Prognostic value of bioelectrical impedance analysis in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a VALOR® study.

Introduction: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) serves as a method to estimate body composition. Parameters such as phase angle (PA), standardized phase angle (SPA), body mass cell (BCM), BCM index (BCMI), and fat-free mass (FFM) might significantly impact the prognosis of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. The present study aimed to investigate whether bioelectrical parameters can be used to predict survival in the HNC population and establish the optimal cutoff points for predictive accuracy. Methods: A multicenter observational study was performed across 12 tertiary hospitals in Andalusia (a region from the south of Spain). A total of 494 patients diagnosed with HNC between 2020 and 2022 at different stages were included in this study, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. The BIA assessment was carried out during the first 2 weeks of radical radiotherapy treatment with chemotherapy or other systemic treatments. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of overall survival, complications, hospital admission, and palliative care and its relationship with BIA nutritional assessment was performed. Results: Significant prognostic factors identified in the multivariable analysis encompassed phase angle (PA), standardized phase angle (SPA), body cell mass (BCM), and BCM index (BCMI). Lower PA and BCM values were significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. A BCM threshold above 17 kg/m2 was the most significant predictor for predicting survival within the overall HNC population. The PA values of <5.1° in male and <4.8° in female patients showed the best predictive potential for mortality. Increased PA (as a continuous variable) demonstrated a significantly reduced risk for mortality (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.94; p < 0.05) and a decreased likelihood of hospital admission (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.52-1.07; p < 0.05). Higher BCM correlated with a lower risk of mortality (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.96; p < 0.01) and a diminished probability of hospital admission (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.99; p < 0.05). Conclusion: BIA is a crucial tool in the nutritional assessment of HNC patients. BCM and PA are the main bioelectrical parameters used to predict clinical outcomes in this population. Future studies are needed to validate BIA variables in a large cohort to ensure whether early intensification of nutritional treatment would improve survival.

Ultrasound Muscle Evaluation for Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Large-Scale and Multicenter Prospective Study.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a prevalent and aggressive form of cancer with high mortality rates and significant implications for nutritional status. Accurate assessment of malnutrition in patients with HNC is crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving survival rates. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ultrasound techniques for predicting nutritional status, malnutrition, and cancer outcomes in patients with HNC. A total of 494 patients with HNC were included in this cross-sectional observational study. Various tools and body composition measurements, including muscle mass and adipose tissue ultrasound evaluations, were implemented. Using regression models, we mainly found that high levels of RF-CSA (rectus femoris cross-sectional area) were associated with a decreased risk of malnutrition (as defined with GLIM criteria (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.98); as defined with PG-SGA (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98)) and sarcopenia (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.49-0.82) after being adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. To predict the importance of muscle mass ultrasound variables on the risk of mortality, a nomogram, a random forest, and decision tree models were conducted. RF-CSA was the most important variable under the random forest model. The obtained C-index for the nomogram was 0.704, and the Brier score was 16.8. With an RF-CSA < 2.7 (AUC of 0.653 (0.59-0.77)) as a split, the decision tree model classified up to 68% of patients as possessing a high probability of survival. According to the cut-off value of 2.7 cm2, patients with a low RF-CSA value lower than 2.7 cm2 had worse survival rates (p < 0.001). The findings of this study highlight the importance of implementing ultrasound tools, for accurate diagnoses and monitoring of malnutrition in patients with HNC. Adipose tissue ultrasound measurements were only weakly associated with malnutrition and not with sarcopenia, indicating that muscle mass is a more important indicator of overall health and nutritional status. These results have the potential to improve survival rates and quality of life by enabling early intervention and personalized nutritional management.

Standard Hypercaloric, Hyperproteic vs. Leucine-Enriched Oral Supplements in Patients with Cancer-Induced Sarcopenia, a Randomized Clinical Trial.

(1) Background: Malnutrition frequently affects patients with cancer, and it negatively impacts treatment tolerance, clinical outcomes and survival. Thus, appropriate nutritional screening and early nutrition support are extremely recommended. Currently, a significant number of oral supplements (OS) are commercially available; despite this, there is a lack of evidence for recommending specific OS, including leucine-enriched OS, for nutritional support in patients with cancer. (2) Aim: To compare the clinical evolution of patients with cancer (undergoing systemic treatment) that received standard hypercaloric, whey protein-based hyperproteic oral supplements vs. hypercaloric, hyperproteic leucine-enriched OS using a novel morphofunctional nutritional evaluation. (3) Patients and methods: This paper details an open-label, controlled clinical study in which patients were randomly assigned to receive nutritional treatment with whey protein-based hyperproteic oral supplements (control group) vs. hypercaloric, hyperproteic leucine-enriched OS (intervention group) during a twelve-week period. Forty-six patients were included; epidemiological, clinical, anthropometric, ultrasound (muscle echography of the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps and abdominal adipose tissue) and biochemical evaluation were performed. All patients received additional supplementation with vitamin D. (4) Results: Nutritional parameters (including bioimpedance, anthropometric, ultrasound and biochemical variables) of all included patients remained stable after the nutritional intervention. Extracellular mass tended to increase in the patients that received the leucine-enriched formula. Functionality (evaluated through the stand-up test) improved in both groups (p < 0.001). Prealbumin, transferrin levels and superficial adipose tissue increased in the control group (p < 0.05), while self-reported quality of life improved in all the evaluated patients (p < 0.001). (5) Conclusions: Nutritional support with hypercaloric, hyperproteic (with whey protein) OS and vitamin D supplementation were associated with the maintenance of body composition and improvements in functionality and in quality of life in the patients with cancer undergoing systemic treatment. No significant benefits were observed when a leucine-enriched formula was used.

Thiosulfinate-Enriched Allium sativum Extract Exhibits Differential Effects between Healthy and Sepsis Patients: The Implication of HIF-1α.

Garlic (Allium sativum) has historically been associated with antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and microbiocidal properties, mainly due to its richness in thiosulfates and sulfur-containing phytoconstituents. Sepsis patients could benefit from these properties because it involves both inflammatory and refractory processes. We evaluated the effects of thiosulfinate-enriched Allium sativum extract (TASE) on the immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by monocytes from healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with sepsis. We also explored the TASE effects in HIF-1α, described as the key transcription factor leading to endotoxin tolerance in sepsis monocytes through IRAK-M expression. Our results showed TASE reduced the LPS-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in monocytes from both patients with sepsis and HVs. Moreover, this extract significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-6 production in LPS-stimulated monocytes from HVs. However, TASE enhanced the inflammatory response in monocytes from patients with sepsis along with increased expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR. Curiously, these dual effects of TASE on immune response were also found when the HV cohort was divided into low- and high-LPS responders. Although TASE enhanced TNFα production in the LPS-low responders, it decreased the inflammatory response in the LPS-high responders. Furthermore, TASE decreased the HIF-1α pathway-associated genes IRAK-M, VEGFA and PD-L1 in sepsis cells, suggesting HIF-1α inhibition by TASE leads to higher cytokine production in these cells as a consequence of IRAK-M downregulation. The suppression of this pathway by TASE was confirmed in vitro with the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine. Our data revealed TASE's dual effect on monocyte response according to status/phenotype and suggested the HIF-1α suppression as the possible underlying mechanism.

Mediterranean Diet, Vitamin D, and Hypercaloric, Hyperproteic Oral Supplements for Treating Sarcopenia in Patients with Heart Failure-A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and sarcopenia frequently affect patients with heart failure (HF), in which clinical outcomes and survival is decreased. Thus, appropriate nutritional screening and early nutrition support are highly recommended. Currently, nutritional support is not a standard of care in patients with HF, and the use of commercially available oral supplements (OSs) could provide an additional benefit to medical treatment in these patients. AIM: To compare the effect of the Mediterranean diet in combination with hypercaloric, hyperproteic OS in patients with HF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An open label, controlled clinical study in which patients were randomly assigned to receive a Mediterranean diet (control group) vs. hypercaloric, hyperproteic OS (intervention group) for twenty-four weeks. Thirty-eight patients were included; epidemiological, clinical, anthropometric, ultrasound (muscle echography of the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps and abdominal adipose tissue), and biochemical evaluations were performed. All patients received additional supplementation with vitamin D. RESULTS: Baseline malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria was observed in 30% of patients, while 65.8% presented with sarcopenia. Body cell mass, lean mass, and body mass increased in the intervention group (absolute increase of 0.5, p = 0.03, 1.2 kg, p = 0.03, and 0.1 kg, p = 0.03 respectively). In contrast, fat mass increased in the control group (4.5 kg, p = 0.05). According to the RF ultrasound, adipose tissue, muscle area, and circumference tended to decrease in the intervention group; it is probable that 24 weeks was too short a period of time for evaluating changes in muscle area or circumference, as previously observed in another group of patients. In contrast, functionality, determined by the up-and-go test, significantly improved in all patients (difference 12.6 s, p < 0.001), including the control (10 s improvement, p < 0.001) and the intervention group (improvement of 8.9 s, p < 0.001). Self-reported QoL significantly increased in all groups, from 68.7 ± 22.2 at baseline to 77.7 ± 18.7 (p = 0.01). When heart functionality was evaluated, LVEF increased in the whole cohort (38.7 ± 16.6 vs. 42.2 ± 8.9, p < 0.01); this increase was higher in the intervention group (34.2 ± 16.1 at baseline vs. 45.0% ± 17.0 after 24 weeks, p < 0.05). Serum values of NT-proBNP also significantly decreased in the whole cohort (p < 0.01), especially in the intervention group (p = 0.02). After adjusting by age and sex, nutritional support, baseline LVEF, NT-proBNP, and body composition parameters of functionality tests were not associated with mortality or new hospital admissions in this cohort. CONCLUSION: Nutritional support with hypercaloric, hyperproteic OS, Mediterranean diet, and vitamin D supplementation were associated with decreased NT-proBNP and improvements in LVEF, functionality, and quality of life in patients with HF, despite a significant decrease in hospital admissions.

Morphofunctional and Molecular Assessment of Nutritional Status in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Systemic Treatment: Role of Inflammasome in Clinical Nutrition.

Malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer is frequent, multifactorial and widely associated with clinical evolution and prognosis. Accurate nutritional assessments allow for early identification of patients at risk of malnutrition in order to start nutritional support and prevent sarcopenia. We aimed to perform a novel morphofunctional nutritional evaluation and explore changes in inflammasome-machinery components in 45 patients with head and neck cancer who are undergoing systemic treatment. To this aim, an epidemiological/clinical/anthropometric/biochemical evaluation was performed. Serum RCP, IL6 and molecular expression of inflammasome-components and inflammatory-associated factors (NOD-like-receptors, inflammasome-activation-components, cytokines and inflammation/apoptosis-related components, cell-cycle and DNA-damage regulators) were evaluated in peripheral-blood mononuclear-cells (PBMCs). Clinical-molecular correlations/associations were analyzed. Coherent and complementary information was obtained in the morphofunctional nutritional assessment of the patients when bioimpedance, anthropometric and ultrasound data were analyzed. These factors were also correlated with different biochemical and molecular parameters, revealing the complementary aspect of the whole evaluation. Serum reactive C protein (RCP) and IL6 were the most reliable parameters for determining patients with decreased standardized phase angle, which is associated with increased mortality in patients with solid malignancies. Several inflammasome-components were dysregulated in patients with malnutrition, decreased phase angle and dependency grade or increased circulating inflammation markers. A molecular fingerprint based on gene-expression of certain inflammasome factors (p27/CCL2/ASC) in PBMCs accurately differentiated patients with and without malnutrition. In conclusion, malnutrition induces a profound alteration in the gene-expression pattern of inflammasome-machinery components in PBMCs. A comprehensive nutritional assessment including novel morphofunctional techniques and molecular markers allows a broad characterization of the nutritional status in cancer patients. Profile of certain inflammasome-components should be further studied as potential targets for nutrition-focused treatment strategies in cancer patients.

Catecholaminergic Crisis After a Bleeding Complication of COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents in some cases with hemostatic and thrombotic complications. Pheochromocytomas are unusual, though potentially lethal tumors. Herein we describe the first case of hemorrhage in a pheochromocytoma related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A 62-year-old man consulted for syncope, fever, and palpitations. He was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and presented with a hemorrhage in a previously unknown adrenal mass, which resulted in a catecholaminergic crisis. Medical treatment and surgery were required for symptom control and stabilization. We hereby alert clinicians to watch for additional/unreported clinical manifestations in COVID-19 infection.

Fgr kinase is required for proinflammatory macrophage activation during diet-induced obesity.

Proinflammatory macrophages are key in the development of obesity. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate the Fgr tyrosine kinase, also contribute to obesity. Here we show that ablation of Fgr impairs proinflammatory macrophage polarization while preventing high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. Systemic ablation of Fgr increases lipolysis and liver fatty acid oxidation, thereby avoiding steatosis. Knockout of Fgr in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells is sufficient to protect against insulin resistance and liver steatosis following HFD feeding, while the transfer of Fgr-expressing BM-derived cells reverts protection from HFD feeding in Fgr-deficient hosts. Scavenging of mitochondrial peroxides is sufficient to prevent Fgr activation in BM-derived cells and HFD-induced obesity. Moreover, Fgr expression is higher in proinflammatory macrophages and correlates with obesity traits in both mice and humans. Thus, our findings reveal the mitochondrial ROS-Fgr kinase as a key regulatory axis in proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophage activation, diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and liver steatosis.

Acidemia propiónica: diagnóstico clínico vs. cribado neonatal / Propionic acidemia: clinical diagnosis vs newborn screening

La acidemia propiónica es una rara enfermedad metabólica (prevalencia: 1/100 000), cuya detección puede hacerse de forma precoz mediante el cribado neonatal en las primeras 72 horas de vida. Puede tener una presentación neonatal grave, tardía intermitente o crónica progresiva. El tratamiento de las crisis consiste en la inversión del catabolismo que detiene la ingesta proteica con aporte intravenoso de calorías no proteicas. La mortalidad depende, fundamentalmente, de los episodios de descompensación aguda, mientras que la evolución asocia una alta tasa de secuelas neurológicas y déficits cognitivos.Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida de 11 días de vida con clínica de estancamiento ponderal, letargia, acidosis metabólica e hiperamonemia, que, debido a una falla en el proceso de cribado, no se benefició del diagnóstico precoz.A pesar de la ya existente detección por cribado, es vital mantener un alto índice de sospecha en casos sugestivos de metabolopatías.

Propionic acidemia is a rare metabolic disease (prevalence 1/100,000) that can be early detected with the newborn metabolic screening within the first 72 hours of life. It can have a severe neonatal presentation, a late intermittent onset or a chronic and progressive course. The treatment in the crisis consists in inverting the catabolism by pausing the protein intake and giving intravenous non-protein calories. Mortality depends mainly on acute episodes of decompensation, while evolution and prognosis associate a high rate of neurological sequelae and cognitive deficiencies.We present the case of an 11-day-old female newborn with failure to thrive, lethargy, metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia that, because of a failed newborn screening process, could not be early diagnosed.In spite of the existence of early detection with the newborn metabolic screening, it is very important to keep a high suspicion in cases that suggest metabolic disorders.

[Propionic acidemia: clinical diagnosis vs newborn screening]. / Acidemia propionica: diagnostico clinico vs. cribado neonatal.

Propionic acidemia is a rare metabolic disease (prevalence 1/100,000) that can be early detected with the newborn metabolic screening within the first 72 hours of life. It can have a severe neonatal presentation, a late intermittent onset or a chronic and progressive course. The treatment in the crisis consists in inverting the catabolism by pausing the protein intake and giving intravenous non-protein calories. Mortality depends mainly on acute episodes of decompensation, while evolution and prognosis associate a high rate of neurological sequelae and cognitive deficiencies. We present the case of an 11-day-old female newborn with failure to thrive, lethargy, metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia that, because of a failed newborn screening process, could not be early diagnosed. In spite of the existence of early detection with the newborn metabolic screening, it is very important to keep a high suspicion in cases that suggest metabolic disorders.

La acidemia propiónica es una rara enfermedad metabólica (prevalencia: 1/100 000), cuya detección puede hacerse de forma precoz mediante el cribado neonatal en las primeras 72 horas de vida. Puede tener una presentación neonatal grave, tardía intermitente o crónica progresiva. El tratamiento de las crisis consiste en la inversión del catabolismo que detiene la ingesta proteica con aporte intravenoso de calorías no proteicas. La mortalidad depende, fundamentalmente, de los episodios de descompensación aguda, mientras que la evolución asocia una alta tasa de secuelas neurológicas y déficits cognitivos. Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida de 11 días de vida con clínica de estancamiento ponderal, letargia, acidosis metabólica e hiperamonemia, que, debido a una falla en el proceso de cribado, no se benefició del diagnóstico precoz. A pesar de la ya existente detección por cribado, es vital mantener un alto índice de sospecha en casos sugestivos de metabolopatías.

Ablation of the stress protease OMA1 protects against heart failure in mice.

Heart failure (HF) is a major health and economic burden in developed countries. It has been proposed that the pathogenesis of HF may involve the action of mitochondria. We evaluate three different mouse models of HF: tachycardiomyopathy, HF with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), and LV myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy. Regardless of whether LVEF is preserved, our results indicate that the three models share common features: an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species followed by ultrastructural alterations in the mitochondrial cristae and loss of mitochondrial integrity that lead to cardiomyocyte death. We show that the ablation of the mitochondrial protease OMA1 averts cardiomyocyte death in all three murine HF models, and thus loss of OMA1 plays a direct role in cardiomyocyte protection. This finding identifies OMA1 as a potential target for preventing the progression of myocardial damage in HF associated with a variety of etiologies.

Alkalinity of Lanzarote soils is a factor shaping rhizobial populations with Sinorhizobium meliloti being the predominant microsymbiont of Lotus lancerottensis.

Lotus lancerottensis is an endemic species that grows widely throughout Lanzarote Island (Canary Is.). Characterization of 48 strains isolated from root nodules of plants growing in soils from eleven locations on the island showed that 38 isolates (79.1%) belonged to the species Sinorhizobium meliloti, whereas only six belonged to Mesorhizobium sp., the more common microsymbionts for the Lotus. Other genotypes containing only one isolate were classified as Pararhizobium sp., Sinorhizobium sp., Phyllobacterium sp. and Bradyrhizobium-like. Strains of S. meliloti were distributed along the island and, in most of the localities they were exclusive or major microsymbionts of L. lancerottensis. Phylogeny of the nodulation nodC gene placed the S. meliloti strains within symbiovar lancerottense and the mesorhizobial strains with the symbiovar loti. Although strains from both symbiovars produced effective N2-fixing nodules, S. meliloti symbiovar lancerottense was clearly the predominant microsymbiont of L. lancerottensis. This fact correlated with the better adaptation of strains of this species to the alkaline soils of Lanzarote, as in vitro characterization showed that while the mesorhizobial strains were inhibited by alkaline pH, S. meliloti strains grew well at pH 9.

Uso de simuladores clínicos con estudiantes de enfermería en la Universidad de la Sierra Sur de Oaxaca / Use of clinical simulators with nursing students at Oaxaca's Universidad de la Sierra Sur

Resumen:

Introducción: la simulación clínica es una herramienta educativa de gran valor en la formación de los profesionales de la salud, la cual implica una transformación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Objetivo: describir el uso de simuladores clínicos con estudiantes de enfermería en la Universidad de la Sierra Sur de Oaxaca.

Metodología: a partir de las bitácoras de la sala propedéutica se construyó una base de datos con los registros de: semestre, asignatura, número de alumnos, tipo de sesión, procedimiento y duración. Se analizó descriptivamente y se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrada para establecer diferencia significativa entre variables.

Resultados: el segundo semestre fue el que realizó el mayor número de procedimientos (p ≤ 0.001). La asignatura con mayor cantidad de sesiones supervisadas por el docente fue Bases de Enfermería Clínica; mientras que la asignatura con mayor frecuencia de actividades programadas por los alumnos fue Enfermería Médico Quirúrgica I.

Discusión: existe diferencia entre las asignaturas respecto al número procedimientos supervisados por el docente y los que realizan los alumnos de manera independiente.

Objective: to describe the use of clinical simulators with nursing students at Oaxaca's Universidad de la Sierra Sur.

Methods: From logbooks of the propaedeutic hall a database was built with records: semester course, number of students, session type, procedure and duration. A descriptive analysis was performed Chi square test was used to establish significant difference between variables.

Abstract:

Introduction: Clinical simulation is a valuable educational tool in the training of health professionals and involves a transformation of the teaching-learning process.

Results: In second semester were performed the largest number of nursing procedures (p ≤ 0.001). The subject with the most sessions supervised by the teacher was Nursing Clinical Basis, while Medical Surgical Nursing I recorded most frequently programmed activities by the students. Discussion: There is a difference between some subjects in the frequency of procedures supervised by the teacher and performed by students independently.

Conocimiento y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en universitarios de la Sierra Sur, Oaxaca / Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge and prevention practices among Sierra Sur, Oaxaca college students

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) ocasiona la infección de transmisión sexual más importante en el mundo y se le considera como el principal agente para el desarrollo del cáncer cervicouterino. Los jóvenes constituyen la población más vulnerable debido al inicio de las relaciones sexuales usualmente sin métodos de protección. Objetivos. Describir el conocimiento para la prevención del virus del papiloma humano en universitarios de la sierra sur, Oaxaca. Diseño. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. Lugar. Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, México. Participantes. Estudiantes universitarios de diferentes licenciaturas que expresaron tener una vida sexual activa. Intervenciones. Se construyó un cuestionario de respuesta cerrada que se aplicó de manera autoadministrada a los universitarios. Medidas de resultados. El instrumento fue dividido en los apartados sociodemográficos, académicos, aspectos sexuales, conocimiento sobre el VPH y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus. Resultados. Los participantes masculinos iniciaron su vida sexual más temprano que las mujeres (x2=25,7; p=0,048) y tuvieron un mayor número de parejas (x2=34,09; p=0,002). Cerca de la mitad no utilizaba el preservativo durante sus relaciones sexuales. Desconocían que el virus está relacionado al cáncer cervicouterino (x2=17,5; p<0,001) y ambos géneros ignoraban que el VPH puede provocar cáncer en el hombre (x2=0,09, p=0,760), tampoco conocían las principales manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad (x2=1,7; p=0,415). Los estudiantes del área de la salud tuvieron un mayor conocimiento en el diagnóstico del VPH. La edad no influyó en el conocimiento del virus. Conclusiones. El presente estudio reveló que la mayor parte de los estudiantes desconocía con certeza la clínica, manejo y tratamiento de la infección y como consecuencia estuvieron inadvertidos ante la importancia del contagio. Es necesario otorgar mayor importancia a la educación sexual de los universitarios y...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the worldÆs most important sexually transmitted infection and is considered the main agent for cervical cancer. Youngsters are most vulnerable as they usually begin sexual relations without protection. Objectives. To describe studentsÆ knowledge of human papillomavirus infection prevention at Sierra Sur, Oaxaca University. Design. Quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study. Place. Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. Participants. University students from different programs who reported to have an active sexual life. Interventions. A closed response questionnaire was constructed and applied to the students by self-administration. Main outcome measures. The instrument was divided into sections including sociodemographic, academic and sexual aspects, knowledge about HPV and prevention practices. Results. Male participants became sexually active earlier than women (x2 = 25.7, p = 0.048), had more partners (x2 = 34.09, p = 0.002), and about half of them did not use condom during sex. They were unaware that the virus is associated with cervical cancer (x2 = 17.5, p <0.001) and may cause cancer in men (x2 = 0.09, p = 0.760). They did not know the main clinical manifestations of the disease (x2 = 1.7, p = 0.415). Students of the health sciences had some knowledge on HPV diagnosis. Age did not affect knowledge on the virus. Conclusions. This study revealed that most students do not know the clinical features, management and treatment of the HPV infection and as a consequence are unaware of the importance of the transmission. It is necessary to give more importance to the sex education of university students and to raise awareness of the impact of the HPV infection, by informing about the transmission mechanisms, prevention methods, and clinical manifestations...

[INVASIVE TECHNIQUES AND INTRAOPERATIVE ECHOGRAPHY IN THE LOCALIZATION OF INSULINOMAS; A CASE REPORT]. / COMBINACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS INVASIVAS Y ECOGRAFÍA INTRAOPERATORIA EN LA LOCALIZACIÓN DEL INSULINOMA; A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO.

The insulinoma is the most common pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Surgery is curative in most cases, an appropriate preoperative localization allows a minimal invasive surgical technique for keeping the exo and endocrine function of the pancreas. Some authors suggest the use of invasive localization techniques just in cases with non-identified tumor lesion, others recommend their routinely use. We describe a case with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of insulinoma, conventional image studies revealed a tumor image in the pancreas which corresponded to a lipoma, the intraoperative ultrasound allowed the localization of the real tumor, but body-tail pancreatectomy was performed due to pancreatic necrosis in relation with the duration of the surgery. The systematic use of invasive localization techniques as the intra-arterial calcium stimulation and the pancreatic intraoperative ultrasound would allow a better localization of insulinoma for avoiding complications and associated morbidity.

El insulinoma es el tumor neuroendocrino funcionante más común del páncreas. La resección quirúrgica es curativa en la mayoría de los casos; una adecuada localización preoperatoria permite una cirugía conservadora con preservación de la función pancreática endo y exocrina. Algunos autores proponen el uso de pruebas invasivas solo en aquellos casos en los que la localización no sea posible con técnicas convencionales, mientras que otros se decantan por su realización previa a la intervención quirúrgica de manera rutinaria. Se describe el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico de hiperinsulinismo endógeno con localización del tumor mediante pruebas de imagen convencional. La lesión identificada correspondía a un lipoma; el uso de la ecogafía intraoperatoria permitió la localización posterior y la exéresis del tumor, sin embargo fue necesario realizar una pancreatectomía corporocaudal con esplenectomía por necrosis pancreática debido a la duración de la cirugía. La realización sistemática de pruebas invasivas, como la estimulación intraarterial con calcio y la ecografía pancreática intraoperatoria, podrían mejorar la precisión diagnóstica de localización preoperatoria del insulinoma y disminuir la tasa de complicaciones y la morbilidad asociada.

[Use of glutamine in total parenteral nutrition of bone marrow transplant patients]. / Uso de la glutamina en la nutricion parenteral total de pacientes sometidos a trasplante de médula ósea.

UNLABELLED: Glutamine is an essential amino acid for nucleotide synthesis and an important energy resource for cellular division. There is contradictory evidence about its benefits as part of parenteral nutrition. More than 75% of bone marrow transplant patients (BMTP) have, during their evolution, digestive tract complications limiting enteral nutrition, for this reason, sometimes total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is required. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyze the relation between the use of glutamine in TPN of BMTP, and the evolution of clinical acute complications as mucositis, graft versus host disease (GVHD) and infections days of stay and days of TPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: observational retrospective study. All BMTP with total parenteral nutrition during the period 2007-2013 were included. We analyzed days of stay, days of nutrition, glutamine use and acute complications. Results were analyzed in SPSS 15.0. RESULTS: 73 BMTP were divided in two comparable groups depending on glutamine use. The mean age was 36,96 ± 12,89 years. 47,9% of patients received glutamine in TPN. Patients who received glutamine had a mean stay of 31,49±7,41 days with 14,11±5,87 days of TPN compared with the non-glutamine group with 32,16±7,99 and 15,50±7,71 days respectively (p=0,71 y 0,39). Mucositis lasted 12,23±5,66 days in the glutamine group, and 15,50±7,71 days in the non-glutamine group (p=0,042). Severe grades of GVHD (II,III) was observed in 20,6% of the non glutamine group compared with the 13,7% of the other group (p=0,636). In patients with glutamine suplementation, mucositis last 12,23±5,66 days compared with 15,50±7,71 days in the non-glutamine group (p=0,042).13,7% of all patients suffered infections while receiving TPN with glutamine compared with 16,4% in patients who did not receive glutamine (p=0,700). CONCLUSION: In our group, a statistically significant reduction in the duration of mucositis was observed in patients who received parenteral glutamine.

La glutamina es un amioácido esencial para la síntesis de nucleótidos y una fuente de energía para la replicación celular, existe evidencia contradictoria respecto a los beneficios de su administración como parte de la nutrición parenteral en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de médula ósea (TMO). Más del 75% de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos, presentan durante su evolución complicaciones que comprometen el tracto digestivo, principalmente mucositis, limitando la ingesta oral, de allí la necesidad del uso de nutrición parenteral total (NPT) en estos casos. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre uso de glutamina en la NPT de TMO y la evolución de complicaciones agudas como mucositis, EICH e infecciones, así como la estancia hospitalaria y los días de nutrición parenteral total. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron la totalidad de TMO con NPT entre 2007 y 2013 en nuestro hospital. Se analizaron días de hospitalización, días de soporte nutricional, uso de glutamina y complicaciones agudas. Los resultados se analizaron con el programa SPSS 15.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 73 pacientes trasplantados, se dividieron en dos grupos según el aporte de glutamina siendo ambos grupos comparables entre sí. La edad media fue de 36,96±12,89 años. El 47,9% de los pacientes estudiados recibió suplemento de glutamina en la NPT. Los pacientes que recibieron glutamina tuvieron una estancia media de 31,49±7,41 días con 14,11±5,87 días de NPT en comparación a los que no recibieron glutamina con 32,16±7,99 y 15,50±7,71 días respectivamente (p=0,71 y 0,39). La duración de la mucositis en los pacientes que recibieron glutamina fue de 12,23±5,66 días comparado con 15,50±7,71 días en los que no recibieron glutamina (p=0,042).Se observaron grados severos de EICH (II, III) en un 20,6% de los pacientes sin glutamina en comparación al 13,7% en los que la recibieron (p=0,636). . Del total de los pacientes estudiados, el 13,7% sufrieron complicaciones infecciosas mientras recibían NPT con glutamina, comparado con 16,4% en pacientes que no recibieron (p=0,700).Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la duración de la mucositis en pacientes que recibieron NPT con glutamina.

[Screening for Cushing's syndrome in obese patients; is it really necessary?]. / Despistaje rutinario de síndrome de Cushing en pacientes con obesidad mórbida: ¿es realmente necesario?

to be more frequent among patients with metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have suggested to perform a routine screening for CS in obese patients; however, more recent reports only recommend a case-finding approach in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, despite appropriate treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of unsuspected CS in morbidly obese patients in an outpatient's clinic. Patients and methods: Retrospective case-note study. We reviewed the medical records of morbidly obese patients referred to our clinic prior to bariatric surgery between january 2001 and december 2011. All patients had a complete medical history including physical examination, and 399 underwent screening for CS as part of our pre-surgical protocol. As screening for autonomous cortisol secretion, we performed an overnight 1 mg Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). Serum cortisol < 1.8 µg/dl was the cut-off point for normal suppression. Results: 399 patients (308 female; mean age 41.9 ± 10.5 years; mean BMI 51.5 ± 8.4 kg/m2). In the retrospective analysis, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus were observed in 10.3% and 27.8% respectively. In 21 of 399 patients, screening was considered to be abnormal. Eight of these 21 patients had subsequent normal 24h Urinary Free Cortisol (UFC) levels (150 µg/24h). In 13 of 20 patients, we repeated an overnight 1mg DST, on suspicion of failing to take the dexamethasone correctly. Three patients failed to suppress their cortisol levels, two of them were on carbamazepine, which was considered to be a false positive result. The other patient with abnormal UFC levels was diagnosed with CS (0.26%), whose cause was a pituitary microadenoma. Conclusion: A low proportion of patients with morbid obesity were found to have CS. Our findings suggest that morbidly obese patients should not be routinely screened for CS.

Introducción: El síndrome de Cushing (SC) es más frecuente en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. Estudios previos han sugerido que es necesario realizar un despistaje de SC en pacientes obesos; sin embargo, estudios más recientes sólo recomiendan el despistaje en pacientes con hipertensión o diabetes mal controlados, a pesar de tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de SC oculto en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 399 pacientes que iban a someterse a cirugía bariátrica. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una historia clínica completa, incluyendo exploración física y test de Nugent, como parte del protocolo precirugía. Resultados: 399 pacientes (308 mujeres, edad media 41,9 ± 10,5 años; IMC medio 51,5 ± 8,4 kg/m2). El 10,3% de los pacientes presentaban prediabetes y el 27,8% diabetes. En 21 de los 399 pacientes, el despistaje fue anormal. En 8 pacientes, medimos cortisol libre en orina de 24 horas (CLU), siendo en todos normal al menos en dos ocasiones (CLU < 150 mcg/24 h), lo que descartaba SC. En 13 pacientes, repetimos el test de Nugent; sólo en 3, el test resultó patológico. Dos de los pacientes estaban en tratamiento con carbamacepina, lo que se consideró un falso positivo. El otro paciente se diagnosticó de Enfermedad de Cushing. Conclusión: La prevalencia de SC fue muy baja en pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Nuestros datos sugieren que no se debería realizarse un despistaje de SC de forma rutinaria.

Clinical efficacy of intravenous glucocorticoid treatment in Graves' ophtalmopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of intermittent, high-dose treatment with intravenous glucocorticoids (IV GCs) in moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with GO treated with IV GCs from August 2007 to August 2011 at the Endocrinology Department of Reina Sofía Hospital were enrolled into the study. IV pulse prednisolone (7.5 mg/kg/day) was administered twice weekly every two weeks for 6 weeks, and at half the dose for 6 additional weeks. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (mean age, 43 ± 11 years) with moderate to severe GO were analyzed (83.3% females). Four were active smokers, five former smokers, and the rest had never smoked. Hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease was found in 66.7% of patients, 41.6% of whom had received radioiodine therapy. Response to treatment was satisfactory in 72.2%, partial in 11.1%, and poor in 16.7%. Mild side effects were reported by 5 patients. Before treatment, 83.3% had diplopia, 33.3% eyelid retraction, 72.2% eye pain, and 44.4% exophthalmos. After treatment, only 33.3% had diplopia (P=.004), 5.6% eyelid retraction (P=.063), 16.7% eye pain (P=.002), and 11.1% exophthalmos (P=.031). Response to treatment was not related to the underlying disease (P=.866), prior radioiodine treatment (P=.447), or smoking status (P=.368). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous glucocorticoid therapy decreased activity in patients with moderate to severe active GO, with major improvement occurring in diplopia, eye pain, and exophthalmos. Side effects were mild and uncommon. Treatment response was independent from the underlying disease, prior radioiodine treatment, or smoking status.

Evaluation of Acanthamoeba isolates from environmental sources in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Tests for potentially pathogenic amoebae were carried out in order to determine the presence of free-living amoebae of genus Acanthamoeba in soil and beach sand sources related to human environments in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Acanthamoeba identification was based on the morphology of cyst and trophozoite forms and PCR amplification with a genus specific primer pair. The pathogenical potential of Acanthamoeba isolates was characterized by temperature and osmotolerance assays and PCR reactions with two primer pairs related to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. The results demonstrate the presence of potential pathogenic strain in both sources. Thus, some of the amoebae found in these habitats could act as opportunistic pathogens and may present a risk to human health.

[Utility and advantages of single tracer subareolar injection in sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer]. / Utilidad y ventajas de la inyección subareolar única del trazador en la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela en el cáncer de mama.

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a reliable technique for determining axillary status in patients with early breast cancer. This technique is a minimally invasive procedure that can avoid the use of lymphadenectomy in patients without axillary involvement. We present a validation study of SLN biopsy with subareolar injection of 99mTc-nanocolloids. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 100 patients with early breast cancer (T1 and T2) over a 2-year period. All patients underwent deep subareolar-injection of 99mTc-nanocoloid for localization of the sentinel node. Images were obtained and when the sentinel node was seen, it was marked on the skin. All patients underwent tumor excision and radioguided SLN biopsy followed by complete lymphadenectomy. Histopathological analysis of sentinel nodes was performed by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry with cytokeratins. RESULTS: The sentinel node was identified in all patients, and a mean of 1.95 sentinel nodes per patient were found. Lymphatic metastases in the sentinel node were found in 44 patients and in 15 of these tumoral spread was also found in the remaining axillary nodes. In the 56 remaining patients the sentinel node was free of metastasis, but in two of them a non-sentinel node was found to be positive (4.5% false negative rate). Sensitivity was 95.7% (44/46), specificity was 100% (54/54), the positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 96.4% (54/56). CONCLUSIONS: SLN biopsy is an accurate alternative to complete axillary lymph node dissection in patients with early-stage breast cancer. This technique improves the staging of these patients and decreases the morbidity associated with lymphadenectomy. The advantages of subareolar injection are that a single injection site is required, the tumor does not have to be located by other techniques, it allows rapid visualization of the sentinel node and avoids the "shine through phenomenon" when the tumor is located near the axilla.