Lactate is a bridge linking glycolysis and autophagy through lactylation.

Lactate is a glycolysis product that is produced from pyruvate by LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. However, whether lactate regulates autophagy is still unknown. We recently reported that LDHA is phosphorylated at serine 196 by ULK1 (unc-51 like kinase 1) under nutrient-deprivation conditions, promoting lactate production. Then, lactate mediates PIK3C3/VPS34 lactylation at lysine 356 and lysine 781 via acyltransferase KAT5/TIP60. PIK3C3/VPS34 lactylation enhances the association of PIK3C3/VPS34 with BECN1 (beclin 1, autophagy related), ATG14 and UVRAG, increases PIK3C3/VPS34 lipid kinase activity, promotes macroautophagy/autophagy and facilitates the endolysosomal degradation pathway. PIK3C3/VPS34 hyperlactylation induces autophagy and plays an essential role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and cancer progression. Overall, this study describes an autophagy regulation mechanism and the integration of two highly conserved life processes: glycolysis and autophagy.

ULK1-mediated metabolic reprogramming regulates Vps34 lipid kinase activity by its lactylation.

Autophagy and glycolysis are highly conserved biological processes involved in both physiological and pathological cellular programs, but the interplay between these processes is poorly understood. Here, we show that the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is activated upon UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) activation under nutrient deprivation. Specifically, ULK1 directly interacts with LDHA, phosphorylates serine-196 when nutrients are scarce and promotes lactate production. Lactate connects autophagy and glycolysis through Vps34 lactylation (at lysine-356 and lysine-781), which is mediated by the acyltransferase KAT5/TIP60. Vps34 lactylation enhances the association of Vps34 with Beclin1, Atg14L, and UVRAG, and then increases Vps34 lipid kinase activity. Vps34 lactylation promotes autophagic flux and endolysosomal trafficking. Vps34 lactylation in skeletal muscle during intense exercise maintains muscle cell homeostasis and correlates with cancer progress by inducing cell autophagy. Together, our findings describe autophagy regulation mechanism and then integrate cell autophagy and glycolysis.

Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Reveals Distinct Expression Profiling in Chinese Wheat Cultivar Jimai 23 Responding to Powdery Mildew.

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases threatening global wheat production. Host resistance is well known to be the most efficient method to control this disease. However, the molecular mechanism of wheat powdery mildew resistance (Pm) is still unclear. To analyze the molecular mechanism of Pm, we used the resistant wheat cultivar Jimai 23 to investigate its potential resistance components and profiled its expression in response to powdery mildew infection using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq). We showed that the Pm of Jimai 23 was provided by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmJM23, and assigned it to the documented Pm2 region of chromosome 5DS. 3,816 consistently different SNPs were called between resistant and susceptible parents and the bulked pools derived from the combinations between the resistant parent Jimai23 and the susceptible parent Tainong18. 58 of the SNPs were assigned to the candidate region of PmJM23. Subsequently, 3,803 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parents and bulks were analyzed by GO, COG and KEGG pathway enrichment. The temporal expression patterns of associated genes following Bgt inoculation were further determined by RT-qPCR. Expression of six disease-related genes was investigated during Bgt infection and might serve as valuable genetic resources for the improvement of durable resistance to Bgt.

Characterization of the Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in the Elite Wheat Cultivar Jimai 23 and Its Application in Marker-Assisted Selection.

Powdery mildew infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive disease that threatens yield and quality worldwide. The most effective and preferred means for the control of the disease is to identify broad-spectrum resistance genes for breeding, especially the genes derived from elite cultivars that exhibit desirable agronomic traits. Jimai 23 is a Chinese wheat cultivar with superior agronomic performance, high-quality characteristics, and effective resistance to powdery mildew at all growth stages. Genetic analysis indicated that powdery mildew resistance in Jimai 23 was mediated by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmJM23. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq), a series of markers was developed and used to map PmJM23. PmJM23 was then located at the Pm2 locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D (5DS). Resistance spectrum analysis demonstrated that PmJM23 provided a broad resistance spectrum different from that of the documented Pm2 alleles, indicating that PmJM23 is most likely a new allele of Pm2. In view of these combined agronomic, quality, and resistance findings, PmJM23 is expected to be a valuable resistance gene in wheat breeding. To efficiently use PmJM23 in breeding, the closely linked markers of PmJM23 were evaluated and confirmed to be applicable for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Using these markers, a series of resistant breeding lines with high resistance and desirable agronomic performance was selected from the crosses involving PmJM23, resulting in improved powdery mildew resistance of these lines.

Scale development and utilization of universal PCR-based and high-throughput KASP markers specific for chromosome arms of rye (Secale cereale L.).

BACKGROUND: Rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2x = 14, RR), a relative of common wheat, is a large gene resource pool for wheat improvement. Accurate and convenient identification of the rye chromatin in wheat background will facilitate the transfer and utilization of elite genes derived from rye in wheat breeding. RESULTS: In the present study, five rye cultivars including Imperial, German White, Jingzhouheimai, Baili and Guyuan were sequenced by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) to develop large-scale rye-specific markers. Based on SLAF-seq and bioinformatics analyses, a total of 404 universal PCR-based and a whole set of Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers specific for the 14 individual rye chromosome arms were developed and validated. Additionally, two KASP markers specific for 1RS and 2RL were successfully applied in the detection of 1RS translocations in a natural population and 2RL chromosome arms in wheat-rye derived progenies that conferred adult resistance to powdery mildew. CONCLUSION: The 404 PCR-based markers and 14 KASP markers specific for the 14 individual rye chromosome arms developed in this study can enrich the marker densities for gene mapping and accelerate the utilization of rye-derived genes in wheat improvement. Especially, the KASP markers achieved high-throughput and accurate detection of rye chromatin in wheat background, thus can be efficiently used in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Besides, the strategy of rye-specific PCR-based markers converting into KASP markers was high-efficient and low-cost, which will facilitate the tracing of alien genes, and can also be referred for other wheat relatives.