[Assessment of caffeine intake in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing City].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intake of caffeine from snacks among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing City. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to obtain the consumption status of caffeine-containing snacks among 881 school-age children and adolescents in Chaoyang, Changping and Yanqing Districts through a 3 d 24 h continuous questionnaire survey between October 2016 and February 2017, and the caffeine content in snacks was obtained through literature retrieval and laboratory detection. RESULTS: The proportion of caffeinated snacks consumers among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing was 42. 45%(374/881). The average daily caffeine intake of the whole population was 9. 19 mg, with a median of 0 and a P95 of 41. 38 mg. The average daily caffeine intake of consumers was 21. 66 mg, with a median of 11. 03 mg and 76. 99 mg of P95. About 1. 60%(6/374) of individuals exceeded the daily safe intake level and there were statistically significant differences in caffeine intake between different ages, genders, grades and groups with and without tea drinking habits after weight was taken into account. Among the top three contributors, 12. 13 mg of caffeine was derived from tea, milk tea and tea beverages(including solid drinks), with a contribution rate which reached 56. 01%, 4. 35 mg of caffeine was derived from coffee, with a contribution rate of 20. 09%, and 3. 31 mg of caffeine was derived from cola and energy drinks, with a contribution rate of 15. 30%, and there existed slightly difference of the top three contribution foods among 6-11 and 12-17 years old children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing City had low caffeine intake levels from snacks and there was little risk of overconsumption. Tea, milk tea and tea beverages(including solid drinks) was the major contributor to its caffeine exposure.

[Contamination status and relatively exposure of furan on Beijing infant food].

OBJECTIVE: A study of contaminative status and relative exposure estimation was performed to get the furan intake in the Beijing infant food. METHODS: 4 separate items bought in the Beijing market were analyzed and relative exposure was calculated. RESULTS: The following were mean levels of furan of each items: infant formula milk powder 17.44 microg/kg, infant formula rice powder 16.41 microg/kg, commercial baby food in glass jars 25.73 microg/kg, fruit juices undetectable, which leads exposure of different ages from 1.533 to 5.985 microg/d, 0.341-0.712 microg/(kg bw x d). With the highest concentration of each type of each stage, the exposure of different ages was 0.521-2.474 microg/(kg bw x d). CONCLUSION: The survey leads to the conclusion that infant food sold in Beijing was contaminated with high concentration of furan, which leads to high exposure of infant or baby.

[Determination of furan in baby foods using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

A method for the determination of furan in baby foods was developed using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an HP-PLOT Q capillary column, with D4-furan as an internal standard. The linearities of detection ranged from 10 ng to 70 ng in low concentration and from 50 ng to 400 ng in high concentration, with correlation coefficients of 0.997 and 0.997, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 3.8 ng/g and the limit of quantification was 10.0 ng/g. The average recoveries at the two spiked levels in different samples ranged from 90.0% to 98.4%, and the relative standard deviations were lower than 10%.

[Study on the acryl amide intake in the Beijing diet].

OBJECTIVE: A 24-hours recall study was performed to get the acryl amide intake in the Beijing diet. METHODS: 24 separate items bought in the Beijing Market were analyzed and 2460 diet lists (820 participants x 3 days) were calculated. RESULTS: The following mean intakes of acryl amide have been estimated (microg/dm): males 18.6, females 16.6. For the 97.5 percentile of the population the intake is estimated to: males 59.0, females 50.4. As dose calculated per kg bodyweight the mean intake becomes [microg/(kg bw x d)]: males 0.282, females 0.284. For the 97.5 percentile [microg/ (kg bw x d)]: males 0.898, females 1.007. The contribution of the different meals and to the intake was as follows: breakfast 20.48%, lunch 38.99%, dinner 39.42%, snacks 1.17%. CONCLUSION: The survey leads to the conclusion that lunch and dinner are significant sources of acryl amide in a typical Beijing diet even if they have relatively low levels of acryl amide. Chinese traditional breakfast food is also an important source of acryl amide in a typical Beijing.