High-efficiency triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion microemulsion with facile preparation and decent air tolerance.

Current research of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) faces difficulty such as overuse of organic solvents and quenching of excited triplet sensitizers by molecular oxygen. Herein, we propose an efficient and facile preparation strategy of TTA-UC microemulsion to overcome these issues. With simple device and short preparation process, air-stable TTA-UC with a high upconversion efficiency of 16.52% was achieved in microemulsion coassembled from TritonX114, tetrahydrofuran and upconverting chromophores (platinum octaethyl-porphyrin and 9,10-diphenylanthracene). This is comparable to the highest UC efficiency ever reported for TTA-UC microemulsion systems. The excellent UC performance of TX114-THF could be attributed to two perspectives. Firstly, small-size micelle accommodated chromophores up to high concentrations in organic phase, which promoted efficient molecular collision. Additionally, high absorbance at 532 nm ensured full use of excitation light, getting more long wavelength photons involved in the TTA-UC process. Moreover, air-stable TTA-UC also performed well in microemulsion with various surfactants, including nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-110, Triton X-114), ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and block copolymers (pluronic F127, pluronic P123), through three conjectural assembly models according to the structural characteristics of surfactant molecules (concentrated, uncompacted and scattered). These discoveries could provide estimable reference for selection of surfactants in relevant fields of TTA-UC.

A 700 nm LED Light Activated Ru(II) Complex Destroys Tumor Cytoskeleton via Photosensitization and Photocatalysis.

Photoactivable chemotherapy (PACT) using metallic complexes provides spatiotemporal selectivity over drug activation for targeted anticancer therapy. However, the poor absorption in near-infrared (NIR) light region of most metallic complexes renders tissue penetration challenging. Herein, an NIR light triggered dinuclear photoactivable Ru(II) complex (Ru2) is presented and the antitumor mechanism is comprehensively investigated. The introduction of a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) linker greatly enhances the intramolecular charge transition, resulting in a high molar extinction coefficient in the NIR region with an extended triplet excited state lifetime. Most importantly, when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits unique slow photodissociation kinetics that facilitates synergistic photosensitization and photocatalytic activity to destroy diverse intracellular biomolecules. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits nanomolar photocytotoxicity toward 4T1 cancer cells via the induction of calcium overload and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These findings provide a robust foundation for the development of NIR-activated Ru(II) PACT complexes for phototherapeutic application.

Novel Photocatalyst Based on Through-Space Charge Transfer Induced Intersystem Crossing Enables Rapid and Efficient Polymerization Under Low-Power Excitation Light.

Currently, most photoredox catalysis polymerization systems are limited by high excitation power, long polymerization time, or the requirement of electron donors due to the precise design of efficient photocatalysts still poses a great challenge. Herein, we propose a new approach: the creation of efficient photocatalysts having low ground state oxidation potentials and high excited state energy levels, along with through-space charge transfer (TSCT) induced intersystem crossing (ISC) properties. A cabazole-naphthalimide (NI) dyad (NI-1) characterized by long triplet excited state lifetime (τT=62 µs), satisfactory ISC efficiency (ΦΔ=54.3 %) and powerful reduction capacity [Singlet: E1/2 (PC+1/*PC)=-1.93 eV, Triplet: E1/2 (PC+1/*PC)=-0.84 eV] was obtained. An efficient and rapid polymerization (83 % conversion of 1 mM monomer in 30 s) was observed under the conditions of without electron donor, low excitation power (10 mW cm-2) and low catalyst (NI-1) loading (<50 µM). In contrast, the conversion rate was lower at 29 % when the reference catalyst (NI-4) was used for photopolymerization under the same conditions, demonstrating the advantage of the TSCT photocatalyst. Finally, the TSCT material was used as a photocatalyst in practical lithography for the first time, achieving pattern resolutions of up to 10 µm.

Precise molecular engineering for the preparation of pyridinium photosensitizers with efficient ROS generation and photothermal conversion.

Organic photosensitizers (PSs) with aggregation-induced emission properties have great development potential in the integrated application of multi-mode diagnosis and treatment of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, preparing high-quality PSs with both optical and biological properties, high reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photothermal conversion ability are undoubtedly a great challenge. In this work, a series of pyridinium AIE PSs modified with benzophenone have been synthesized. A wide wavelength range of fluorescent materials was obtained by changing the conjugation and donor-acceptor strength. TPAPs5 has a significant advantage over similar compounds, and we have also identified the causes of high ROS generation and high photothermal conversion in terms of natural transition orbitals, excited state energy levels, ground-excited state configuration differences and recombination energy. Interestingly, migration of target sites was also found in biological imaging experiments, which also provided ideas for the design of double-targeted fluorescent probes. Therefore, the present work proposed an effective molecular design strategy for synergistic PDT and PTT therapy.

Synergetic Modulation of Steric Hindrance and Excited State for Anti-Quenching and Fast Spin-Flip Multi-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorophore.

Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials hold great promise for advanced high-resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, persistent challenges, such as severe aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and slow spin-flip, hinder their optimal performance. We propose a synergetic steric-hindrance and excited-state modulation strategy for MR-TADF emitters, which is demonstrated by two blue MR-TADF emitters, IDAD-BNCz and TIDAD-BNCz, bearing sterically demanding 8,8-diphenyl-8H-indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine (IDAD) and 3,6-di-tert-butyl-8,8-diphenyl-8H-indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine (TIDAD), respectively. These rigid and bulky IDAD/TIDAD moieties, with appropriate electron-donating capabilities, not only effectively mitigate ACQ, ensuring efficient luminescence across a broad range of dopant concentrations, but also induce high-lying charge-transfer excited states that facilitate triplet-to-singlet spin-flip without causing undesired emission redshift or spectral broadening. Consequently, implementation of a high doping level of IDAD-BNCz resulted in highly efficient narrowband electroluminescence, featuring a remarkable full-width at half-maximum of 34 nm and record-setting external quantum efficiencies of 34.3 % and 31.8 % at maximum and 100 cd m-2, respectively. The combined steric and electronic effects arising from the steric-hindered donor introduction offer a compelling molecular design strategy to overcome critical challenges in MR-TADF emitters.

Red-light operable photosensitizer with symmetry-breaking charge transfer induced intersystem crossing for polymerization of methyl methacrylate.

We present a red light-activated zincII bis(dipyrrin) symmetry breaking charge transfer (SBCT) architecture, showing a large molar absorption coefficient (ε = 15.4 × 104 M-1 cm-1), high reactive singlet oxygen generation efficiency (ΦΔ ≈ 0.8) and long-lived triplet state (τT = 150 µs) compared to the donor-acceptor analogue dipyrrin-BF2 complex, highlighting the superiority of the SBCT approach. For the first time, we demonstrated the potential of a SBCT scaffold in red-light-induced methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization, using a dual photocatalyst excitation approach.

Anion-Counterion Strategy toward Organic Cocrystal Engineering for Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion and Solar-Driven Water Evaporation.

An anion-counterion strategy is proposed to construct organic mono-radical charge-transfer cocrystals for near-infrared photothermal conversion and solar-driven water evaporation. Ionic compounds with halogen anions as the counterions serve as electron donors, providing the necessary electrons for efficient charge transfer with unchanged skeleton atoms and structures as well as the broad red-shifted absorption (200-2000 nm) and unprecedented photothermal conversion efficiency (~90.5 %@808 nm) for the cocrystals. Based on these cocrystals, an excellent solar-driven interfacial water evaporation rate up to 6.1±1.1 kg ⋅ m-2 ⋅ h-1 under 1 sun is recorded due to the comprehensive evaporation effect from the cocrystal loading in polyurethane foams and chimney addition, such performance is superior to the reported results on charge-transfer cocrystals or other materials for solar-driven interfacial evaporation. This prototype exhibits the great potential of cocrystals prepared by the one-step mechanochemistry method in practical large-scale seawater desalination applications.

Primary Structural Units "D+A-" Ion Pairs Dominating Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion of Organic Ionic Cocrystals.

The specific stacking mode of D/A blocks is often considered to largely determine the physicochemical properties of cocrystals. However, this rule may fail when encountering a large degree of (integer or near-integer) charge transfer situations. Herein, we explore the extensive correlations between the possible smallest structural units, stacking modes, and near-infrared photothermal conversion (NIR-PTC) properties of F4TCNQ-based cocrystals with typical features of integer-charge-transfer. Surprisingly, these cocrystals with distinct stacking modes display analogous D-A interactions, broad red-shift absorption, ultrafast (1-3 ps) relaxation dynamics of excited states, and excellent NIR-PTC properties. This supports that the resulting "D+A-" ion pairs from integer-charge-transfer may serve as the primary structural units beneath the secondary stacking modes to dominate the property of cocrystals. The stacking modes play an important but only secondary role. This work provides new insights into the structure-dynamics-property correlations and modular design of organic cocrystals for PTC and other applications.

Efficient Intersystem Crossing and Long-lived Charge-Separated State Induced by Through-Space Intramolecular Charge Transfer in a Parallel Geometry Carbazole-Bodipy Dyad.

The design of efficient heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) based on through bond charge transfer (TBCT) features is a formidable challenge due to the criteria of orthogonal donor-acceptor geometry. Herein, we propose using parallel (face-to-face) conformation carbazole-bodipy donor-acceptor dyads (BCZ-1 and BCZ-2) featuring through space intramolecular charge transfer (TSCT) process as efficient triplet PS. Efficient intersystem crossing (ΦΔ =61 %) and long-lived triplet excited state (τT =186 µs) were observed in the TSCT dyad BCZ-1 compared to BCZ-3 (ΦΔ =0.4 %), the dyad involving TBCT, demonstrating the superiority of the TSCT approach over conventional donor-acceptor system. Moreover, the transient absorption study revealed that TSCT dyads have a faster charge separation and slower intersystem crossing process induced by charge recombination compared to TBCT dyad. A long-lived charge-separated state (CSS) was observed in the BCZ-1 (τCSS =24 ns). For the first time, the TSCT dyad was explored for the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and a high upconversion quantum yield of 11 % was observed. Our results demonstrate a new avenue for designing efficient PSs and open up exciting opportunities for future research in this field.

Eutectic-Based Polymer Electrolyte with the Enhanced Lithium Salt Dissociation for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

The deployment of lithium metal anode in solid-state batteries with polymer electrolytes has been recognized as a promising approach to achieving high-energy-density technologies. However, the practical application of the polymer electrolytes is currently constrained by various challenges, including low ionic conductivity, inadequate electrochemical window, and poor interface stability. To address these issues, a novel eutectic-based polymer electrolyte consisting of succinonitrile (SN) and poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) is developed. The research results demonstrate that the interactions between SN and PEGMEA promote the dissociation of the lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate (LiDFOB) salt and increase the concentration of free Li+ . The well-designed eutectic-based PAN1.2 -SPE (PEGMEA: SN=1: 1.2 mass ratio) exhibits high ionic conductivity of 1.30 mS cm-1 at 30 °C and superior interface stability with Li anode. The Li/Li symmetric cell based on PAN1.2 -SPE enables long-term plating/stripping at 0.3 and 0.5 mA cm-2 , and the Li/LiFePO4 cell achieves superior long-term cycling stability (capacity retention of 80.3 % after 1500 cycles). Moreover, Li/LiFePO4 and Li/LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 pouch cells employing PAN1.2 -SPE demonstrate excellent cycling and safety characteristics. This study presents a new pathway for designing high-performance polymer electrolytes and promotes the practical application of high-stable lithium metal batteries.

Red/NIR emissive aggregation-induced emission-active photosensitizers with strong donor-acceptor strength for image-guided photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Light-mediated therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) are considered emerging cancer treatment strategies. However, there are still lots of defect with common photosensitizers (PSs), such as short emission wavelength, weak photostability, poor cell permeability, and low PDT efficiency. Therefore, it is very important to develop high-performance PSs. Recently, luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics and red/near-infrared (NIR) emissive have been reported as promising PSs for image-guided cancer therapy, due to them being able to prevent autofluorescence in physiological environments, their enhanced fluorescence in the aggregated state, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we developed PSs named TBTCPM and MTBTCPM with donor-acceptor (D-A) structures, strong red/NIR, excellent targeting specificities to good cell permeability, and high photostability. Interestingly, both of them can efficiently generate ROS under white light irradiation and possess excellent killing effect on cancer cells. This study, thus, not only demonstrates applications in cell image-guided PDT cancer therapy performances but also provides strategy for construction of AIEgens with long emission wavelengths.

Molecular engineering to enhance the reactive oxygen species generation of AIEgens and exploration of their versatile applications.

Fluorescent dyes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics have shown potential applications in the fields of biological imaging, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, in which photosensitizers (PSs) play a crucial role. However, how to design high-quality PSs with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency remains unclear. In this contribution, an effective molecular design strategy to improve the ROS generation efficiency of AIE PSs was proposed. A series of tetraphenylethylene derivatives containing the pyridine ring or pyridinium with different substituents were designed and synthesized. All the molecules were weakly emissive when molecularly dissolved in solution but displayed intense emission upon aggregation, demonstrating a phenomenon of AIE characteristic. Pyridinium molecules could be used as visualization agents to specifically stain the mitochondria in living cells, while most of the molecules failed to generate ROS upon white light irradiation. In contrast, TPE-Pys-BP containing benzophenone produced ˙OH and 1O2 efficiently in the presence of light due to its large spin-orbit coupling constant to promote efficient intersystem crossing. Such a property allowed TPE-Pys-BP to serve as a PS to kill cancer cells using photodynamic therapy. TPE-Pys-BP also exhibited mechanochromic luminescence (ML), and its emission could be reversibly switched between two distinct colors through repeated grinding and fuming processes. A security paper was fabricated using the ML properties of TPE-Pys-BP.

Macrocyclic Engineering of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters for High-Efficiency Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Several thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been studied and developed to realize high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, TADF macrocycles have not been sufficiently investigated owing to the synthetic challenges, resulting in limited exploration of their luminescent properties and the corresponding highly efficient OLEDs. In this study, a series of TADF macrocycles is synthesized using a modularly tunable strategy by introducing xanthones as acceptors and phenylamine derivatives as donors. A detailed analysis of their photophysical properties combined with fragment molecules reveals characteristics of high-performance macrocycles. The results indicate that: a) the ideal structure decreases the energy loss, which in turn reduces the non-radiative transitions; b) reasonable building blocks increase the oscillator strength providing a higher radiation transition rate; c) the horizontal dipole orientation (Θ) of the extended macrocyclic emitters is increased. Owing to the high photoluminescence quantum yields of ≈100% and 92% and excellent Θ of 80 and 79% for macrocycles MC-X and MC-XT in 5 wt% doped films, the corresponding devices exhibit record-high external quantum efficiencies of 31.6% and 26.9%, respectively, in the field of TADF macrocycles.

Photoinduced Radical Persistent Luminescence in Semialiphatic Polyimide System with Temperature and Humidity Resistance.

Organic persistent luminescence (pL) systems with photoresponsive dynamic features have valuable applications in the fields of data encryption, anticounterfeiting, and bioimaging. Photoinduced radical luminescent materials have a unique luminous mechanism with the potential to achieve dynamic pL. It is extremely challenging to obtain radical pL under ambient conditions; on account of it, it is unstable in air. Herein, a new semialiphatic polyimide-based polymer (A0) is developed, which can achieve dynamic pL through reversible conversion of radical under photoexcitation. A "joint-donor-spacer-acceptor" molecular design strategy is applied to effectively modulate the intramolecular charge-transfer and charge-transfer complex interactions, resulting in effective protection of the radical generated under photoirradiation. Meanwhile, polyimide-based polymers of A1-A4 are obtained by doping different amine-containing fluorescent dyes to modulate the dynamic afterglow color from green to red via the triplet to singlet Förster resonance energy-transfer pathway. Notably, benefiting from the structural characteristics of the polyimide-based polymer, A0-A4 have excellent processability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and can be applied directly in extreme environments such as high temperatures and humidity.

Defects-Abundant Ga2 O3 Nanobricks Enabled Multifunctional Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Superior Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes with good flexibility and viscoelasticity, low interfacial resistance, and fabricating cost have caught worldwide attention, but their practical application is still hampered by the instability at high voltages and the low ionic conductivity (10-8 to 10-6  S cm-1 ). Herein, we rationally designed defects-abundant Ga2 O3 nanobricks as multifunctional fillers and constructed a PEO-based organic-inorganic electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. Due to the abundant O-defects feature of Ga2 O3 filler, this PEO-based composite electrolyte not only broadens electrochemical stability window (over 5.3 V versus Li/Li+ ) but also in situ forms a Li-Ga alloy and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film during the cycling process causing a rapid diffusion of Li+ ions. The as-prepared electrolyte has good interface compatibility with Li metal (without short-circuiting over 500 h at 0.2 mA cm-2 ) and possesses superior high ionic conductivity. The assembled all-solid-state LiFePO4 //Li cells attained an excellent cycling performance of 146 mAh g-1 over 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The XPS analysis reveals that Ga2 O3 nanobricks can form in situ a Li-Ga alloy layer at the polymer/anode interface. This work shed a light on designing high ionic conductivity lithium alloys in the composite electrolyte, which can improve the electrochemical properties of PEO-based polymer electrolytes.

Direct Benzylic C-H Functionalization with Fluorenones under Visible-Light Irradiation.

An external photocatalyst-free benzylic C-H functionalization with fluorenones under visible-light irradiation has been achieved. This transformation provides an efficient synthetic approach to 9-benzylated fluorenols in ≤91% yield with 100% atom economy under mild conditions. Spectroscopic studies suggest that a reductive quenching of photoexcited fluorenones with toluene derivatives generates ketyl radicals and benzyl radicals, which undergo a cross-coupling to afford the desired fluorenols.

Nine-Electron Transfer of Binder Synergistic π-d Conjugated Coordination Polymers as High-Performance Lithium Storage Materials.

To solve the problems such as the dissolution and the poor conductivity of organic small molecule electrode materials, we construct π-d conjugated coordination polymer Ni-DHBQ with multiple redox-active centers as lithium storage materials. It exhibits an ultra-high capacity of 9-electron transfers, while the π-d conjugation and the laminar structure inside the crystal ensure fast electron transport and lithium ion diffusion, resulting in excellent rate performance (505.6 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 300 cycles). The interaction of Ni-DHBQ with the binder CMC synergistically inhibits its dissolution and anchors the Ni atoms, thus exhibiting excellent cycling stability (650.7 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles). This work provides insight into the mechanism of lithium storage in π-d conjugated coordination polymers and the synergistic effect of CMC, which will contribute to the molecular design and commercial application of organic electrode materials.

Tuning the Photocatalytic Performance of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complexes Via Ligand Modification for Visible-Light-Induced Phosphorylation of Tertiary Aliphatic Amines.

Tuning the redox potential of commonly available photocatalyst to improve the catalytic performance or expand its scope for challenging synthetic conversions is an ongoing demand in synthetic chemistry. Herein, the excited state properties and redox potential of commercially available [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ photocatalyst were tuned by modifying the structure of the bipyridine ligands with electron-donating/withdrawing units. The visible-light-mediated photoredox phosphorylation of tertiary aliphatic amines was demonstrated under mild conditions. A series of cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions were performed employing the RuII complexes as photocatalyst giving the corresponding α-aminophosphinoxides and α-aminophosphonates via carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond formation.

Photo-controllable Luminescence from Radicals Leading to Ratiometric Emission Switching via Dynamic Intermolecular Coupling.

The development of photoinduced luminescent radicals with dynamic emission color is still challenging. Herein we report a novel molecular radical system (TBIQ) that shows photo-controllable luminescence, leading to a wide range of ratiometric color changes via light excitation. The conjugated skeleton of TBIQ is decorated with steric-demanding tertiary butyl groups that enable appropriate intermolecular interaction to make dynamic intermolecular coupling possible for controllable behaviors. We reveal that the helicenic pseudo-planar conformation of TBIQ experiences a planarization process after light excitation, leading to more compactly stacked supermolecules and thus generating radicals via intermolecular charge transfer. The photo-controllable luminescent radical system is employed for a high-level information encryption application. This study may offer unique insight into molecular dynamic motion for optical manufacturing and broaden the scope of smart-responsive materials for advanced applications.

Modulating the intersystem crossing mechanism of anthracene carboxyimide-based photosensitizers via structural adjustments and application as a potent photodynamic therapeutic reagent.

Herein, a series of compact anthracene carboxyimide (ACI) based donor-acceptor dyads were prepared by substituting bulky aryl moieties with various electron-donating ability to study the triplet-excited state properties. The ISC mechanism and triplet yield of the dyads were successfully tuned via structural manipulation. Efficient ISC (ΦΔ ≈ 99%) and long-lived triplet state (τT ≈ 122 µs) was observed for the orthogonal anthracene-labeled ACI derivative compared to the Ph-ACI and NP-ACI dyads, which showed fast triplet state decay (τT ≈ 7.7 µs). Femtosecond transient absorption study demonstrated the ultrafast charge separation (CS) and efficient charge recombination (CR) in the orthogonal dyads and ISC occurring via spin-orbit charge transfer (SOCT) mechanism (AN-ACI: τCS = 355 fs, τCR = 2.41 ns; PY-ACI: τCS = 321 fs, τCR = 1.61 ns), while in Ph-ACI and NP-ACI dyads triplet populate following the normal ISC channel (nπ* → ππ* transition), no CS was observed. We found that the attachment of suitable aryl donor moiety (AN- or PY-) to the ACI core can ensure the insertion of the intermediate triplet state, resulting in a small energy gap among charge separated state (CSS) and triplet state, which leads to efficient ISC in these derivatives. The SOCT-ISC-based AN-ACI dyad was confirmed to be a potent photodynamic therapeutic reagent; an ultra-low IC50 value (0.27 nM) that was nearly 214 times lower than that of the commercial Rose Bengal photosensitizer (57.8 nM) was observed.