Impact of Dietary Intake and Habits on Subjective Voice and Laryngeal Mucosal Diseases: Analysis From Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey Between 2008 and 2021.

OBJECTIVES: Dysphonia negatively affects social communication, leading to reduced quality of life. Comprehensive research on dysphonia and laryngeal mucosal diseases using large-scale epidemiological data is lacking. Therefore, we investigated how dietary and habitual factors influence dysphonia and laryngeal mucosal diseases using data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study included individuals aged 19 years and older who both underwent laryngoscopic examinations and completed a dysphonia survey. Dietary and habitual factors and results of the laryngoscopic examinations were collected. Risk factors for dysphonia and laryngeal mucosal diseases were identified. RESULTS: The weighted frequency of dysphonia and laryngeal mucosal diseases was 6.4% and 6.0%, respectively. In univariable analyses for dysphonia, sex, body weight change, alcohol ingestion, and various minerals and vitamins showed statistically significant associations. However, in the multivariable analysis, only age, body weight, female sex, and vitamin A intake were significantly associated with dysphonia. Age, body weight, body mass index, sex, smoking, amount of sodium intake, and alcohol intake were associated with laryngeal mucosal diseases in the univariable analyses, but in the multivariable analysis, only age, smoking, and amount of niacin intake were significant factors. CONCLUSIONS: In this large-scale epidemiological analysis, subjective dysphonia and laryngeal mucosal diseases had different frequencies and risk factors. Age was a risk factor for both dysphonia and mucosal diseases, but smoking was only a risk factor for laryngeal mucosal diseases. Diet types, calories, and water and alcohol intake were not significant risk factors for either laryngeal mucosal diseases or dysphonia.

Prevalence and risk factors of postoperative laryngeal edema in patients undergoing neck dissection.

PURPOSE: Postoperative laryngeal edema (PLE) is a common complication in patients undergoing head and neck surgery, leading to symptoms such as odynophagia, dysphagia, or potential airway obstruction. However, the prevalence and risk factors of PLE in patients undergoing neck dissection (ND) have not been well investigated. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in three steps. Initially, a pilot study of 50 consecutive ND patients revealed a preliminary PLE prevalence of 0.34. Then, the medical records of an additional 295 ND patients were reviewed to estimate the prevalence of PLE with a total width of 95% confidence interval (CI) of ± 5%. Finally, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for PLE (n = 343). RESULTS: PLE occurred in 29.4% [95%CI 24.4-34.4%] of patients undergoing any type of ND, with the most common symptoms of odynophagia (75.0%) and dyspnea (11.1%). Hospital stay was just one day longer in PLE patients, responding well with short-term steroid treatment (p = 0.0057). In multivariable analyses, no significant association was found between PLE occurrence and airway management. However, body mass index and the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification correlated with PLE. More importantly, surgery for oro-hypopharynx or supraglottis tumors (odds ratio, OR = 3.019, [95%CI 1.166-7.815]) and lymph node level 2(3) ND (OR = 4.214 to 5.279, [95%CI 1.160-20.529]) were significant risk factors for PLE. CONCLUSIONS: PLE developed in approximately 30% of ND patients, causing uncomfortable symptoms. Early diagnosis and intervention of PLE in high-risk patients can improve patient care and outcomes.

Clinical Outcomes in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus: A Comparative Analysis of Treatment Modalities.

This study aimed to present the treatment patterns and outcomes for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Sixty-one sinonasal ACC patients were retrospectively reviewed: 31 (50.8%) underwent surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy (S+PORT), and 30 (49.2%) received definitive radiation therapy (D(C)RT). T4 disease was significantly more frequent in the D(C)RT group (25.8% vs. 80.0%, p < 0.001), where all T4b disease patients underwent D(C)RT. The 5-year local failure-free survival (LFFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival were 61.8% versus 37.8% (p = 0.003), 64.8% versus 38.1% (p = 0.036), 52.6% versus 19.3% (p = 0.010), and 93.2% versus 73.4% (p = 0.001) in the S+PORT and D(C)RT groups, respectively. The absolute differences in 5-year rates of LFFS, DMFS, and PFS between the two groups were smaller in the T3-4 subgroup. The univariate analysis showed that T4b disease, neurologic symptoms, longest diameter of tumor, radiological evidence of nerve involvement, and undergoing D(C)RT were associated with worse clinical outcomes, but the significance disappeared in the multivariate analysis, except for in the case of radiological evidence of nerve involvement. In conclusion, most patients with extensive disease underwent upfront D(C)RT and generally exhibited inferior clinical outcomes when compared to those with less extensive disease and who underwent S+PORT.

Extra-Capsular Spread of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral, Oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Comparative Subsite Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The extra-capsular spread (ECS) of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a hallmark of aggressive primary tumor phenotype in head and neck cancer (HNC); however, the factors influencing ECS are poorly understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study, including 190 cases of oral tongue cancer (OTC), 148 cases of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) (118 HPV-positive and 30 HPV-negative), and 100 cases of hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). Tumor dimension, tumor biological variables (lymphovascular/perineural invasion and histologic grade), and LNM variables (LNM number and size) were analyzed according to the presence of ECS using multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS: LNM variables were significant factors for ECS in all subsites of HNC (p < 0.05), except HPV-positive OPC. In OTC, tumor dimensional variables were significantly related to ECS (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, in OPC and HPC, neither the primary tumor dimension nor the T status were significant factors for ECS occurrence. The predictability of ECS by ROC curve using multiple variables was 0.819 [95% confidence interval: 0.759-0.878] in OTC, 0.687 [0.559-0.815] in HPV-positive OPC, 0.823 [0.642-1.000] in HPV-negative OPC, and 0.907 [0.841-0.973] in HPC. CONCLUSION: LNM variables were correlated with ECS occurrence for most HNC subsites, and site-dependent primary tumor characteristics might contribute differentially to the ECS development of LNM in HNC.

Topography and probability diagram of cervical and intra-parotid lymph node metastasis in parotid gland cancer.

In parotid gland cancer (PGC), cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) and intra-parotid LNM are known as significant indicators of poor prognosis. However, the topography of LNM in the affected parotid gland and the lymphatic progression of PGC has never been explored in detail. This was a retrospective analysis of data from 423 patients with previously untreated primary PGC (2005 to 2020), excluding patients with squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma or metastatic disease in the parotid gland. The pattern of LNM was analyzed by neck sub-level and parotid sub-site. Using the conditional probability of neck level involvement, a probability diagram was plotted on several thresholds to visualize the sequential progression of LNM in PGC. The pattern of LNM progression was found to be similar between low- and high-grade pathology, but the incidence differed significantly (8.0% vs. 45.4%). Intra-parotid LNs and level IIa LNs were the most common sites (57.3% and 61.0%) of LNM in PGC, followed by level III (31.7%), Ib (25.6%), IV (22.0%), IIb (20.7%) and Va (20.7%) LNM. In intra-parotid LNs, the incidence of LNM in the deep parotid LNs was relatively low (9.4%); most intra-parotid LNMs were observed in the superficial parotid (90.6%) and peri-tumoral (in contact with the tumor) (31.3%) LNs. LNM to levels Ia, Vb and contra-lateral LNM occurred only in the very late stage. Our results provide detailed information about LNM progression in PGC at the sub-level and can help clinicians decide the treatment extent, including surgery or radiation.

Impact of dysplasia at resection margin on oncologic outcome after curative resection of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: significance of high-grade dysplastic resection margin.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the oncologic outcomes among negative, close, positive, and dysplasia resection margins (RMs) with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the impact of dysplastic RMs. METHODS: The 565 patients were retrospectively analyzed and divided into four groups according to RM. Dysplasia was classified into mild, moderate, and severe subgroups. RESULTS: RMs consisted of negative (62.1%), close (27.1%), positive (2.1%), and dysplastic (8.7%). In multivariate analysis, advanced T/N stages and positive RM were significant risk factors for overall survival, while dysplasia at the RM was not a significant risk factor for locoregional recurrence or overall survival. In subgroup analysis of patients with dysplastic margin, RM with severe dysplasia showed higher recurrence than mild and moderate dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Dysplastic RM was not a risk factor for recurrence and survival. Severe dysplasia RM should be carefully observed due to higher recurrence compared to other dysplasia RMs.

Prediction of Maxillary Bone Invasion in Hard Palate/Upper Alveolus Cancer: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: maxillary bone invasion (MBI) is not uncommon in hard palate or upper alveolus (HP/UA) cancer; however, there have been relatively few reports about the MBI of HP/UA cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: this was a multi-center retrospective study, enrolling 144 cases of HP/UA cancer. MBI was defined by surgical pathology or radiology follow-up. The multiple prediction models for MBI were developed in total cases and in cases having primary bone resection, using clinical and radiological variables. RESULTS: computerized tomography (CT) alone predicted MBI, with an area under receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.779 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.712-0.847). The AUC was increased in a model that combined tumor dimensions and clinical factors (male sex and nodal metastasis) (0.854 (95%CI = 0.790-0.918)). In patients who underwent 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT), the discrimination performance of a model including the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) had an AUC of 0.911 (95%CI = 0.847-0.975). The scoring system using CT finding, tumor dimension, and clinical factors, with/without PET/CT SUVmax clearly distinguished low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups for MBI. CONCLUSION: using information from CT, tumor dimension, clinical factors, and the SUVmax value, the MBI of HP/UA cancer can be predicted with a relatively high discrimination performance.

Imaging of Facial Nerve With 3D-DESS-WE-MRI Before Parotidectomy: Impact on Surgical Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The intra-parotid facial nerve (FN) can be visualized using three-dimensional double-echo steady-state water-excitation sequence magnetic resonance imaging (3D-DESS-WE-MRI). However, the clinical impact of FN imaging using 3D-DESS-WE-MRI before parotidectomy has not yet been explored. We compared the clinical outcomes of parotidectomy in patients with and without preoperative 3D-DESS-WE-MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, non-randomized, single-institution study included 296 adult patients who underwent parotidectomy for parotid tumors, excluding superficial and mobile tumors. Preoperative evaluation with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI was performed in 122 patients, and not performed in 174 patients. FN visibility and tumor location relative to FN on 3D-DESS-WE-MRI were evaluated in 120 patients. Rates of FN palsy (FNP) and operation times were compared between patients with and without 3D-DESS-WE-MRI; propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to adjust for surgical and tumor factors. RESULTS: The main trunk, temporofacial branch, and cervicofacial branch of the intra-parotid FN were identified using 3D-DESS-WE-MRI in approximately 97.5% (117/120), 44.2% (53/120), and 25.0% (30/120) of cases, respectively. The tumor location relative to FN, as assessed on magnetic resonance imaging, concurred with surgical findings in 90.8% (109/120) of cases. Rates of temporary and permanent FNP did not vary between patients with and without 3D-DESS-WE-MRI according to PSM (odds ratio, 2.29 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.64-8.25] and 2.02 [95% CI: 0.32-12.90], respectively) and IPTW (odds ratio, 1.76 [95% CI: 0.19-16.75] and 1.94 [95% CI: 0.20-18.49], respectively). Conversely, operation time for surgical identification of FN was significantly shorter with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI (median, 25 vs. 35 min for PSM and 25 vs. 30 min for IPTW, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative FN imaging with 3D-DESS-WE-MRI facilitated anatomical identification of FN and its relationship to the tumor during parotidectomy. This modality reduced operation time for FN identification, but did not significantly affect postoperative FNP rates.

Can Definitive Radiation Therapy Substitute Surgical Resection in Locally Advanced T3 or T4 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare oncologic outcomes between definitive radiation therapy (RT) and upfront surgical resection in patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 2008 and 2021, 155 patients with T1-4b, N0-3 sinonasal SCC were analyzed. The 3-year overall survival (OS), local progression-free survival (LPFS), and overall progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using the Kaplan Meier method and compared using a log-rank test. A pattern of regional neck lymph node (LN) failure and treatment-related toxicity profiles were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 63 and 92 patients underwent upfront RT (RT group) and surgical resection (Surgery group), respectively. The RT group included significantly more patients with T3-4 disease than the Surgery group (90.5% vs 39.1%, P < .001). The rates of 3-year OS, LPFS, and PFS in the RT and Surgery groups were 68.6% versus 81.7% (P = .073), 62.3% versus 73.8% (P = .187), and 47.4% versus 66.1% (P = .005), respectively. However, the corresponding rates in patients with T3-4 disease were 65.1% versus 64.8% (P = .794), 57.4% versus 56.8% (P = .351), and 43.2% versus 46.5% (P = .638), respectively, demonstrating no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment modalities. Among the 133 N0 patients, regional neck LN progression was observed in 17 patients, and the most common sites of regional neck LN failure were ipsilateral levels Ib (9 patients) and II (7 patients). The 3-year neck node recurrence-free rate in cT1-3N0 patients was 93.5%, while that in cT4N0 patients was 81.1% (P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: Upfront RT may be considered in selected patients with locally advanced sinonasal SCC, as we have demonstrated similar oncologic outcomes to those of surgery. Prophylactic neck treatment in T4 disease requires further investigation to evaluate its efficacy.

Outcomes of Salvage Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer Recurrence Following Upfront Radiation Therapy and Prognostic Factors.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the oncologic outcomes and prognostic factors of salvage treatments in patients with recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) after radiotherapy (RT)-based treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cancer registry was used to retrieve the records of 337 patients treated with definitive RT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) from 2008 to 2018 at a single institution. The poor-responder group (PRG) was defined as patients with residual or recurrent disease after primary treatment, and the oncologic outcomes for each salvage treatment method were analyzed. In addition, prognostic indicators of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified in patients who underwent salvage treatment. RESULTS: After initial (C)RT, the PRG comprised 71 of the 337 patients (21.1%): 18 patients had residual disease, and 53 had recurrence after primary treatment (mean time to recurrence 19.5 months). Of these, 63 patients received salvage treatment (surgery 57.2%, re-(C)RT 23.8%, and chemotherapy 19.0%), and the salvage success rate was 47.6% at the last follow-up. The overall 2-year OS for salvage treatments was 56.4% (60.8% for the salvage surgery group and 46.2% for the salvage re-(C)RT). Salvage surgery patients with negative resection margins had better oncologic outcomes than those with close/positive resection margins. Using multivariate analyses, locoregional recurrence and residual disease after primary surgery were associated with poor outcome after salvage treatment. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, p16 status was significantly associated with OS in the initial treatment setting but not in the salvage setting. CONCLUSION: In recurrent OPSCC after RT-based treatment, successful salvage was achieved in 56.4% patients who had undergone salvage surgery and radiation treatment. Salvage treatment methods should be selected carefully, given recurrence site as a prognostic factor for RFS.

Improved Early Detection Models of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula after Total Laryngectomy.

Early detection of pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) after total laryngectomy (TL) could prevent severe complications such as major vessel rupture. We aimed to develop prediction models for detecting PCF in the early postoperative period. We retrospectively analyzed patients (N = 263) who received TL between 2004 and 2021. We collected clinical data for fever (>38.0 °C) and blood tests (WBC, CRP, albumin, Hb, neutrophils, lymphocytes) on postoperative days (POD) 3 and 7, and fistulography on POD 7. Clinical data were compared between fistula and no fistula groups, and significant factors were selected using machine learning. Using these clinical factors, we developed improved prediction models for PCF detection. Fistula occurred in 86 (32.7%) patients. Fever was significantly (p < 0.001) more common in the fistula group, and ratios (POD 7 to 3) of WBC, CRP, neutrophils, and neutrophils-to-lymphocytes (NLR) were significantly higher (all p ≤ 0.001) in the fistula group than in the no fistula group. Leakage on fistulography was more common in the fistula group (38.2%) than in the no fistula group (3.0%). The area under curve (AUC) of fistulography alone was 0.68, but predictive models using a combination of fistulography, WBC at POD 7, and neutrophil ratio (POD 7/POD 3) showed better diagnostic performance (AUC of 0.83). Our predictive models may detect PCF early and accurately, which could reduce fatal complications following PCF.

Vascularized osseous flaps for head and neck reconstruction: Comparative analysis focused on complications and salvage options.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of fibular (FFF group) and scapular (SFF group) osseous free flaps for reconstructing head and neck defects for primary surgery and salvage options. METHODS: We analyzed 156 cases of osseous free flaps in 138 patients from a retrospective review of a single institutional database between January 1996 and January 2020 (FFF, 114 cases in 99 patients; SFF, 42 cases in 39 patients). Clinical profiles such as age, sex, primary tumor site, and defect type were investigated in the two groups. In addition, the incidences and types of perioperative complications, flap compromise, and salvage management were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: FFF was used mostly for oromandibular defects, whereas SFF was preferred for maxillary defect reconstruction. The length of hospital stay was longer in the FFF group than in the SFF group. The flap compromise rate was not significantly different between the two groups; however, donor-site complications were not observed in the SFF group as compared to 7.9% in the FFF group. A regional or free (musculo) cutaneous flap was used as a salvage procedure in partial flap compromise. Contralateral SFF was available to replace a completely compromised SFF, whereas it was not feasible in a completely compromised FFF. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed no significant prognostic factors for flap-related complications. CONCLUSION: The two osseous free flaps showed differences in defect type, flap donor complications, and options for compromised flap salvage. These findings must be considered carefully in the preoperative planning stage to guarantee early recovery and timely administration of postoperative adjuvant treatment if necessary.

Pre-treatment quality of life in patients with salivary gland cancer in comparison with those of head and neck cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare malignant tumor arising from the salivary glands, with a variety of clinical and biological behaviors different from head and neck cancer (HNC). Because of the rarity of SGC, there are limited data on pre-treatment quality of life (QoL). Therefore, we evaluated the pre-treatment QoL in SGC patients by stage and compared it with that of HNC patients. METHODS: From a prospective registry of HNC patients (2016-2020), we selected 225 patients with SGC, and 912 patients with oral cavity (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) who were diagnosed in the same period as the HNC control group. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) and HNC-Specific Module (H&N35) were used to assess QoL. RESULTS: SGC patients had a statistically better baseline QoL (69.8 vs. 64.0), emotional (82.1 vs. 78.8), cognitive (92.0 vs. 88.7), and social function (86.3 vs. 80.5), and fewer symptoms than HNC patients. The estimated average QoL differences between SGC patient diagnosed at stages I and IV was -12.9. Especially, advanced-stage of tumors was associated with much lower role functioning and emotional functioning scores in SGC patients, compared to those in HNC patients, among females and of younger age. DISCUSSION: Although the overall QoL score was higher in SGC patients than in HNC patients, specific domains were significantly affected in SGC patients according to the tumor stage. Females and those of younger age were more affected by severity of disease in SGC. STUDY REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02546895.

Surgical Extent for Oral Cancer: Emphasis on a Cut-Off Value for the Resection Margin Status: A Narrative Literature Review.

The optimal cut-off point of the resection margin was recently debated in oral cancer. To evaluate the current evidence of the dynamic criteria of the resection margin, a review of the available literature was performed. Studies were sourced from PubMed and EMBASE by searching for the keywords "mouth neoplasm", "oral cancer", "oral cavity cancer", "oral squamous cell carcinoma", "tongue cancer", "margins of excision", "surgical margin" and "resection margin". We found approximately 998 articles on PubMed and 2227 articles on EMBASE. A total of 3225 articles was identified, and 2763 of those were left after removing the duplicates. By applying advanced filters about the relevance of the subjects, these were narrowed down to 111 articles. After the final exclusion, 42 full-text articles were reviewed. The universal cut-off criteria of 5 mm used for determining the resection margin status has been debated due to recent studies evaluating the impact of different margin criteria on patient prognosis. Of note, the degree of the microscopic extension from the gross tumor border correlates with tumor dimensions. Therefore, a relatively narrow safety margin can be justified in early-stage oral cancer without the additional risk of recurrence, while a wide safety margin might be required for advanced-stage oral cancer. This review suggests a surgical strategy to adjust the criteria for risk grouping and adjuvant treatments, according to individual tumor dimensions or characteristics. In the future, it might be possible to establish individual tumor-specific surgical margins and risk stratification during or after surgery. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because there is no strong evidence (e.g., prospective randomized controlled studies) yet to support the conclusions. Our study is meaningful in suggesting future research directions and discussions.

Histological features of differentiated dysplasia in the oral mucosa: a review of oral invasive squamous cell carcinoma cases diagnosed with benign or low-grade dysplasia on previous biopsies.

The diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma is sometimes delayed. Recently, the concept of differentiated dysplasia in the oral mucosa was proposed, and we attempted to elucidate the histologic features of differentiated dysplasia in the oral mucosa. Two pathologists reviewed 38 small biopsy cases of patients diagnosed with benign to low-grade dysplasia in the first biopsy, but were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma after excisional biopsy within 2 years. Of these, 29 cases were suspected of having differentiated dysplasia, which histologically showed "abnormal variation in nuclear size and shape," "increased number and size of nucleoli," and "loss of polarity of basal cells." In addition to the features observed in classic dysplasia, "premature keratinization in single cells" and "loss of epithelial cell cohesion" were characteristically observed. These 2 findings were often observed only in the lower half of the epithelium, but not in the full layer of the epithelium. Histological findings of oral differentiated dysplasia were very similar to those of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. "Premature keratinization in single cells" and "loss of epithelial cell cohesion" are specific pathological findings of oral differentiated dysplasia. Oral differentiated dysplasia is considered as a part of the broad spectrum of oral dysplasia that exhibits morphological characteristics different from classic dysplasia rather than being a separate entity. The diagnosis of oral differentiated dysplasia is expected to reduce the delayed diagnosis and improve the prognosis and post-treatment quality of life of patients with oral cavity cancer.

Comparative Longitudinal Analysis of Malignant Transformation in Pleomorphic Adenoma and Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma.

Background: Recurrence in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) has been debated as a risk factor for malignant transformation (MT). In this study, we investigated whether recurrence is a risk factor for MT, by longitudinally analyzing cases with recurrent PA (RPA), and carcinomas from PA (CXPA) or RPA (CXRPA). Methods: The study population included 24 CXPA, 24 RPA, 6 CXRPA, and 386 PA cases (study period 2010−2018). Time and event data were collected from the medical documents to identify the time−event sequences. Results: The time interval to MT in CXRPA was significant longer than that of benign recurrence (median 342.0 vs. 109.5 months). In CXRPA, the recurrence intervals were not shorter than those in RPA according to recurrence frequency. Crudely, the MT rate was 5.9% among primary cases and 20.0% among recurrent cases. However, the time-adjusted MT rates increased up to 11.4% (incubation time > 60 months) and 20.0% (>120 months) in primary cases, which were not different from recurrent cases. Conclusion: In these longitudinal analyses, we did not find any clinical evidence that recurrence facilitates MT in the background of PA. Instead, a long incubation time seems to be a key factor for MT of underlying RPA.

Oncological and Functional Outcomes of Larynx-preserving Surgery for Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Comparison with Definitive Radiation-based Treatment.

PURPOSE: Larynx-preserving surgery (LPS) have recently gained popularity and achieved comparable oncologic outcomes to conventional radical surgery for localized hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). In the current study, the role of LPS has been assessed thoroughly in comparison with upfront radiation therapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 185 candidates for LPS with cT1-2 disease; 59 patients underwent upfront LPS while 126 patients received upfront RT, respectively. Oncological and functional outcomes were investigated and compared. RESULTS: Following LPS, safe margin (≥ 5 mm) was achieved in 37.3% of patients. Overall, better clinical outcomes at 5 years were achieved following upfront LPS than those following upfront RT: overall survival (OS) (72.7% vs. 59.0%, p=0.045), disease-free survival (DFS) (59.8% vs. 45.0%, p=0.039), and functional laryngeal preservation (100% vs. 89.7%, p=0.010). Although similar outcomes were observed in patients with cT1 disease, better 5-year DFS was achieved following upfront LPS in patients with cT2 disease (57.0% vs. 36.4%, p=0.023) by virtue of better local control. Despite frequent cN2-3 disease in upfront LPS group, comparable outcomes were observed between upfront RT and LPS group. However, multivariable analyses revealed that performance status and double primary cancer diagnosed within 6 months of HPC diagnosis affected OS significantly, while treatment modality per se did not. CONCLUSION: Although upfront LPS could provide better local control than upfront RT in patients with cT2 disease, overall outcomes were comparable following either modality. Treatment selection of larynx-preserving approach for HPC should be individualized based on tumor and patient factors.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Versus Elective Neck Dissection: Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes in Clinically Node-Negative Tongue Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the long-term oncologic outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) versus elective neck dissection (END) in clinically node-negative (cN0) tongue cancer. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with cN0 tongue cancer from a single institution, including 91 patients in the SLNB group and 120 patients in the END group. RESULTS: The overall recurrence rate showed no significant difference between the two groups. The regional control rate was also comparable between the two groups (P=0.490). The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was slightly better in the SLNB group than in the END group (P=0.427). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 89.9% in the SLNB group versus 91.9% in the END group (P=0.737). In a propensity-matched subgroup analysis, the type of neck management did not affect RFS or OS. CONCLUSION: SLNB showed non-inferior oncologic outcomes compared to END in patients with cN0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

A Single-Arm, Prospective, Phase II Study of Cisplatin Plus Weekly Docetaxel as First-Line Therapy in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Salivary Gland Cancer.

PURPOSE: Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are relatively rare but comprise various histologic subtypes, which complicates design of prospective trials. Systemic chemotherapy plays a limited role in treatment of SGCs, but cisplatin and docetaxel showed efficacy in a previous preclinical study. Here, we conduct a prospective, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of cisplatin plus weekly docetaxel in patients with metastatic or recurrent SGC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included patients with histologically confirmed SGCs of the following subtypes: mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, ductal carcinoma, or adenoid cystic carcinoma. Patients had no prior systemic chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent tumors and at least one measurable lesion. Patients were treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m2 (D1, 8) and cisplatin 70 mg/m2 (D1) every 21 days. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were enrolled between April 2014 and October 2020. The median age was 58 years (range, 32 to 73 years). The most common histologic subtype was adenoid cystic carcinoma (63.4%), followed by ductal carcinoma (24.4%). The most common metastatic site was the lung (75.6%). The median treatment cycle was 5.5 (range, 3 to 8), and the objective response rate was 46.3%, with three complete responses. The median duration of response was 6.8 months (interquartile range, 4.0 to 10.2). The progression-free survival and overall survival were 9.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.4 to 10.5) and 28.2 months (95% CI, 22.7 to 33.6), respectively. There were no treatment-related deaths. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (4.9%) and fatigue (4.9%). CONCLUSION: Cisplatin plus weekly docetaxel is effective and tolerable with manageable toxicity as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic or recurrent SGC.

Clinical outcomes of bulky parotid gland cancers: need for self-examination and screening program for early diagnosis of parotid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and diagnosis of parotid gland cancer (PGC) are essential to improve clinical outcomes, because Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage at diagnosis is a very strong indicator of prognosis in PGC. Nevertheless, some patients still present with large parotid mass, maybe due to the unawareness or ignorance of their disease. In this study, we aimed to present the clinical outcomes of bulky PGC (defined by a 4 cm cutoff point for T3-4 versus T1-2 tumors), to emphasize the necessity of a self-examination tool for parotid gland tumor. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 60 consecutive cases with bulky (equal to and greater than 4 cm in the longest diameter, determined radiologically) malignant tumors arising from the parotid gland from 1995 to 2016. The clinical and pathological factors were analyzed to identify risk factors for poor outcomes using Cox proportional hazard models. In addition, we designed a self-examination tool for parotid gland tumors, similar to breast self-examination for breast cancer detection. RESULTS: Patients with bulky parotid cancer showed 48.9% 5-year and 24.5% 10-year overall survival rates and a 47.9% risk of high-grade malignancy. The common pathological diagnoses were carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (18.3%), adenocarcinoma (16.7%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (16.7%), salivary duct carcinoma (16.7%), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (11.7%). Survival analyses revealed that tumor size (hazard ratio, HR = 1.262 upon increase of 1 cm, 95% confidence interval, 95%CI 1.059-1.502), lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.999, 95%CI 1.048-8.583), and high tumor grade (HR = 4.148, 95%CI 1.215-14.154) were independent prognostic factors in multivariable analysis. Functional preservation of the facial nerve was possible only in less than half of patients. CONCLUSION: In bulky PGC, lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and high tumor grade indicated poor survival outcomes, and functional outcomes of the facial nerve were suboptimal. Thus, a public effort seems to be necessary to decrease these patients with bulky PGC, and to increase patients' self-awareness of their disease. As a way of early detection, we proposed a parotid self-examination tool to detect parotid gland tumors at an early stage, which is similar to breast self-examination.