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BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem, due to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The misuse of antimicrobials is the main cause of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to report antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in a secondary care hospital in Mexico. METHODS: Within a cross-sectional study, antimicrobial resistance data on ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and antibiotic consumption from 2020 to 2022 were collected. Antimicrobial resistance was reported based on percentages of resistance and consumption was analyzed using the defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed days and the AWaRe (Access, Surveillance, Reservation) antibiotic group. RESULTS: Antibiotic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022 was 330, 175 and 175 DDD/100 beds day, respectively. The rate of ceftriaxone resistance in E. coli (n = 526) and K. pneumoniae (n = 80) was 76% and 69%, respectively, the rate of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii (n = 168) and P. aeruginosa (n = 108) was 92% and 52%, respectively; the rate of oxacillin resistance in S. aureus (n = 208) was 27%; and the rate of vancomycin resistance in E. faecium (n = 68) was 47%. CONCLUSION: The reported results are congruent with global estimates of antibiotic resistance and consumption, providing an overview that could generate actions for antimicrobial optimization at the local and regional levels.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de la inmunización con vacuna neumocóccica conjugada 7 valente (VCN7), sobre la colonización nasofaríngea por S. pneumoniae (SPN). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron dos grupos con diferente esquema de vacunación: grupo I (2-6 meses de edad) 3+1, grupo II (7-11 meses) 2+1, con refuerzo a los 15 meses de edad. Se realizaron cultivos nasofaríngeos antes de cada inmunización y posterior al refuerzo; se analizó de forma global y pareada las proporciones de los niños colonizados por SPN, serotipos vacunales, no vacunales y resistencia a la penicilina. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 183 niños; 93 en el grupo I y 90 en el grupo II. En el grupo I disminuyeron los serotipos vacunales en la 3ª muestra. En el grupo II aumentaron los serotipos no vacunales y disminuyeron los serotipos vacunales antes del refuerzo. En ambos grupos hay una tendencia a disminuir la resistencia a penicilina. CONCLUSIÓN: La VCN7 ocasiona un reemplazo de serotipos en la colonización nasofaríngea antes del refuerzo.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) immunization on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae (SPN). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied two groups with different vaccination schedules, group I (2-6 months of age) 3+1 and group II (7 -11 months) 2+1, with a booster at 15 months. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained before administering each vaccination dose and after booster. Paired and global analyses were carried out of the proportions of children colonized by SPN, vaccine serotype, no vaccine serotype and resistance to penicillin. RESULTS: A total of 183 children were enrolled; 93 in group I and 90 in group II. In group I, there was a decrease in vaccine serotypes in the third sample. In group II, there was an increase in non-vaccine serotypes and a decrease in vaccine serotypes before booster. Both groups showed a trend toward decreased resistance to penicillin. CONCLUSION: PCV7 caused serotype replacement in nasopharyngeal colonization before the booster.
