall, the founder of organologie, and Spurzheim, promoter of phrenology. We discuss the background of this note and the nature of the rift that marked the end of Gall and Spurzheim's collaboration.


Asunto(s)
Conflicto Psicológico , Neurociencias/historia , Frenología/historia , Encéfalo , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Mentores/historia
3.
Front Hum Neurosci ; 10: 614, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28066204

RESUMEN

Sentences such as The author started the book are indeterminate because they do not make explicit what the subject (the author) started doing with the object (the book). In principle, indeterminate sentences allow for an infinite number of interpretations. One theory, however, assumes that these sentences are resolved by semanticcoercion, a linguistic process that forces the noun book to be interpreted as an activity (e.g., writing the book) or by a process that interpolates this activity information in the resulting enriched semantic composition. An alternative theory, pragmatic, assumes classical semantic composition, whereby meaning arises from the denotation of words and how they are combined syntactically, with enrichment obtained via pragmatic inferences beyond linguistic-semantic processes. Cognitive neuroscience studies investigating the neuroanatomical and functional correlates of indeterminate sentences have shown activations either at the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC) or at the left inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG). These studies have supported the semantic coercion theory assuming that one of these regions is where enriched semantic composition takes place. Employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that indeterminate sentences activate bilaterally the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the right inferior frontal gyrus (R-IFG), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), more so than control sentences (The author wrote the book). Activation of indeterminate sentences exceeded that of anomalous sentences (…drank the book) and engaged more left- and right-hemisphere areas than other sentence types. We suggest that the widespread activations for indeterminate sentences represent the deployment of pragmatic-inferential processes, which seek to enrich sentence content without necessarily resorting to semantic coercion.

4.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol ; 36(9): 967-80, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25264222

RESUMEN

In the present research, we investigated the processing of Italian mass and count nouns and of their semantic and morphosyntactic attributes in people with neurodegenerative disease. The performance of a group of 26 Italian participants with Alzheimer's disease was studied in a semantic judgment task and a syntactic judgment task. Results were analyzed by means of mixed-effect models, revealing an interaction between task and stimulus category: The probability for correct responses to mass stimuli was significantly lower than that for count stimuli, but only in the semantic task. These findings confirm the major semantic impairment in dementia and suggest that mass nouns have particular features that make them more prone to impairment than count nouns for a progressively degenerating brain.


Asunto(s)
Demencia/complicaciones , Trastornos del Lenguaje/etiología , Matemática , Semántica , Vocabulario , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Juicio , Trastornos del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Pruebas del Lenguaje , Masculino , Modelos Estadísticos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Psicolingüística
5.
Aging Clin Exp Res ; 26(6): 655-9, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24781828

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve could be defined as the accumulation of experiences, abilities, knowledge and changes that occur throughout the lifespan. One of the most difficult changes in life is the experience of emigrating to a foreign country. AIMS: The present investigation aimed to compare the cognitive reserve of two paired groups of elderly: Italians living in Italy and Italians who in adult age (around 20 years) emigrated to Montreal. Both groups attended the same years of school, in Italy. METHODS: Cognitive reserve was measured in the two groups by a structured and standardised questionnaire, the cognitive reserve questionnaire. RESULTS: Cognitive reserve showed to be significantly higher in the Italian-Canadian individuals (i.e. Italians who emigrated). CONCLUSIONS: Emigration might act as an environmental factor that enriches people's lifestyle and reflects itself in the amount of their cognitive reserve.


Asunto(s)
Reserva Cognitiva/fisiología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Anciano , Canadá , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Humanos , Italia , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
6.
Clin Linguist Phon ; 22(7): 509-22, 2008 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18568793

RESUMEN

Healthy monolingual older adults experience changes in their lexical abilities. Bilingual individuals immersed in an environment in which their second language is dominant experience lexical changes, or attrition, in their first language. Changes in lexical skills in the first language of older individuals who are bilinguals, therefore, can be attributed to the typical processes accompanying older age, the typical processes accompanying first-language attrition in bilingual contexts, or both. The challenge, then, in understanding how lexical skills change in bilingual older individuals, lies in dissociating these processes. This paper addresses the difficulty of teasing apart the effects of ageing and attrition in older bilinguals and proposes some solutions. It presents preliminary results from a study of lexical processing in bilingual younger and older individuals. Processing differences were found for the older bilingual participants in their first language (L1), but not in their second language (L2). It is concluded that the lexical behaviour found for older bilinguals in this study can be attributed to L1 attrition and not to processes of ageing. These findings are discussed in the context of previous reports concerning changes in lexical skills associated with typical ageing and those associated with bilingual L1 attrition.


Asunto(s)
Multilingüismo , Vocabulario , Adolescente , Adulto , Envejecimiento , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tiempo de Reacción
7.
Can J Exp Psychol ; 61(1): 21-34, 2007 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17479739

RESUMEN

Although lexicosemantic deficits are not typically seen in older adults, some studies indicate that age-related changes in semantic processing may occur. We had groups of older and younger adults perform speeded lexical decision on mass (e.g., honey), count (e.g., car), and dual nouns, which may be either mass or count (e.g., lamb). Singular dual nouns engendered significantly faster response times in older adults than mass and count nouns, whereas younger adults manifested similar response times to count and dual nouns. These results point toward a three-way distinction in the lexicon between mass, count, and dual nouns. Older adults appear to treat a larger set of nouns as dual than do younger adults. This may be due to awareness of the mass/count ambiguity present in a greater number of lexical items, as a result of their greater linguistic experience. Alternatively, in order to conserve processing resources, older adults may not activate mass/count information when recognizing a dual noun unless a mass or count reading is forced by context.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Discriminación en Psicología , Lingüística , Semántica , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis de Varianza , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Conducta Verbal/fisiología
8.
Brain Cogn ; 57(3): 222-5, 2005 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15780454

RESUMEN

Semantic and syntactic contributions to processing of mass and count nouns were assessed by examining the performance of a patient suffering from a pure semantic deficit. Semantic and syntactic processing was evaluated on grammaticality judgement and sentence-picture matching tasks, respectively, where each task involved mass and count readings of metonymic nouns. While the patient did not show impaired performance on the grammaticality judgment task, he manifested difficulties in making mass/count distinctions in the sentence-picture matching task. It is thus argued that while distributionally the mass/count distinction may be established on a purely syntactic basis, cognitive processing of mass/count information requires both intact syntactic and semantic knowledge.


Asunto(s)
Demencia/diagnóstico , Juicio , Trastornos de la Memoria/diagnóstico , Semántica , Vocabulario , Anciano , Clasificación , Demencia/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/complicaciones
9.
Lang Speech ; 47(Pt 1): 83-106, 2004.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15298331

RESUMEN

This study addresses the possibility that interfixes in multiconstituent nominal compounds in German and Dutch are functional as markers of immediate constituent structure. We report a lexical statistical survey of interfixation in the lexicons of German and Dutch which shows that all interfixes of German and one interfix of Dutch are significantly more likely to appear at the major constituent boundary than expected under chance conditions. A series of experiments provides evidence that speakers of German and Dutch are sensitive to the probabilistic cues to constituent structure provided by the interfixes. Thus, our data provide evidence that probability is part and parcel of grammatical competence.


Asunto(s)
Lenguaje , Probabilidad , Cognición , Alemania , Humanos , Pruebas del Lenguaje , Lingüística , Países Bajos , Psicolingüística
10.
Brain Lang ; 90(1-3): 2-8, 2004.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15172519

RESUMEN

The understanding of the nature and extent of morphological processing is critical to the overall investigation of how words are organized in the mind. In this overview article, we discuss the nature of morphological processing and the domain of morphological processing research. We claim that investigations crucially involve the understanding of relations among morphologically simple and morphologically complex words, and sketch how specific questions of morphological processing within the 2004 special issue on the mental lexicon fall under these categories. Finally, we discuss issues of construct, content and ecological validity within the field and what morphological processing can reveal about the association of form and meaning in the mind.


Asunto(s)
Lenguaje , Procesos Mentales , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Humanos , Aprendizaje
11.
Brain Lang ; 90(1-3): 143-50, 2004.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15172532

RESUMEN

In this paper we investigated the effects of configurational asymmetry in prefixed verbs in French. We used a simple lexical decision paradigm to compare prefixed verbs with external and internal prefixes as specified in linguistic theory (Di Sciullo, 1997) where external prefixes do not change the aktionsart and the verb argument structure of the verb, but internal prefixes do change the aktionsart and may change the verb argument structure of the verb. In Experiment 1 we tested the bi-valent prefix dé- where the configurational difference between external and internal properties of a prefix did not elicit differential response latencies. However, in Experiment 2, where unambiguous prefixes (internal en- and external ré-) were tested, the external prefix elicited longer latencies. These results are discussed with respect to the linguistic constraints the configurational properties of prefixes place upon psycholinguistic models of lexical access, as well as with respect to the effects of prefix bi-valence in the recognition of prefixed verbs.


Asunto(s)
Reconocimiento en Psicología , Semántica , Toma de Decisiones , Francia , Humanos , Psicolingüística , Tiempo de Reacción
12.
Brain Lang ; 90(1-3): 262-75, 2004.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15172544

RESUMEN

This study examines the processing of a specific linguistic distinction, the mass/count distinction, in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Fourteen AD and 10 MCI subjects were tested using a sentence grammaticality judgement task where grammaticality violations were caused by determiner-noun mismatches, as well as a sentence-picture matching task to assess their ability to access mass and count readings of dual nouns. Considerable heterogeneity was observed within each subject group, and performance across groups was almost identical. It is concluded that a combination of linguistic and attentional and/or learning factors are responsible for the range of impairments; specifically, a subset of subjects exhibit no linguistic nor attentional/learning impairment, another subset exhibit only an attentional and/or learning impairment but no linguistic impairment, and a third subset (comprising more than half of the subjects included in this study) exhibit a linguistic impairment. It is postulated that the latter group have difficulty processing sense extensions in metonymous nouns. It is further claimed that, at least within the limits of the study, language impairments can be of the same severity and nature across AD and MCI subjects.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/fisiopatología , Lingüística , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Atención , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Persona de Mediana Edad , Semántica
13.
Brain Lang ; 89(3): 611-6, 2004 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15120552

RESUMEN

The issue of regular-irregular past tense formation was examined in a cross-modal lexical decision task in Modern Greek, a language where the orthographic and phonological overlap between present and past tense stems is the same for both regular and irregular verbs. The experiment described here is a follow-up study of previous visual lexical decision experiments (Tsapkini, Kehayia, & Harema, 2002) that also addressed the regular-irregular distinction in Greek. In the present experiment, we investigated the effect of input modality in lexical processing and compared different types of regular and irregular verbs. In contrast to our previous intra-modal (visual-visual) priming experiments, in this cross-modal (auditory-visual) priming study, we found that regular verbs with an orthographically salient morphemic aspectual marker elicited the same facilitation as those without an orthographically salient marker. However, irregular verbs did not exhibit a different priming pattern with respect to modality. We interpret these results in the framework of a two-level lexical processing approach with modality-specific access representations at a surface level and modality-independent morphemic representations at a deeper level.


Asunto(s)
Psicolingüística , Percepción del Habla , Percepción Visual , Análisis de Varianza , Grecia , Humanos , Fonética
14.
Brain Lang ; 87(2): 311-22, 2003 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14585300

RESUMEN

This research addresses the issues of frequency and regularity in verb reading and their importance for the organization of the mental lexicon in DLI francophones. A reading task probes response latencies and response accuracy for DLI and control participants on frequent and infrequent inflected forms of verbs. DLI participants are slower at reading verbs even if their mean accuracy rates are higher than controls'. Results also indicate that the type of suffix on the verb affects controls and DLI participants differently in their accuracy rates: DLI participants exhibit higher error rates on less frequent inflections, while controls do not. Finally, unusual patterns are found for DLI participants on regular versus irregular verbs: regular verbs are slower to be read by DLI participants. These results are compared to findings from a previous simple lexical decision study. They are interpreted as indicating that DLI word reading patterns are qualitatively different from those evidenced by controls.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Lectura , Vocabulario , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tiempo de Reacción , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad
15.
Cortex ; 39(3): 383-403, 2003 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12870818

RESUMEN

In the present study, we investigated the on-line recognition of gender-marked lexical items by three aphasic patients and eighteen matched control participants, all native speakers of Polish. Polish is unique in that it allows investigating grammatical gender across the major categories of nouns and verbs. Patients and their controls were tested using a simple visual lexical decision paradigm in which gender, number and grammatical category were manipulated. Results show that, while response latencies were markedly slower for aphasic patients, gender did not yield differential results in either grammatical category, for both patients and control participants. Plural forms, on the other hand, showed significantly slower response latencies than singular forms in both brain-damaged and unimpaired participants, but only for nouns. We interpret these findings in terms of the inherent vs. contextual, i.e. underspecified, nature of gender and number in the two grammatical categories. This study suggests that while gender can be impaired in off-line performance in aphasia, on-line recognition patterns parallel the performance of non-brain-damaged individuals, confirming the preservation of access procedures in automatic word recognition.


Asunto(s)
Afasia/fisiopatología , Lenguaje , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Factores Sexuales , Conducta Verbal , Anciano , Afasia/psicología , Identidad de Género , Humanos , Masculino , Procesos Mentales/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Programación Neurolingüística , Psicolingüística , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Semántica
16.
Brain Lang ; 81(1-3): 2-11, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12081377

RESUMEN

This article presents an overview of current research on the mental lexicon, as it is represented by articles in the spring 2002 Special Issue of Brain and Language. We examine current findings in terms of language, task, and population effects associated with how words are presented and processed in the mind. We discuss how such mental representations may be linked to neurological instantiations and address the issue of ecological validity in the field. These discussions are organized in order to both provide an overview of the issues and to enable the reader to locate specific articles that bear on these issues. Finally, we present an organizational framework for the characterization of mental lexicon research within which challenges for advancement are isolated.


Asunto(s)
Cognición , Investigación/tendencias , Vocabulario , Predicción , Humanos
17.
Brain Lang ; 81(1-3): 103-19, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12081385

RESUMEN

The present study investigates the relationship between morphological regularity and form during lexical processing using a visual priming paradigm varying the prime duration. We addressed the effect of regularity on morphological facilitation in nouns and verbs by exploiting particular characteristics of a highly inflected language, Greek, in which it is possible to manipulate morphological regularity while controlling the degree of orthographic overlap between morphological relatives. The effects of morphological regularity were found to crucially depend on the time course of lexical access. Moreover, morphological regularity was found to affect nouns and verbs differentially. We interpret these findings with respect to the distinction between affix processing and allomorph retrieval and discuss the issues of form overlap and orthographic boundaries in morphological processing.


Asunto(s)
Cognición , Lingüística , Humanos , Lenguaje , Psicolingüística/métodos , Distribución Aleatoria , Tiempo de Reacción , Vocabulario
18.
Brain Lang ; 81(1-3): 487-500, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12081416

RESUMEN

This research addresses the issues of frequency and regularity in auditory verb recognition and their importance for the organization of the mental lexicon in DLI francophones. A primed auditory lexical decision task probes reaction times and response accuracy in DLI and control participants on frequent and infrequent, and regular and irregular, inflected forms of verbs. Results show no priming for inflectionally related forms as well as strong frequency effects in DLI participants. These findings lend additional support to the hypothesis that developmental language impairment is a deficit in lexical representation.


Asunto(s)
Cognición , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Lenguaje , Percepción del Habla , Vocabulario , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Pruebas del Lenguaje , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Semántica
19.
Brain Lang ; 81(1-3): 621-34, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12081427

RESUMEN

This study investigates the performance of two Italian nonfluent aphasic patients on noun-adjective agreement in compounds and in noun phrases. A completion, a reading, and a repetition task were administered. Results show that both patients were able to correctly inflect adjectives within compounds, but not in noun phrases. Moreover, they were sensitive to constituent order (noun-adjective vs adjective-noun) within noun phrases, but less so within compounds. These results suggest differential processing for compounds as compared to noun phrases: While the latter require standard morphosyntactic operations that are often impaired in aphasic patients, the former can be accessed as whole words at the lexical level.


Asunto(s)
Afasia de Broca/diagnóstico , Lenguaje , Neuropsicología/métodos , Vocabulario , Adulto , Dislexia Adquirida/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad
20.
Brain Lang ; 81(1-3): 649-65, 2002.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12081429

RESUMEN

This study investigates the processing of polymorphemic words in a highly inflected language, Bulgarian. The roles of semantic transparency, aspect, and bound or free root status in the recognition of aspectual verb forms were probed in the visual modality in a simple lexical decision and a masked priming experiment at a short SOA. Results from the two experiments yielded effects of semantic transparency and morphological complexity, demonstrating that both factors influence the recognition of prefixed aspectual forms in Bulgarian and pointing toward different access procedures. In contrast, the status of the root did not influence recognition patterns, suggesting that free-standing and bound roots are equivalent lexical units of access and representation in Bulgarian.


Asunto(s)
Lingüística , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Toma de Decisiones , Femenino , Humanos , Lenguaje , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Semántica , Vocabulario
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