Ferumoxytol-enhanced ultrashort TE MRA and quantitative morphometry of the human kidney vasculature.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of Quantitative Ultrashort-Time-to-Echo Contrast-Enhanced (QUTE-CE) MRA using ferumoxytol as a contrast agent for abdominal angiography in the kidney. METHODS: Four subjects underwent ferumoxytol-enhanced MRA with the 3D UTE Spiral VIBE WIP sequence at 3 T. Image quality metrics were quantified, specifically the blood Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), blood-tissue Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) and Intraluminal Signal Heterogeneity (ISH) from both the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC). Morphometric analysis of the vessels was performed using manual approach and semi-automatic approach using Vascular Modeling ToolKit (VMTK). Image quality and branching order were compared between QUTE-CE MRA and the Gadolinium (Gd) CEMRA reference image. RESULTS: QUTE-CE MRA provides a bright blood snapshot that delineates arteries and veins equally in the same scan. The maximum SNR and CNR values were 3,282 ± 1,218 and 1,295 ± 580, respectively - significantly higher than available literature values using other CEMRA techniques. QUTE-CE MRA had lower ISH and depicted higher vessel branching order (7th vs 3rd) within the kidney compared to a standard dynamic clinical Gd CEMRA scan. Morphometric analysis yielded quantitative results for the total kidney volume, total cyst volume and for diameters of the branching arterial network down to the 7th branch. Vessel curvature was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the presence of a renal cyst compared to equivalent vessels in normal kidney regions. CONCLUSION: QUTE-CE MRA is feasible for kidney angiography, providing greater detail of kidney vasculature, enabling quantitative morphometric analysis of the abdominal and intra-renal vessels and yielding metrics relevant to vascular diseases while using a contrast agent ferumoxytol that is safe for CKD patients.

Use of real-world data and evidence for medical devices: a qualitative study of key informant interviews.

INTRODUCTION: Health Canada is committed to the modernization of the use of real-world data (RWD) and evidence (RWE) to support regulatory decisions. As such, telephone interviews with stakeholders, including government decision makers, health technology assessment (HTA) producers, industry, and patients, to understand their experiences with and perspectives on how to enhance RWE use for medical devices were performed. METHODS: Thirty-four semi-structured telephone interviews with forty key informants were conducted. Transcripts were reviewed independently by one individual to identify, define, and categorize key concepts and were verified by a second reviewer. KEY FINDINGS: There are expectations for Health Canada to provide a framework and guidance on RWE use, identify relevant outcomes for data collection and criteria for data quality, conduct post-market surveillance more systematically, and partner with HTA organizations to develop methods for RWE generation. Stakeholders interviewed support the RWE use for regulatory decisions and HTA recommendations. Moreover, robust scientific methods for RWE generation will be critical to ensure that relevant questions are asked and rigorous statistical analyses are done to answer them. Patients are likely to consent to share their anonymized or de-identified medical information for nonprofit purposes. CONCLUSIONS: Key concepts from the interviews centered on the current and future RWE use for medical devices, considerations for the organizational, medical, scientific, and legal aspects and privacy issues of RWD collection or RWE generation, and options to implement the use of RWD and RWE. Our study findings will help inform the development of an RWE framework for regulatory decisions and HTA recommendations.

Factors associated with sleep duration across life stages: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. / Facteurs associés à la durée du sommeil à différentes étapes de la vie : résultats de l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep is essential for both physical and mental well-being. This study investigated sociodemographic, lifestyle/behavioural, environmental, psychosocial and health factors associated with sleep duration among Canadians at different life stages. METHODS: We analyzed nationally representative data from 12 174 Canadians aged 3-79 years in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2009-2013). Respondents were grouped into five life stages by age in years: preschoolers (3-4), children (5-13), youth (14-17), adults (18-64) and older adults (65-79). Sleep duration was classified into three categories (recommended, short and long) according to established guidelines. Logistic regression models were used to identify life stage-specific correlates of short and long sleep. RESULTS: The proportion of Canadians getting the recommended amount of sleep decreased with age, from 81% of preschoolers to 53% of older adults. Statistically significant factors associated with short sleep included being non-White and having low household income among preschoolers; being non-White and living in a lone-parent household among children; and second-hand smoke exposure among youth. Boys with a learning disability or an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sedentary male youth had significantly higher odds of short sleep. Among adults and older adults, both chronic stress and arthritis were associated with short sleep. Conversely, mood disorder and poor/fair self-perceived general health in adults and weak sense of community belonging in adults and older men were associated with long sleep. CONCLUSION: Our population-based study identified a wide range of factors associated with short and long sleep at different life stages. This may have implications for interventions aimed at promoting healthy sleep duration.

INTRODUCTION: Le sommeil est essentiel à la fois au bien-être physique et au bien-être mental. Cette étude a examiné les facteurs sociodémographiques, comportementaux, environnementaux, psychosociaux et les facteurs de santé associés à la durée du sommeil chez les Canadiens à différentes étapes de la vie. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons analysé des données de l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé (2009-2013), représentatives à l'échelle nationale et portant sur 12 174 Canadiens de 3 à 79 ans. En fonction de leur âge, les répondants ont été distribués en cinq groupes correspondant à cinq étapes de vie : les enfants préscolaires (3 et 4 ans), les enfants (5 à 13 ans), les adolescents (14 à 17 ans), les adultes (18 à 64 ans) et les aînés (65 à 79 ans). La durée du sommeil a été classée en trois catégories (recommandée, courte et longue) suivant les directives établies. Des modèles de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour dégager des corrélats d'une durée de sommeil courte ou longue propres à chaque étape de vie. RÉSULTATS: La proportion de Canadiens jouissant de la quantité recommandée de sommeil diminue avec l'âge, de 81 % chez les enfants préscolaires à 53 % chez les aînés. Les facteurs statistiquement significatifs associés à un sommeil court sont une ethnicité non blanche et un revenu familial faible chez les enfants préscolaires, une ethnicité non blanche et la résidence avec un seul parent chez les enfants et l'exposition à la fumée secondaire chez les adolescents. Les garçons ayant un trouble d'apprentissage ou un trouble du déficit de l'attention avec hyperactivité et les garçons adolescents sédentaires avaient des chances significativement plus élevées de connaître un sommeil court. Chez les adultes et les aînés, le stress chronique et l'arthrite ont été associés tous deux à un sommeil court. Le sommeil long a été quant à lui associé à un trouble de l'humeur et une autoperception d'une mauvaise santé générale ou passable chez les adultes et à un faible sens d'appartenance communautaire chez les adultes ainsi que chez les aînés de sexe masculin. CONCLUSION: Notre étude de population a dégagé une grande variété de facteurs associés à un sommeil court ou long à différentes étapes de la vie, ce qui pourrait jouer un rôle dans l'élaboration des interventions visant à promouvoir une durée de sommeil saine.

At-a-glance - Traumatic brain injury management in Canada: changing patterns of care. / Aperçu - Prise en charge des traumatismes crâniens au Canada : évolution des tendances en matière de soins.

INTRODUCTION: With growing awareness about traumatic brain injuries (TBI), there is limited information about population level patterns of TBI care in Canada. METHODS: We examined data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (years 2004, 2009, and 2014) among all respondents ages 12 years and older. TBI management characteristics examined included access to care within 48 hours of injury, point of care, hospital admission, and follow-up. RESULTS: We observed that many Canadians sought care within 48 hours of their injury, with no changes over time. We found a significant decline in the proportion of Canadians opting to visit an emergency department (p = 0.03, all ages), and a significant increase in youth opting to visit a doctor's office (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: TBIs are an important and growing health concern in Canada. Care for such injuries appears to have shifted towards the use of health care professionals outside the hospital environment, including primary care doctors.

INTRODUCTION: Malgré une plus grande sensibilisation aux traumatismes crâniens, nous disposons de peu de renseignements à l'échelle de la population sur les types de soins prodigués en lien avec les traumatismes crâniens au Canada. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons examiné les données de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (années 2005, 2009 et 2014) portant sur les répondants de 12 ans et plus. Les variables sélectionnées en lien avec la prise en charge des traumatismes crâniens ont été l'accès à des soins dans les 48 heures suivant la blessure, le point de service, l'admission à l'hôpital et les soins de suivi. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons constaté qu'un grand nombre de Canadiens avaient bénéficié de soins médicaux dans les 48 heures suivant leur blessure, sans changement dans cette proportion au fil du temps. Nous avons aussi observé un déclin significatif de la proportion de Canadiens ayant décidé de se rendre au service des urgences (p = 0,03, tous âges confondus) et une augmentation significative du nombre de jeunes ayant décidé de consulter un médecin (p < 0,01). CONCLUSION: Les traumatismes crâniens sont un problème de santé important et en augmentation au Canada. Ces blessures semblent de plus en plus être traitées par des professionnels de la santé en dehors des hôpitaux, en particulier par des médecins de première ligne.

Implementation of broad screening with Ebola rapid diagnostic tests in Forécariah, Guinea.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory-enhanced surveillance is critical for rapidly detecting the potential re-emergence of Ebola virus disease. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for Ebola antigens could expand diagnostic capacity for Ebola virus disease. OBJECTIVES: The Guinean National Coordination for Ebola Response conducted a pilot implementation to determine the feasibility of broad screening of patients and corpses with the OraQuick® Ebola RDT. METHODS: The implementation team developed protocols and trained healthcare workers to screen patients and corpses in Forécariah prefecture, Guinea, from 15 October to 30 November 2015. Data collected included number of consultations, number of fevers reported or measured, number of tests performed for patients or corpses and results of confirmatory RT-PCR testing. Data on malaria RDT results were collected for comparison. Feedback from Ebola RDT users was collected informally during supervision visits and forums. RESULTS: There were 3738 consultations at the 15 selected healthcare facilities; 74.6% of consultations were for febrile illness. Among 2787 eligible febrile patients, 2633 were tested for malaria and 1628 OraQuick® Ebola RDTs were performed. A total of 322 OraQuick® Ebola RDTs were conducted on corpses. All Ebola tests on eligible patients were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Access to Ebola testing was expanded by the implementation of RDTs in an emergency situation. Feedback from Ebola RDT users and lessons learned will contribute to improving quality for RDT expansion.

Measuring positive mental health in Canada: construct validation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. / Mesurer la santé mentale positive au Canada : validation des concepts du Continuum de santé mentale ­ Questionnaire abrégé.

INTRODUCTION: Positive mental health is increasingly recognized as an important focus for public health policies and programs. In Canada, the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) was identified as a promising measure to include on population surveys to measure positive mental health. It proposes to measure a three-factor model of positive mental health including emotional, social and psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the MHC-SF is an adequate measure of positive mental health for Canadian adults. METHODS: We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using data from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Mental Health Component (CCHS-MH), and cross-validated the model using data from the CCHS 2011-2012 annual cycle. We examined criterion-related validity through correlations of MHC-SF subscale scores with positively and negatively associated concepts (e.g. life satisfaction and psychological distress, respectively). RESULTS: We confirmed the validity of the three-factor model of emotional, social and psychological well-being through CFA on two independent samples, once four correlated errors between items on the social well-being scale were added. We observed significant correlations in the anticipated direction between emotional, psychological and social well-being scores and related concepts. Cronbach's alpha for both emotional and psychological well-being subscales was 0.82; for social well-being it was 0.77. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the MHC-SF measures a three-factor model of positive mental health in the Canadian population. However, caution is warranted when using the social well-being scale, which did not function as well as the other factors, as evidenced by the need to add several correlated error terms to obtain adequate model fit, a higher level of missing data on these questions and weaker correlations with related constructs. Social well-being is important in a comprehensive measure of positive mental health, and further research is recommended.

INTRODUCTION: La santé mentale positive est de plus en plus reconnue comme un élément central des politiques et des programmes en matière de santé publique. On a déterminé au Canada que le Continuum de santé mentale ­ Questionnaire abrégé (CSM-QA) constituait un outil de mesure prometteur qu'il fallait intégrer aux enquêtes d'évaluation de la santé mentale positive de la population. Ce questionnaire vise à évaluer un modèle à trois facteurs de santé mentale positive : le bien-être émotionnel, le bien-être social et le bienêtre psychologique. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer si le CSM-QA offre une mesure adéquate de la santé mentale positive des Canadiens adultes. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons réalisé une analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) à l'aide des données de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes ­ Santé mentale de 2012 (ESCC-SM). Nous avons également effectué une validation croisée du modèle à l'aide des données de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes ­ Composante annuelle (ESCC ­ Composante annuelle) de 2011-2012. Nous avons examiné la validité reliée à un critère dans le cadre d'analyses de corrélation entre les scores des sous-échelles du CSM-QA et les concepts positifs (comme la satisfaction à l'égard de la vie) et négatifs (comme la détresse psychologique) associés. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons confirmé la validité du modèle à trois facteurs du bien-être émotionnel, social et psychologique dans le cadre d'une AFC de deux échantillons distincts, et ce, après avoir intégré les quatre erreurs corrélées entre les questions relatives à l'échelle du bien-être social. Nous avons observé, comme prévu, des corrélations significatives entre le bien-être émotionnel, psychologique et social et les concepts associés. Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach était de 0,82 pour les sous-échelles du bien-être émotionnel et du bien-être psychologique et de 0,77 pour le bien-être social. CONCLUSION: Notre étude suggère que le CSM-QA permet de rendre compte du modèle à trois facteurs de la santé mentale positive de la population canadienne. Toutefois, la prudence est de mise lorsque l'on utilise l'échelle du bien-être social, qui ne s'est pas avérée aussi efficace que les autres facteurs, comme l'ont mis en évidence la nécessité d'ajouter plusieurs termes d'erreur corrélés afin d'obtenir un ajustement adéquat du modèle, le pourcentage plus élevé de données manquantes pour ces questions et les corrélations plus faibles avec les concepts connexes. Comme le bien-être social constitue un élément important d'une évaluation exhaustive de la santé mentale positive, la tenue d'autres recherches est recommandée.

Status report -- Childhood overweight and obesity in Canada: an integrative assessment. / Rapport d'étape -- Embonpoint et obésité chez les enfants au Canada : une évaluation globale.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a complex risk factor for chronic disease that is associated with a number of socioecological determinants. In this status report, we provide an overview of the socioecological framework that is now guiding our ongoing surveillance efforts in the area of childhood overweight and obesity. This framework considers individual risk and protective factors (sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial and early-life) through the lens of the life stage, levels of influence and environments in which these factors play a role. METHODS: Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Health Measures Survey, univariate and bivariate analyses were used to report on behavioural, psychosocial, and early life factors associated with excess weight among Canadian children. RESULTS: Estimates of early-life (e.g. breastfeeding), behavioural (e.g. physical activity), and psychosocial factors (e.g. sense of community) are presented as they relate to age group, sex, income adequacy and weight status. CONCLUSION: Building upon our recent reporting on trends in and sociodemographic factors associated with childhood obesity in Canada, this work illustrates the remaining risk and protective factors shown in our surveillance framework. This analysis supports the shift towards a holistic appraisal of determinants related to healthy weights.

INTRODUCTION: L'obésité est un facteur de risque complexe des maladies chroniques associé à un certain nombre de déterminants socioécologiques. Ce rapport d'étape fournit un aperçu du cadre socioécologique qui guide actuellement nos efforts de suivi de l'embonpoint et de l'obésité chez les enfants. Ce cadre intègre différents facteurs de risque et de protection (facteurs sociodémographiques, liés au mode de vie, psychosociaux et en début de vie) et tient compte de l'étape de vie, des niveaux d'influence et de l'environnement au sein desquels ces facteurs jouent un rôle. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons effectué des analyses univariées et bivariées fondées sur les données de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes et de l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé pour rendre compte des facteurs comportementaux, des facteurs psychosociaux et des facteurs en début de vie associés à un surplus de poids chez les enfants canadiens. RÉSULTATS: Les estimations liées aux facteurs en début de vie (p. ex. l'allaitement), aux facteurs comportementaux (p. ex. l'activité physique) et aux facteurs psychosociaux (p. ex. le sentiment d'appartenance à la collectivité) sont présentées en fonction du groupe d'âge, du sexe, de la suffisance du revenu et du poids. CONCLUSION: Cette étude, qui s'appuie sur notre publication récente sur les tendances en matière d'obésité chez les enfants au Canada et les facteurs sociodémographiques qui y sont associés, présente les facteurs de risque et de protection intégrés à notre cadre de surveillance. D'après notre analyse, une évaluation plus globale des déterminants associés au maintien d'un poids santé est nécessaire.

Notes from the Field: Baseline Assessment of the Use of Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests--Forécariah, Guinea, October-November 2015.

The Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in early 2014. The reemergence of Ebola and risk of ongoing, undetected transmission continues because of the potential for sexual transmission and other as yet unknown transmission pathways. On March 17, 2016, two new cases of Ebola in Guinea were confirmed by the World Health Organization. This reemergence of Ebola in Guinea is the first since the original outbreak in the country was declared over on December 29, 2015. The prefecture of Forécariah, in western Guinea, was considerably affected by Ebola in 2015, with an incidence rate of 159 cases per 100,000 persons. Guinea also has a high prevalence of malaria; in a nationwide 2012 survey, malaria prevalence was reported to be 44% among healthy children aged ≤5 years. Malaria is an important reason for seeking health care; during 2014, 34% of outpatient consultations were related to malaria.

Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network laboratory guidelines for the use of direct tests to detect syphilis in Canada.

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum and/or its nucleic acid can be detected by various methods such as microscopy, rabbit infectivity test or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The rabbit infectivity test for T. pallidum, although very sensitive, has been discontinued from most laboratories due to ethical issues related to the need for animal inoculation with live T. pallidum, the technically demanding procedure and long turnaround time for results, thus making it impractical for routine diagnostic use. Dark-field and phase-contrast microscopy are still useful at clinic- or hospital-based laboratories for near-bedside detection of T. pallidum in genital, skin or mucous lesions although their availability is decreasing. The lack of reliable and specific anti-T. pallidum antibodies and its inferior sensitivity to PCR may explain why the direct fluorescent antibody test for T. pallidum is not widely available for clinical use. Immunohistochemical staining for T. pallidum also depends on the availability of specific antibodies, and the method is only applicable for histopathological examination of biopsy and autopsy specimens necessitating an invasive specimen collection approach. With recent advances in molecular diagnostics, PCR is considered to be the most reliable, versatile and practical for laboratories to implement. In addition to being an objective and sensitive test for direct detection of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum DNA in skin and mucous membrane lesions, the resulting PCR amplicons from selected gene targets can be further characterized for antimicrobial (macrolide) susceptibility testing, strain typing and identification of T. pallidum subspecies.

Diverses méthodes, telles que la microscopie, le test d'infectivité du lapin et la réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (PCR), permettent de déceler le Treponema pallidum sous-espèce pallidum et/ou son acide nucléique. Même s'il est très sensible, le test d'infectivité du lapin n'est plus utilisé dans la plupart des laboratoires pour déceler le T. pallidum. En effet, des raisons éthiques liées à la nécessité d'inoculer le T. pallidum vivant à l'animal, l'intervention exigeante sur le plan technique et la longue attente avant d'obtenir les résultats le rendent peu pratique pour un usage diagnostique régulier. Dans les laboratoires des cliniques ou des hôpitaux, la microscopie à fond noir et la microscopie à contraste de phase contribuent toujours à déceler le T. pallidum dans les lésions génitales, cutanées ou muqueuses près du chevet du patient, mais elles sont de moins en moins offertes. Le test d'immunofluorescence directe est peu utilisé pour diagnostiquer le T. pallidum en milieu clinique, peut-être en raison de l'absence d'anticorps anti-T. pallidum fiables et spécifiques et de sa faible sensibilité par rapport au PCR. La coloration immunohistochimique du T. pallidum dépend également de la présence d'anticorps spécifiques, et la méthode est applicable seulement à l'examen histopathologique des prélèvements invasifs de biopsies et d'autopsies. Étant donné les progrès récents des diagnostics moléculaires, la PCR est considérée comme le test le plus fiable, le plus polyvalent et le plus pratique à utiliser en laboratoire. Le PCR est objectif et spécifique pour la détection directe de l'ADN du Treponema pallidum sous-espèce pallidum dans les lésions de la peau et des muqueuses ; ses amplicons provenant de cibles géniques précises peuvent être caractérisés en vue de tests de susceptibilité antimicrobienne (aux macrolides), du typage des souches et du dépistage des sousespèces de T. pallidum.

Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network laboratory guidelines for congenital syphilis and syphilis screening in pregnant women in Canada.

Despite universal access to screening for syphilis in all pregnant women in Canada, cases of congenital syphilis have been reported in recent years in areas experiencing a resurgence of infectious syphilis in heterosexual partnerships. Antenatal screening in the first trimester continues to be important and should be repeated at 28 to 32 weeks and again at delivery in women at high risk of acquiring syphilis. The diagnosis of congenital syphilis is complex and is based on a combination of maternal history and clinical and laboratory criteria in both mother and infant. Serologic tests for syphilis remain important in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis and are complicated by the passive transfer of maternal antibodies which can affect the interpretation of reactive serologic tests in the infant. All infants born to mothers with reactive syphilis tests should have nontreponemal tests (NTT) and treponemal tests (TT) performed in parallel with the mother's tests. A fourfold or higher titre in the NTT in the infant at delivery is strongly suggestive of congenital infection but the absence of a fourfold or greater NTT titre does not exclude congenital infection. IgM tests for syphilis are not currently available in Canada and are not recommended due to poor performance. Other evaluation in the newborn infant may include long bone radiographs and cerebrospinal fluid tests but all suspect cases should be managed in conjunction with sexually transmitted infection and/or pediatric experts.

Même si toutes les femmes du Canada ont accès au test de dépistage de la syphilis, des cas de syphilis congénitale ont été déclarés ces dernières années dans des régions où l'on constate une résurgence de la syphilis infectieuse chez des partenaires hétérosexuels. Il est toujours important de procéder à un dépistage anténatal pendant le premier trimestre, de le reprendre entre 28 et 32 semaines de grossesse, puis à l'accouchement chez les femmes très vulnérables à la syphilis. Le diagnostic de syphilis congénitale est complexe. Il repose sur l'histoire de la mère ainsi que sur des critères cliniques et des critères de laboratoire à la fois chez la mère et le nourrisson. Les tests sérologiques de la syphilis s'imposent toujours pour diagnostiquer la syphilis congénitale, mais ils sont compliqués par le transfert passif des anticorps maternels qui peut nuire à l'interprétation des résultats réactifs chez le nourrisson. Tous les nourrissons nés d'une mère dont les tests de syphilis sont réactifs devraient subir des tests non tréponomiques (TNT) et des tests tréponomiques (TT) conjointement aux tests de la mère. Un titrage du TNT au moins quatre fois plus élevé que la normale chez le nourrisson à l'accouchement est fortement évocateur d'une infection congénitale, mais l'absence d'un tel résultat n'en exclut pas la possibilité. Les tests d'IgM pour déceler la syphilis ne sont pas offerts au Canada. Ils ne sont pas recommandés en raison de leurs piètres résultats. Parmi les autres évaluations du nouveau-né, soulignons les radiographies des os longs et les tests du liquide céphalorachidien, mais il faut prendre en charge tous les cas présumés conjointement avec des pédiatres ou des spécialistes des infections transmises sexuellement.

Demographic changes and trends in risk behaviours, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Bangalore, India involved in a focused HIV preventive intervention.

The primary objectives of this study were to assess the changing demographic characteristics of female sex workers (FSWs) in the urban Bangalore district, India, and trends in programme coverage, HIV/sexually transmitted infection prevalence rates and condom use. Cross-sectional, integrated behavioural and biological assessments of FSWs were conducted in 2006, 2009 and 2011. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to describe trends over time. The results indicate the mean age of initiation into sex work has increased (26.9 years in 2006 vs 27.6 years in 2011, p<0.01), a higher proportion of FSWs reported being in 'stable' relationships in 2011 (70.2% vs 43.2% in 2006, p<0.01) and having conducted sex work outside the district in the past 6 months (10.0% in 2011 vs 16.0% in 2006 p=0.01). There was an increase in the proportion of FSWs using cellphones to solicit clients (4.4% in 2006 vs 57.5% in 2011, p<0.01) and their homes for sex work (61.4% in 2006 vs 77.8% in 2011, p<0.01). Reactive syphilis prevalence declined (12.6% in 2006 to 4% in 2011, p=0.02), as did high-titre syphilis prevalence (9.5% in 2006 to 2.5% in 2011, p=0.01). HIV prevalence declined but not significantly (12.7% in 2006 and 9.3% in 2011, p=0.39). Condom use remained above 90% increasing significantly among repeat (paying) clients (66.6% in 2006 to 93.6% in 2011, p<0.01). However, condom use remained low with non-paying partners when compared with occasional paying partners (17.6% vs 97.2% in 2011, p<0.01). Given the changing dynamics in the FSW population at multiple levels, there is a need to develop and customise strategies to meet local needs.

The prevalence of human papillomavirus and its impact on cervical dysplasia in Northern Canada.

INTRODUCTION: Certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are sexually transmitted and highly associated with development of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer but the distribution of HPV infection in the North, particularly amongst First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples, is little known. The purposes of the study are to identify the prevalence of type-specific HPV infections and the association of different HPV types with cervical dysplasia among women in Northern Canada. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with attendants of the routine or scheduled Pap testing program in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Nunavut, Labrador and Yukon, Canada. Approximately half of each sample was used for Pap test and the remaining was used for HPV genotyping using a Luminex-based method. Pap test results, HPV types, and demographic information were linked for analyses. RESULTS: Results from 14,598 specimens showed that HPV infection was approximately 50% higher among the Aboriginal than the non-Aboriginal population (27.6% vs. 18.5%). Although the most common HPV type detected was HPV 16 across region, the prevalence of other high risk HPV types was different. The age-specific HPV prevalence among Aboriginal showed a 'U' shape which contrasted to non-Aboriginal. The association of HPV infection with cervical dysplasia was similar in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations. CONCLUSIONS: The HPV prevalence was higher in Northern Canada than in other Areas in Canada. The prevalence showed a higher rate of other high risk HPV infections but no difference of HPV 16/18 infections among Aboriginal in comparison with non-Aboriginal women. This study provides baseline information on HPV prevalence that may assist in surveillance and evaluation systems to track and assess HPV vaccine programs.

Patterns and trends in Pakistan's heterogeneous HIV epidemic.

BACKGROUND: Considerable HIV transmission occurs among injection drug users (IDUs) in Pakistan and recently the HIV prevalence has been increasing among male (MSW), hijra (transgender; HSW) and female (FSW) sex workers. We describe past and estimate future patterns of HIV emergence among these populations in several cities in Pakistan. METHODS: The density of these key populations per 1000 adult men was calculated using 2011 mapping data from Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Larkana, Peshawar and Quetta, and surveillance data were used to assess bridging between these key populations. We used the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package model to estimate and project HIV epidemics among these key populations in Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad and Larkana. RESULTS: The density and bridging of key populations varied across cities. Lahore had the largest FSW population (11.5/1000 adult men) and the smallest IDU population (1.7/1000 adult men). Quetta had the most sexual and drug injection bridging between sex workers and IDUs (6.7%, 7.0% and 3.8% of FSW, MSW and HSW, respectively, reported injecting drugs). Model evidence suggests that by 2015 HIV prevalence is likely to reach 17-22% among MSWs/HSWs in Karachi, 44-49% among IDUs in Lahore and 46-66% among IDUs in Karachi. Projection suggests the prevalence may reach as high as 65-75% among IDUs in Faisalabad by 2025. HIV prevalence is also estimated to increase among FSWs, particularly in Karachi and Larkana. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to closely monitor regional and subpopulation epidemic patterns and implement prevention programmes customised to local epidemics.

A Protocol for the secure linking of registries for HPV surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: In order to monitor the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in Canada the linkage of multiple data registries may be required. These registries may not always be managed by the same organization and, furthermore, privacy legislation or practices may restrict any data linkages of records that can actually be done among registries. The objective of this study was to develop a secure protocol for linking data from different registries and to allow on-going monitoring of HPV vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: A secure linking protocol, using commutative hash functions and secure multi-party computation techniques was developed. This protocol allows for the exact matching of records among registries and the computation of statistics on the linked data while meeting five practical requirements to ensure patient confidentiality and privacy. The statistics considered were: odds ratio and its confidence interval, chi-square test, and relative risk and its confidence interval. Additional statistics on contingency tables, such as other measures of association, can be added using the same principles presented. The computation time performance of this protocol was evaluated. RESULTS: The protocol has acceptable computation time and scales linearly with the size of the data set and the size of the contingency table. The worse case computation time for up to 100,000 patients returned by each query and a 16 cell contingency table is less than 4 hours for basic statistics, and the best case is under 3 hours. DISCUSSION: A computationally practical protocol for the secure linking of data from multiple registries has been demonstrated in the context of HPV vaccine initiative impact assessment. The basic protocol can be generalized to the surveillance of other conditions, diseases, or vaccination programs.

Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination and sexual experience prior to disclosure to health care providers among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: implications for targeted vaccination programs.

BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) may benefit from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine due to increased risk for HPV infection and related disease. We assessed HPV vaccine acceptability and sexual experience prior to disclosure to Health Care Providers (HCP) to understand implications of targeted vaccination strategies for MSM. METHODS: From July 2008 to February 2009, 1169 MSM aged ≥19 years were recruited at community venues in Vancouver. We assessed key variables from a self-administered questionnaire and independent predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 1041 respondents, 697 (67.0%) were willing to receive HPV vaccine and 71.3% had heard of HPV. Significant multivariate predictors of higher vaccine acceptability were (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]): previous diagnosis of genital warts (1.7 [1.1, 2.6]), disclosure of sexual behavior to HCP (1.6 [1.1, 2.3]), annual income at least $20,000 (1.5 [1.1, 2.1]), previous hepatitis A or B vaccination (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]), and no recent recreational drug use (1.4 [1.0, 2.0]). Most MSM (78.7%) had disclosed sexual behavior to HCP and median time from first sexual contact with males to disclosure was 6.0 years (IQR 2-14 years); for men ≤26 years these were 72.0% and 3.0 years (IQR 1-8 years) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Willingness to receive HPV vaccine was substantial among MSM in Vancouver; however, acceptability varied by demographics, risk, and health history. HPV vaccine programs delivered by HCP would offer limited benefit given the duration of time from sexual debut to disclosure to HCP.

Estimation of the burden of disease and costs of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Rates of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in Canada have been increasing since the mid-1990s. We sought to estimate the burden of CT in this population. METHODS: We developed an age- and sex-structured mathematical model parameterized to reproduce trends in CT prevalence between 1991 and 2009 in the Canadian population aged 10 to 39 years. Costs were identified, measured, and valued using a modified societal perspective and converted to year 2009 Canadian dollars. Cost-effectiveness of the implemented policy of enhanced screening for asymptomatic infections was estimated by comparison with model-projected trends in the absence of increased screening. Main outcome measures were current net cost and burden of illness attributable to CT infection, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: Under base case model assumptions, there was a trend of increasing detection of CT cases (due to increases in screening), despite an underlying stabilization of actual CT infections. Average estimated costs associated with CT infection over this period were $51.4 million per year. Costs of screening and treatment of asymptomatic infections as a proportion of total CT costs were estimated to have increased over time, whereas costs of long-term sequelae associated with untreated infections declined over the same period. Compared with no change in screening, enhanced screening was estimated to be highly cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $2910 per quality-adjusted life year. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increases in screening, the economic burden of CT in Canada remains high. Further investigation of trends in chlamydia-associated complications is required to better understand the impact of screening on incidence.

Genital herpes in Canada: Deciphering the hidden epidemic.

INTRODUCTION: Genital herpes (GH) is the most common cause of genital ulceration, but is not reportable in Canada. Research in the United States has found that less than 10% of seropositive persons reported a diagnosis of GH. The present article investigates the rates of diagnosed cases of GH in Canada from 2002 to 2007. METHODS: Primary case diagnosis data on GH for the period between 2002 and 2007 were obtained from the Canadian Disease and Therapeutic Index, a proprietary database maintained by Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) Health Canada. Of the 45,000 to 49,000 office-based physicians in Canada, IMS Health collected diagnosis-specific prescription diaries from a sample of 652, stratified according to geographic region and representing all major specialties, during this period. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2007, there were approximately 84,398 to 122,456 medically attended GH cases annually in Canada. Approximately 74% to 93% of these diagnosed cases made one physician visit per year. The annual rate of medically attended GH cases ranged from 261.2 per 100,000 population to 386.6 per 100,000 population. DISCUSSION: The present report is the first time that administrative data have been used to estimate the annual rate of medically attended GH cases in Canada. The data include both incident and prevalent cases and are likely an underestimate of the actual number of cases because they only represent diagnosed cases presenting for medical care. Further seroepidemiological and clinical research studies would be helpful to assess the burden of infection and to plan appropriate diagnostic, treatment and preventive counselling services. INTRODUCTION: Genital herpes (GH) is the most common cause of genital ulceration, but is not reportable in Canada. Research in the United States has found that less than 10% of seropositive persons reported a diagnosis of GH. The present article investigates the rates of diagnosed cases of GH in Canada from 2002 to 2007. METHODS: Primary case diagnosis data on GH for the period between 2002 and 2007 were obtained from the Canadian Disease and Therapeutic Index, a proprietary database maintained by Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) Health Canada. Of the 45,000 to 49,000 office-based physicians in Canada, IMS Health collected diagnosis-specific prescription diaries from a sample of 652, stratified according to geographic region and representing all major specialties, during this period. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2007, there were approximately 84,398 to 122,456 medically attended GH cases annually in Canada. Approximately 74% to 93% of these diagnosed cases made one physician visit per year. The annual rate of medically attended GH cases ranged from 261.2 per 100,000 population to 386.6 per 100,000 population. DISCUSSION: The present report is the first time that administrative data have been used to estimate the annual rate of medically attended GH cases in Canada. The data include both incident and prevalent cases and are likely an underestimate of the actual number of cases because they only represent diagnosed cases presenting for medical care. Further seroepidemiological and clinical research studies would be helpful to assess the burden of infection and to plan appropriate diagnostic, treatment and preventive counselling services.

INTRODUCTION: L'herpès génital (HG) est la principale cause d'ulcération génitale, mais il n'est pas à déclaration obligatoire au Canada. D'après des recherches menées aux États-Unis, moins de 10 % des personnes séropositives ont déclaré un diagnostic d'HG. Le présent article porte sur le taux de cas d'HG diagnostiqués au Canada entre 2002 et 2007. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont obtenu les données diagnostiques des cas primaires d'HG entre 2002 et 2007 dans l'Index canadien des maladies et traitements, une base de données commerciale qu'exploite Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) Health Canada. Pendant cette période, IMS Health a colligé les carnets de prescriptions propres aux diagnostics auprès d'un échantillon de 652 des 45 000 à 49 000 médecins en pratique privée du Canada, stratifié selon la région géographique et représentant toutes les grandes spécialités. RÉSULTATS: Entre 2002 et 2007, on a recensé chaque année de 84 398 à 122 456 cas d'HG suivis par un médecin au Canada. De 74 % à 93 % de ces cas diagnostiqués rendaient visite au médecin une fois par année. Le taux annuel de cas d'HG suivis par un médecin oscillait entre 261,2 personnes sur 100 000 habitants et 386,6 personnes sur 100 000 habitants. EXPOSÉ: On expose pour la première fois, dans le présent rapport, le recours à des données administratives pour évaluer le taux annuel de cas d'HP suivis par un médecin au Canada. Les données incluent à la fois les cas incidents et prévalents et, selon toute probabilité, elles sous-évaluent le véritable nombre de cas, car elles représentent seulement les cas diagnostiqués qui consultent pour obtenir des soins médicaux. Il serait utile de mener d'autres projets de recherche systématiques, nationaux, séroépidémiologiques et cliniques pour évaluer le fardeau de l'infection et planifier des services diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et préventifs pertinents.