A comprehensive dataset of annotated oral cavity images for diagnosis of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to address the critical gap of unavailability of publicly accessible oral cavity image datasets for developing machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer (OCA) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), with a particular focus on the high prevalence and delayed diagnosis in Asia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following ethical approval and informed written consent, images of the oral cavity were obtained from mobile phone cameras and clinical data was extracted from hospital records from patients attending to the Dental Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. After data management and hosting, image categorization and annotations were done by clinicians using a custom-made software tool developed by the research team. RESULTS: A dataset comprising 3000 high-quality, anonymized images obtained from 714 patients were classified into four distinct categories: healthy, benign, OPMD, and OCA. Images were annotated with polygonal shaped oral cavity and lesion boundaries. Each image is accompanied by patient metadata, including age, sex, diagnosis, and risk factor profiles such as smoking, alcohol, and betel chewing habits. CONCLUSION: Researchers can utilize the annotated images in the COCO format, along with the patients' metadata, to enhance ML and AI algorithm development.

Morphometric analysis of maxillary arch dimensions using Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT).

Knowledge of morphology of the maxillary arch is important in many spacialities of dentistry. This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using 109 randomly selected maxillary CBCT images of patients in the age range of 18-60 from the archives in Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. EzDent software was used for measurements. Measurements related to the width were acquired from coronal sections while the measurements related to antero-posterior dimensions were performed on axial sections. A majority had an oval shaped maxillary arch (64.8%) followed by V shaped one.(29.2%). The mean height of the alveolar ridge at the upper canine position was 8.9 mm and the mean height of the alveolar ridge at the first molar level was 20.1 mm. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare measurements of variables between males and females. Difference in the height of alveolar ridge at the junction of soft and hard palate, width of the alveolar ridge at the canine, first molar and second molar and also the antero-posterior distance of the arch at the inter canine distance and junction between the hard and soft palate were statistically significant. Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the differences between age groups. Chisquare values didnot indicate significant differences of measurements according to the age group of the participants. In conclusion, there is a significant difference in all maxillary arch parameters between the different genders. No significant differences in arch parameters were observed among the different age groups.

Areca Nut Chewing: Initiation, Addiction, and Harmful Effects Emphasizing the Barriers and Importance of Cessation.

Areca nut is a highly addictive substance with carcinogenic properties and causes many harmful effects to the human body. Alkaloids are the major chemicals found in areca nut, and their mechanism of action has been studied for several years. About 600 million people around the world use areca nut, and its usage is higher in Asian countries. Areca nut chewers get used to the habit mainly due to social influence, stress, or lack of awareness. Some studies have reported a dependence syndrome related to areca nut chewing. Even though there are many ongoing research studies regarding tobacco addiction, less concern has been given to the areca nut addiction. There are only few studies related to areca nut cessation, and even those few cessation programs are mainly designed using tobacco cessation methodology. Sociocultural influence, behavioral factors, and accessibility are the main barriers to cessation. Behavior changing interventions proved to be more effective in areca nut cessation, but recently studies on pharmacological therapies are also emerging.

Morphometric analysis of infraorbital foramen using cone beam computed tomography in a cohort of Sri Lankan adults / Análisis morfométrico del foramen infraorbitario mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico en una cohorte de adultos de Sri Lanka

SUMMARY: Infraorbital foramen (IOF) located bilaterally within the maxillary bone about 1 cm inferior to the infraorbital margin is a vital landmark when delivering local anesthesia and during surgical interventions in the midface region. A total of 122 infraorbital foramina in 61 cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 32 females and 29 males in the age range of 17 to 32 were analyzed to determine the shape, direction, presence of accessory foramina, size and the precise position of IOF in relation to the inferior orbital margin (IOM), maxillary midline (MM), lateral nasal wall (LNW), alveolus (ALV) and maxillary teeth in a group of Sri Lankan people. The IOF was oval in shape (80.3 % and 88.5 % on the right and left side, respectively) in a majority of individuals. The infraorbital foramina were located at a mean distance of 5.56 ± 3.95 and 4.91 ± 2.08 mm, below the IOM on the right and left side, 27.13 ± 2.6 and 26.99 ± 2.73 on the right and left side from the mid maxillary line, 11.96 ± 3.45 mm and 12.18 ± 3.35 from the LNW on the right and left side and 29.59 ± 3.59 and 29.65 ± 3.28 above the alveolar crest on the right and left side. There were no statistically significant differences between the left and right sides or between sexes. Majority of IOF (37.5 % and 55.9 % on the right and left side, respectively) were located in the vertical plane passing though the maxillary second premolar tooth.

RESUMEN: El foramen infraorbitario (FIO) ubicado bilateralmente dentro de la maxila, aproximadamente 1 cm inferior al margen infraorbitario, es un punto de referencia vital cuando se administra anestesia local y durante intervenciones quirúrgicas en la región media de la cara. Se analizaron un total de 122 forámenes infraorbitarios en 61 imágenes de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) de 32 mujeres y 29 hombres en un rango etario de 17 a 32 años para determinar la forma, dirección, presencia de forámenes accesorios, tamaño y posición precisa de FIO en relación con el mar- gen orbitario inferior (MOI), la línea mediana maxilar (MM), la pared nasal lateral (PNL), el alvéolo (ALV) y los dientes maxilares en un grupo de personas de Sri Lanka. En la mayoría de los adultos se observó que el FIO tenía forma ovalada (80,3 % y 88,5 % en el lado derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente) Los forámenes infraorbitarios se ubicaron a una distancia media de 5,56 ± 3,95 y 4,91 ± 2,08 mm, por debajo del MOI en los lados derecho e izquierdo; 27,13 ± 2,6 y 26,99 ± 2,73 en el lado derecho e izquierdo desde la línea maxilar mediana, 11,96 ± 3,45 mm y 12,18 ± 3,35 de la PNL en el lado derecho e izquierdo y 29,59 ± 3,59 y 29,65 ± 3,28 por encima de la cresta alveolar en los lados derecho e izquierdo. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los lados izquierdo y derecho o entre sexos. La mayoría de IOF (37,5 % y 55,9 % en el lado derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente) se ubicaron en el plano vertical que pasa por el segundo premolar maxilar.

Validity of Toluidine Blue test as a diagnostic tool for high risk oral potentially malignant disorders- a multicentre study in Sri Lanka.

INTRODUCTION: - Early detection plays a major role to reduce the mortality of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Many adjunctive techniques have emerged with claims of differentiating high risk oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) from benign lesions. Toluidine blue (TB) test has been established as a diagnostic adjunct in detecting high risk OPMDs and early asymptomatic OSCCs. As majority of OSCC are preceded by OPMDs, recognition of them at an early stage is important in the management of this devastating disease. METHODS: -This study was conducted as a multi-center study prospectively for a period of 2 years. Sixty five patients presented with OPMDs were selected and TB test was performed followed by a biopsy for histopathological confirmation. Criterion validity was assessed with histological diagnosis of the incisional biopsy of the OPMD as a gold standard test verses TB test results. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the TB test was 68.3% and the specificity 63.1% with a false positive rate of 36.8% and false negative rate of 31.7%. However, the predictive value of the positive test was 80%. CONCLUSION: - TB testing might be a potential adjunct diagnostic aid in identifying high risk OPMDs. Further studies with extensive sample size and different demographics are needed to validate our findings.

Oropharyngeal epignathus with partial facial duplication: report of a rare case.

Foetal oral teratoma or epignathus is a rare benign condition that originates in the oropharyngeal region. The term 'teratoma' refers to a mass composed of poorly organized tissues derived from each of the three germ layers. Epignathus may occur when one twin ceases development during gestation and becomes vestigial to the fully formed dominant twin. The reported incidence of epignathus is approximately 1:35,000 to 1:200,000 live births. A unique case of partial facial duplication with gross histological and radiological evidence of partial duplication of the facial elements and organs is presented herein. The affected newborn baby underwent urgent surgery due to breathing difficulties. The mass was excised successfully and the infant made an uneventful recovery. The resected specimen included two developing faces, each composed of a developing mandible and maxilla with developing tooth buds. Tissues from all three germ layers were present. In such cases, the treatment option is exclusively surgical, and complete resection is curative in most cases during the early neonatal period.

Unilateral Cervical Lymphadenopathy due to Cladosporium oxysporum: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Phaeohyphomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Dermatiacae group of fungi, by Cladosporium spp. The term phaeohyphomycosis was introduced by Ajello et al. in 1974 to designate infections by brown pigmented filamentous fungi. Cladosporium oxysporum is a very rare etiological agent in humans. Phaeohyphomycosis of the cervical lymph node in an immunocompetent individual is a very rare clinical entity. To the best of our knowledge we report the first case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum in the absence of other systemic manifestations in a 16-year-old male.

Level of awareness of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders among medical and dental undergraduates.

The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral cancer among medical and dental students of the University of Peradeniya. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used among 1006 students. Majority were medical students (74.3%), females (60.5%), and in the second year (25.2%). About 54% of respondents had poor knowledge. Dental students had a significantly higher knowledge and female students showed greater awareness. About 90% of medical students had never examined a patient with OPMD, and 79.5% of them had not examined one with oral cancer. Medical undergraduates must receive adequate education about OPMD and cancer.

A Case Report on Oral Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis.

Dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection affecting human. The natural hosts for this nematode are animals such as dogs, cats, foxes, jackals, and raccoons. This disease is endemic in South Eastern United States, Australia, Europe, and Central and Southern Asia. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the common mosquito borne filarial nematodes that cause infection. Several species of mosquitos including Mansonia uniformis, M. annulifera, and Aedes aegypti are the potential vectors for this disease in Sri Lanka. Two rare cases of dirofilariasis presenting as facial and intraoral lumps are presented.