Carotid Plaque Score is Associated with 10-year Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Low-Intermediate Risk Patients Referred to a General Cardiology Community Clinic.

AIMS: Atherosclerotic carotid plaque assessments have not been integrated into routine clinical practice due to the time-consuming nature of both imaging and measurements. Plaque score, Rotterdam method, is simple, quick, and only requires 4-6 B-mode ultrasound images. The aim was to assess the benefit of plaque score in a community cardiology clinic to identify patients at risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients ≥40 years presenting for risk assessment were given a carotid ultrasound. Exclusions included a history of vascular disease or MACE and being >75 years. Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios were performed. The left and right common carotid artery (CCA), bulb, and internal carotid artery (ICA) were given 1 point per segment if plaque present (plaque score 0 to 6). Administrative data holdings at ICES were used for 10-year event follow-up. Of 8,472 patients, 60% were females (n = 5,121). Plaque was more prevalent in males (64% vs 53.9%; P <0.0001). The 10-year MACE cumulative incidence estimate was 6.37% with 276 events (males 6.9 % vs females 6.0%; P = 0.004). Having both maximal CCA IMT <1.00 mm and plaque score = 0, was associated with less events. A plaque score <2 was associated with a low 10-year event rate (4.1%) compared to 2-4 (8.7%) and 5-6 (20%). CONCLUSION: A plaque score ≥2 can re-stratify low-intermediate risk patients to a higher risk for events. Plaque score may be used as a quick assessment in a cardiology office to guide treatment management of patients.

Postdischarge opioid use after lumbar spine surgery among older adults in Ontario: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Prescription opioid use places a considerable economic burden on health care systems. Older patients undergoing surgical procedures for painful conditions commonly receive opioids pre- and postoperatively, and are susceptible to adverse reactions. This study explores predictors of prolonged postoperative opioid use among older patients after lumbar spine surgery and the consequences in terms of health care utilization and costs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using Ontario administrative data from older adults undergoing spine surgery between 2006 and 2017. Data were analyzed from 90 days preoperatively to 1 year after hospital discharge, with last postoperative opioid prescriptions stratified into 90-day increments. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression to identify predictors of long-term opioid use and generalized linear modelling to examine resource utilization and health care costs (2021 Canadian dollars). RESULTS: Of 15 109 patients included, 40.8% received preoperative opioid prescriptions. Preoperative opioid use strongly predicted prolonged postoperative use (odds ratio [OR] 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.16-4.79), with 48.3% of patients who received preoperative opioids continuing to use opioids for longer than 9 months, relative to 12.7% of those without preoperative use. Several other risk factors for prolonged use were identified. Patients receiving long-term postoperative opioids incurred greater health care costs relative to those with opioids prescribed for fewer than 90 days (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.44-1.54). CONCLUSION: Among older adults undergoing spine surgery, preoperative opioid use was a strong predictor of prolonged postoperative use, which was associated with increased health care costs. These results form an important baseline for future studies evaluating strategies to reduce opioid use targeting older surgical populations.

A Frailty Index to Predict Mortality, Resource Utilization and Costs in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Ontario.

Background: People living with frailty are vulnerable to poor outcomes and incur higher health care costs after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Frailty-defining instruments for population-level research in the CABG setting have not been established. The objectives of the study were to develop a preoperative frailty index for CABG (pFI-C) surgery using Ontario administrative data; assess pFI-C suitability in predicting clinical and economic outcomes; and compare pFI-C predictive capabilities with other indices. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using health administrative data of 50,682 CABG patients. The pFI-C comprised 27 frailty-related health deficits. Associations between index scores and mortality, resource use and health care costs (2022 Canadian dollars [CAD]) were assessed using multivariable regression models. Capabilities of the pFI-C in predicting mortality were evaluated using concordance statistics; goodness of fit of the models was assessed using Akakie Information Criterion. Results: As assessed by the pFI-C, 22% of the cohort lived with frailty. The pFI-C score was strongly associated with mortality per 10% increase (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], [2.83,3.27]), and was significantly associated with resource utilization and costs. The predictive performances of the pFI-C, Charlson, and Elixhauser indices and Johns Hopkins Aggregated Diagnostic Groups were similar, and mortality models containing the pFI-C had a concordance (C)-statistic of 0.784. Cost models containing the pFI-C showed the best fit. Conclusions: The pFI-C is predictive of mortality and associated with resource utilization and costs during the year following CABG. This index could aid in identifying a subgroup of high-risk CABG patients who could benefit from targeted perioperative health care interventions.

Contexte: Les personnes dont l'état de santé est fragilisé sont susceptibles de connaître des issues défavorables et de générer des coûts plus élevés pour le système de santé après un pontage aortocoronarien. Aucun instrument n'a été établi pour définir la fragilité dans la recherche populationnelle en contexte de pontage aortocoronarien. Les objectifs de l'étude étaient les suivants : 1) concevoir un indice de fragilité préopératoire en vue d'un pontage aortocoronarien (preoperative frailty index for CABG surgery, pFI-C) en utilisant des données administratives de l'Ontario; 2) évaluer la capacité de cet indice à prédire les issues cliniques et économiques; et 3) comparer la valeur prédictive de cet indice avec celle d'autres indices. Méthodologie: Une étude de cohorte rétrospective a été menée à partir de données médico-administratives portant sur 50 682 patients ayant subi un pontage aortocoronarien. Le pFI-C comprenait 27 déficits de santé liés à la fragilité. Des liens entre les scores de l'indice et la mortalité, l'utilisation des ressources et les coûts de soins de santé (en $ CA de 2022) ont été évalués à l'aide de modèles de régression multivariable. La capacité du pFI-C à prédire la mortalité a été évaluée à l'aide de la statistique de concordance; la qualité de l'ajustement des modèles a été évaluée en fonction du critère d'information d'Akaike. Résultats: Selon l'évaluation par le pFI-C, 22 % de la cohorte vivait avec une fragilité. Le score de l'indice était fortement corrélé à la mortalité par tranche d'augmentation de 10 % (rapport de cotes de 3,04; intervalle de confiance à 95 % de 2,83 à 3,27) et était corrélé de manière significative à l'utilisation des ressources et aux coûts. La valeur prédictive du pFI-C, des indices de Charlson et Elixhauser, et de Johns Hopkins Aggregated Diagnostic Groups était similaire, et les modèles de mortalité contenant le pFI-C affichaient une valeur statistique C de 0,784. Les modèles de coûts contenant le pFI-C affichaient le meilleur ajustement. Conclusions: Le pFI-C est un facteur prédictif de mortalité et est corrélé à l'utilisation des ressources et aux coûts engagés durant l'année qui suit un pontage aortocoronarien. Cet indice pourrait faciliter la détection d'un sous-groupe de patients subissant un pontage aortocoronarien et présentant un risque élevé qui pourraient bénéficier de soins périopératoires ciblés.

Feasibility and Cost Analysis of Portable MRI Implementation in a Remote Setting in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct feasibility and cost analysis of portable MRI implementation in a remote setting where MRI access is otherwise unavailable. METHODS: Portable MRI (ultra-low field, 0.064T) was installed in Weeneebayko General Hospital, Moose Factory, Ontario. Adult patients, presenting with any indication for neuroimaging, were eligible for study inclusion. Scanning period was from November 14, 2021, to September 6, 2022. Images were sent via a secure PACS network for Neuroradiologist interpretation, available 24/7. Clinical indications, image quality, and report turnaround time were recorded. A cost analysis was conducted from a healthcare system's perspective in 2022 Canadian dollars, comparing cost of portable MRI implementation to transporting patients to a center with fixed MRI. RESULTS: Portable MRI was successfully implemented in a remote Canadian location. Twenty-five patients received a portable MRI scan. All studies were of diagnostic quality. No clinically significant pathologies were identified on any of the studies. However, based on clinical presentation and limitations of portable MRI resolution, it is estimated that 11 (44%) of patients would require transfer to a center with fixed MRI for further imaging workup. Cost savings were $854,841 based on 50 patients receiving portable MRI over 1 year. Five-year budget impact analysis showed nearly $8 million dollars saved. CONCLUSIONS: Portable MRI implementation in a remote setting is feasible, with significant cost savings compared to fixed MRI. This study may serve as a model to democratize MRI access, offer timely care and improved triaging in remote areas where conventional MRI is unavailable.

A Rapid Literature Review of Multi-Criteria Decision Support Methods in the Context of One Health for All-Hazards Threat Prioritization.

Background: Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a decision support tool that can be used in public health emergency management. The use of a One Health lens in MCDA can support the prioritization of threats and interventions which cut across the human, animal, and environmental domains. Previous literature reviews have focused on creating a snapshot of MCDA methodological trends. Our study provides an update to the MCDA methods literature with key considerations from a One Health perspective and addresses the application of MCDA in an all-hazards decision-making context. Methods: We conducted a literature search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, the CAB database, and a limited online gray literature search in partnership with a librarian from Health Canada. Articles were limited to those published in the year 2010 or later in a high-income setting (OECD member countries). Results: Sixty-two articles were included for synthesis. Of these articles, most were Canadian studies (20%); and prioritized health risks, threats, and interventions in the human domain (69%). Six commonly used prioritization criteria were identified: threat, health, intervention, strategic, social, and economic impact. Stakeholders were engaged in 85% of studies and commonly consisted of government groups, non-governmental groups, subject matter experts, and the public. While most articles (65%) included elements of One Health based on our definition, only 5 studies (9%) explicitly acknowledged One Health as a guiding principle for the study. Forty seven percentage of studies noted that MCDA was beneficial in supporting the decision-making process. Conclusion: Current literature on health prioritization presents some variability in the depth of integration of the One Health framework and on the use of various MCDA methodologies given prioritization objectives. Studies which applied a comprehensive One Health approach, prioritized disparate threats, or conducted cyclical prioritizations for governing bodies were broad in scope, but sparse. The results of our review indicate the need for better guidance on the integration of a One Health approach and the use of various MCDA methods given the main prioritization objectives.

Chronic opioid use after joint replacement surgery in seniors is associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs: a historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: Postoperative opioid use may be associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs. We sought to examine the relationship between duration of postoperative opioid prescriptions and healthcare costs and resource utilization in senior patients following hip and knee replacement. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study evaluating postoperative opioid use and healthcare costs in patients over the age of 65 yr undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty over a ten-year period from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2016. The last follow-up date was 31 March 2017. We identified preoperative and postoperative opioid prescriptions, patient characteristics, and healthcare costs using deidentified Ontario administrative databases (Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Duration of postoperative opioid use was divided into four categories: short-term (1-90 days), prolonged (91-180 days), chronic (181-365 days), and undocumented. RESULTS: The study included 49,638 hip and 85,558 knee replacement patients. Although the initial hospitalization accounted for the greatest cost in all patients, over the following year patients in the short-term opioid use group incurred the lowest average costs, and those in the chronic group incurred the highest (hip, CAD 17,528 vs CAD 26,736; knee, CAD 16,043 vs CAD 23,007), driven by increased healthcare resource utilization. CONCLUSION: Chronic opioid use after arthroplasty was associated with higher resource utilization and healthcare costs during the year following surgery. These results can be used to develop predictors of longer opioid use and higher costs. Further research is planned to determine whether recently implemented opioid reduction strategies can reduce healthcare resource utilization.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'utilisation postopératoire d'opioïdes peut être associée à une augmentation de l'utilisation et des coûts des soins de santé. Nous avons cherché à examiner la relation entre la durée des ordonnances d'opioïdes postopératoires, les coûts des soins de santé et l'utilisation des ressources chez les patients âgés après une arthroplastie de la hanche et du genou. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte historique évaluant la consommation postopératoire d'opioïdes et les coûts des soins de santé chez les patients de plus de 65 ans subissant une arthroplastie totale primaire de la hanche ou du genou sur une période de dix ans allant du 1er avril 2006 au 31 mars 2016. La dernière date de suivi était le 31 mars 2017. Nous avons identifié les ordonnances pré- et postopératoires d'opioïdes, les caractéristiques des patients et les coûts des soins de santé à l'aide de bases de données administratives de l'Ontario désidentifiées (ICES). La durée de la consommation d'opioïdes postopératoires était divisée en quatre catégories : à court terme (1 à 90 jours), prolongée (91 à 180 jours), chronique (181 à 365 jours) et non documentée. RéSULTATS: L'étude a porté sur 49 638 patients ayant subi une arthroplastie de la hanche et 85 558 patients une arthroplastie du genou. Bien que l'hospitalisation initiale ait représenté le coût le plus élevé chez tous les patients, au cours de l'année suivante, les patients du groupe de consommation d'opioïdes à court terme ont encouru les coûts moyens les plus bas et ceux du groupe chronique les coûts les plus élevés (hanche, 17 528 CAD vs 26 736 CAD; genou, 16 043 CAD vs 23 007 CAD) en raison de l'utilisation accrue des ressources de soins de santé. CONCLUSION: La consommation chronique d'opioïdes après une arthroplastie a été associée à une augmentation de l'utilisation des ressources et des coûts des soins de santé au cours de l'année suivant la chirurgie. Ces résultats peuvent être utilisés pour développer des modèles de prédiction d'une consommation prolongée d'opioïdes et de coûts plus élevés. D'autres recherches sont prévues pour déterminer si les stratégies de réduction de la consommation d'opioïdes récemment mises en œuvre pourront réduire l'utilisation des ressources en soins de santé.

Evaluation of definitions for oral anticoagulant-associated major bleeding: A population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Major bleeding is the most serious complication of oral anticoagulants (OACs). While consensus criteria to define major bleeding have been established by the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH), Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI), significant variability exists across these definitions. We sought to evaluate the agreement of cases identified by the three definitions and to assess their effect on mortality and OAC resumption. METHODS: We used a dataset of individuals ≥66 years in Ontario, Canada presenting with OAC-related bleeding from 2010 to 2015. For case agreement, we calculated Cohen's κ between the three major bleeding definitions. We used multivariate regression to determine differences in mortality and OAC resumption among ISTH, BARC and TIMI-defined major bleeds. RESULTS: Among 2002 cases of OAC-related bleeding, agreement in case identification between ISTH and BARC was substantial (Cohen's κ = 0.69); however, agreement between TIMI and other definitions were poor. Using 30-day mortality of clinically relevant non-major bleeds as comparator, ISTH-, BARC- and TIMI-defined major bleeds conferred 3.3-, 3.2- and 5.9-fold increased risk. Among survivors, 50% with ISTH- and BARC-defined major bleeds resumed OACs at 180 days, compared to 31% of TIMI-associated cases. CONCLUSION: Major bleeds identified by ISTH and BARC criteria showed good agreement and similar prognostic utility, whereas TIMI criteria identified patients at greater clinical risk. Our results highlight the need to revise major bleeding definitions based on criteria that are independently predictive of clinically relevant morbidity and mortality to more effectively reflect the risk associated with major bleeding and appropriately influence anticoagulant therapy decisions.

Long-term opioid use in seniors following hip and knee arthroplasty in Ontario: a historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: Canadian seniors who undergo hip and knee arthroplasty often experience significant postoperative pain, which could result in persistent opioid use. We aimed to document the impact of preoperative opioid use and other characteristics on postoperative opioid prescriptions in elderly patients following hip and knee replacement before widespread dissemination of opioid reduction strategies. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study to evaluate postoperative opioid use in patients over 65 yr undergoing primary total hip and knee replacement over a ten-year period from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2016, using linked de-identified Ontario administrative data. We determined the use of preoperative opioids and the duration of postoperative opioid prescriptions (short-term [1-90 days], prolonged [91-180 days], chronic [181-365 days], or undocumented). RESULTS: The study included 49,638 hip and 85,558 knee replacement patients. Eighteen percent of hip and 21% of knee replacement patients received an opioid prescription within 90 days before surgery. Postoperatively, 51% of patients filled opioid prescriptions for 1-90 days, while 24% of hip and 29% of knee replacement patients filled prescriptions between 6 and 12 months, with no impact of preoperative opioid use. Residence in long-term care was a significant predictor of chronic opioid use (hip: odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93 to 3.59; knee: OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.75 to 3.45); other risk factors included female sex and increased comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Despite a main goal of joint arthroplasty being relief of pain, seniors commonly remained on postoperative opioids, even if not receiving opioids before surgery. Opioid reduction strategies need to be implemented at the surgical, primary physician, long-term care, and patient levels. These findings form a basis for future investigations following implementation of opioid reduction approaches.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les aînés canadiens subissant une arthroplastie de la hanche ou du genou éprouvent souvent une douleur postopératoire importante, ce qui pourrait entraîner la consommation persistante d'opioïdes. Nous avons cherché à documenter l'impact d'une utilisation préopératoire d'opioïdes et d'autres caractéristiques sur les prescriptions postopératoires d'opioïdes chez les patients âgés suivant un remplacement de hanche ou de genou avant l'utilisation répandue de stratégies de réduction d'opioïdes. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte historique pour évaluer la consommation postopératoire d'opioïdes chez les patients de plus de 65 ans subissant une arthroplastie totale primaire de la hanche ou du genou sur une période de dix ans du 1er avril 2006 au 31 mars 2016, à l'aide de données administratives dépersonnalisées et codées de l'Ontario. Nous avons déterminé la durée des ordonnances préopératoires et postopératoires d'opioïdes (à court terme [1-90 jours], prolongées [91-180 jours], chroniques [181-365 jours] ou non documentées). RéSULTATS: L'étude a porté sur 49 638 patients ayant subi une arthroplastie de la hanche et 85 558 patients une arthroplastie du genou. Dix-huit pour cent des patients ayant subi une arthroplastie de la hanche et 21 % des patients ayant subi une arthroplastie du genou ont reçu une ordonnance d'opioïdes dans les 90 jours précédant leur chirurgie. En période postopératoire, 51 % des patients ont utilisé leurs ordonnances d'opioïdes pendant 1 à 90 jours, tandis que 24 % des patients d'arthroplastie de la hanche et 29 % des patients d'arthroplastie du genou ont utilisé leurs ordonnances entre six et 12 mois. Le fait d'habiter dans un établissement de soins de longue durée était un prédicteur important de consommation chronique d'opioïdes (hanche : rapport de cotes [RC], 2,64; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, 1,93 à 3,59; genou : RC, 2,46; IC 95 %, 1,75 à 3,45); le sexe féminin et l'augmentation des comorbidités constituaient d'autres facteurs de risque. CONCLUSION: Bien que l'un des principaux objectifs de l'arthroplastie articulaire soit le soulagement de la douleur, les personnes âgées continuent généralement à consommer des opioïdes en période postopératoire, même si elles ne prenaient pas d'opioïdes avant leur chirurgie. Il est nécessaire de mettre en œuvre des stratégies de réduction des opioïdes qui s'adressent aux chirurgiens, aux médecins traitants, aux soins de longue durée et aux patients. Ces constatations constituent la base d'études futures réalisées à la suite de la mise en œuvre d'approches de réduction des opioïdes.

Beyond Wellness Monitoring: Continuous Multiparameter Remote Automated Monitoring of Patients.

The pursuit of more efficient patient-friendly health systems and reductions in tertiary health services use has seen enormous growth in the application and study of remote patient monitoring systems for cardiovascular patient care. While there are many consumer-grade products available to monitor patient wellness, the regulation of these technologies varies considerably, with most products having little to no evaluation data. As the science and practice of virtual care continues to evolve, clinicians and researchers can benefit from an understanding of more comprehensive solutions capable of monitoring multiple biophysical parameters (eg, oxygen saturation, heart rate) continuously and simultaneously. These devices, herein referred to as continuous multiparameter remote automated monitoring (CM-RAM) devices, have the potential to revolutionise virtual patient care. Through seamless integration of multiple biophysical signals, CM-RAM technologies can allow for the acquisition of high-volume big data for the development of algorithms to facilitate early detection of negative changes in patient health status and timely clinician response. In this article, we review key principles, architecture, and components of CM-RAM technologies. Work to date in this field and related implications are also presented, including strategic priorities for advancing the science and practice of CM-RAM.

Health Resource and Cost Savings Achieved in a Multidisciplinary Lung Cancer Clinic.

Background: Lung cancer (LC) care is resource and cost intensive. We launched a Multidisciplinary LC Clinic (MDC), where patients with a new LC diagnosis received concurrent oncology consultation, resulting in improved time to LC assessment and treatment. Here, we evaluate the impact of MDC on health resource utilization, patient and caregiver costs, and secondary patient benefits. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients in a rapid assessment clinic with a new LC diagnosis pre-MDC (September 2016-February 2017) and post-MDC implementation (February 2017-December 2018). Data are reported as means; unpaired t-tests and ANOVA were used to assess for significance. We also conducted a cost analysis. Resource utilization, out-of-pocket costs, procedure-related costs, and indirect costs were evaluated from the societal perspective and presented in 2019 Canadian dollars (CAD); multi-way worst/best case and threshold sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: We reviewed 428 patients (78 traditional model, 350 MDC). Patients in the MDC model required significantly fewer oncology visits from LC diagnosis to first LC treatment (1.62 vs. 2.68, p < 0.001), which was significant for patients with stage 1, 3, and 4 disease. Compared with the traditional model, there was no change in mean biopsies/patient (1.32 traditional vs. 1.17 MDC, p = 0.18) or staging investigations/patient (2.24 traditional vs. 2.02 MDC, p = 0.20). Post-MDC, there was an increase in invasive mediastinal staging for patients with stage 2/3 LC (15.0% vs. 60.0%, p < 0.001). Over 22 months, MDC resulted in savings of CAD 48,389 including CAD 24,167 CAD in direct patient out-of-pocket expenses. For the threshold analyses, MDC was estimated to cost CAD 25,708 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), considered to be below current willingness to pay thresholds (at CAD 80,000 per QALY). MDC also facilitated oncology assessment for 29 non-LC patients. Conclusions: An MDC led to a reduction in patient visits and direct patient and caregiver costs.

Economic Burden and Healthcare Resource Use for Thoracic Aortic Dissections and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms-A Population-Based Cost-of-Illness Analysis.

Background Thoracic aortic dissections (TADs) and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are resource intensive. We sought to determine economic burden and healthcare resource use to guide health policy. Methods and Results Using universal healthcare coverage data for Ontario, Canada, from 2003 to 2016, a cost-of-illness analysis was performed. From a single-payer's perspective, direct costs (hospitalization, reinterventions, readmissions, rehabilitation, extended care, home care, prescription drugs, and imaging) were assessed in 2017 Canadian dollars. Controls without TADs or TAAs were matched 10:1 on age, sex, and socioeconomic status to cases with TADs or TAAs to compare posthospital service use to the general population. Linear and spline regression were used for cost trends. Total hospital costs increased from $9 M to $20.7 M for TADs (P<0.0001) and $13 M to $18 M for TAAs (P<0.001). Costs cumulated to $587 M for 17 113 cases. Median hospital costs for TADs were $11 525 ($6102 medical, $26 896 endograft, and $30 372 surgery) with an increase over time (P=0.04). For TAAs, median costs were $16 683 ($7247 medical, $11 679 endograft, and $22 949 surgery) with a decrease over time (P=0.03). Home care was the most used posthospital service (TADs 44%, TAAs 38%), but rehabilitation had the highest median cost (TADs $11.9 M, TAAs $11 M). Men had increased median costs for indexed hospitalizations relative to women, yet women used more posthospital services with higher service costs. Conclusions Total yearly costs have increased for TADs and TAAs. Median hospital costs have increased for TADs yet decreased for TAAs. Women use posthospital healthcare services more often than men.

Use of instrumented lumbar spinal surgery for degenerative conditions: trends and costs over time in Ontario, Canada

Background: Instrumented lumbar surgeries, such as lumbar fusion and lumbar disc replacement, are increasingly being used in the United States for low back pain, with utilization rates approaching those of total joint arthroplasty. It is unknown whether there is a similar pattern in Canada. We sought to determine utilization rates and total medical costs of instrumented lumbar surgeries in a single-payer system and to compare these with the rates and costs of total hip and knee replacements. Methods: We included Ontarians aged 20 years and older who underwent instrumented lumbar surgery or total knee or total hip replacement between April 1993 and March 2012. Utilization and medical cost of the procedures were evaluated and compared using linear regression in a time-series analysis. Instrumented lumbar surgical procedures were stratified by age and main indication for surgery. Results: Utilization of instrumented lumbar surgeries rose from 6.2 to 14.2 procedures per 100 000 population between 1993 and 2012 (p < 0.001), well below the utilization of knee and hip arthroplasties. Patients were younger than 50 years for 29.2% of all instrumented lumbar surgery cases; annual procedure rates among those older than 80 years rose 7.6-fold. Direct medical costs of instrumented lumbar surgeries from 2002 to 2012 totaled $176 million. Spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis were the most common indications for instrumented lumbar surgeries. Conclusion: Use of instrumented lumbar surgeries in Ontario's single-payer system has increased rapidly, especially among patients older than 80 years. In contrast to the situation in the United States, these rates were well below those of total joint arthroplasties. These data provide useful insights about resource allocation for surgical treatment of lumbar degenerative disorders.

Contexte: Les chirurgies lombaires instrumentées, telles que l'arthrodèse ou la prothèse discale lombaires, sont de plus en plus utilisées aux États-Unis pour le traitement de la lombalgie, leurs taux d'utilisation s'approchant de ceux de l'arthroplastie totale. On ignore si la tendance est la même au Canada. Nous avons voulu mesurer les taux d'utilisation et les coûts médicaux totaux des chirurgies lombaires instrumentées et les comparer aux taux et aux coûts de l'arthroplastie totale de la hanche et du genou. Méthodes: Nous avons inclus les Ontariens de 20 ans et plus ayant subi une chirurgie lombaire instrumentée ou une arthroplastie totale du genou ou de la hanche entre avril 1993 et mars 2012. L'utilisation et les coûts médicaux des interventions ont été évalués et comparés par analyse de régression linéaire des séries chronologiques. Les chirurgies lombaires ont été stratifiées selon l'âge et la principale indication. Résultats: Le recours aux chirurgies lombaires instrumentées a augmenté de 6,2 à 14,2 interventions par 100 000 de population entre 1993 et 2012 (p < 0,001), ce qui reste bien inférieur au recours à l'arthroplastie du genou et de la hanche. Les patients avaient moins de 50 ans pour 29,2 % de tous les cas de chirurgies lombaires instrumentées; le taux annuel d'interventions chez les patients de plus de 80 ans a augmenté selon un facteur de 7,6. Les coûts médicaux directs des chirurgies lombaires instrumentées ont totalisé 176 millions de dollars entre 2002 et 2012. La sténose rachidienne et le spondylolisthésis étaient les plus fréquentes indications des chirurgies lombaires instrumentées. Conclusion: L'utilisation de la chirurgie lombaire instrumentée pour le régime d'assurance santé à payeur unique ontarien a augmenté rapidement, particulièrement chez les patients de plus de 80 ans. Comparativement à la situation qui prévaut aux États-Unis, ces taux sont bien inférieurs aux taux d'arthroplasties totales. Ces données sont intéressantes du point de vue de l'allocation des ressources pour le traitement chirurgical de la dégénérescence discale lombaire.

Healthcare resource utilization and costs among patients with direct oral anticoagulant or warfarin-related major bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have expanded the options for antithrombotic therapy. DOAC-related major bleeds are associated with favorable outcomes compared to warfarin in clinical trials and routine practice. However, it is unclear whether management of DOAC-associated major bleeding incurs higher resource utilization and costs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened medical records of patients ≥ 66 years with atrial fibrillation admitted to one of five tertiary care hospitals in Ontario, Canada with a hemorrhage. We abstracted bleeds involving DOACs or warfarin and linked them to administrative databases to capture length of hospital stay, blood product use, procedural interventions, intensive care unit (ICU) utilization and related direct medical costs. To control for confounders, multivariate logistic and linear regressions were used for binary and linear outcomes respectively. RESULTS: Among 19,061 records screened, 1978 (10.4%) cases involving 1632 patients met criteria of oral anticoagulant-associated bleeding. Baseline characteristics between DOAC and warfarin groups were similar. Blood product costs were higher for DOACs (all comparisons DOACs vs. warfarin, $1456 vs. $1109, mean difference $347, 95% CI $185 to $509), but length of stay and ICU use were similar. Mean direct medical costs did not differ ($9217 vs. $10,790, adjusted relative ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.84-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prior to introduction of DOAC-specific reversal agents, resource utilization and medical costs were comparable between DOAC- and warfarin-associated major bleeds, despite marginally higher blood product costs incurred by the former. Resource intensity associated with anticoagulant-related bleeding remains high, and our data provide measures for cost-effectiveness evaluation of emerging DOAC antidotes.

The health economics of ankle and foot sprains and fractures: A systematic review of English-language published papers. Part 1: Overview and critical appraisal.

BACKGROUND: Ankle and foot sprains and fractures are common injuries affecting many individuals, often requiring considerable and costly medical interventions. The objectives of this systematic review are to collect, assess, and critically appraise the published literature on the health economics of ankle and foot injury (sprain and fracture) treatment. METHODS: A systematic literature review of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane DSR, ACP Journal Club, AMED, Ovid Healthstar, and CINAHL was conducted for English-language studies on the costs of treating ankle and foot sprains and fractures published from January 1980 to December 2014. Two reviewers assessed the articles for study quality and abstracted data. RESULTS: The literature search identified 2047 studies of which 32 were analyzed. A majority of the studies were published in the last decade. A number of the studies did not report full economic information, including the sources of the direct and indirect costs, as suggested in the guidelines. The perspective used in the analysis was missing in numerous studies, as was the follow-up time period of participants. Only five of the studies undertook a sensitivity analysis which is required whenever there are uncertainties regarding cost data. CONCLUSION: This systematic review found that publications do not consistently report on the components of health economics methodology, which in turn limits the quality of information. Future studies undertaking economic evaluations should ensure that their methods are transparent and understandable so as to yield accurate interpretation for assistance in forthcoming economic evaluations and policy decision-making.

The health economics of ankle and foot sprains and fractures: A systematic review of English-language published papers. Part 2: The direct and indirect costs of injury.

BACKGROUND: Ankle and foot sprains and fractures are prevalent injuries, which may result in substantial physical and economic consequences for the patient and place a financial burden on the health care system. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to examine the direct and indirect costs of treating ankle and foot injuries (sprains, dislocations, fractures), as well as to provide an overview of the outcomes of full economic analyses of different treatment strategies. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out among seven databases to identify English language publications on the health economics of ankle and foot injury treatment published between 1980 and 2014. The direct and indirect costs were abstracted by two independent reviewers. All costs were adjusted for inflation and reported in 2016 US dollars (USD). RESULTS: Among 2047 identified studies, 32 were selected for analysis. The direct costs of ankle sprain management ranged from $292 to $2268 per patient (2016 USD), depending on the injury severity and treatment strategy. The direct costs of managing ankle fractures were higher ($1908-$19,555). Foot fracture treatment had similar direct costs ranging from $998 to $21,801. The economic evaluations were conducted from the societal or payer's perspectives. CONCLUSION: The costs of treating ankle and foot sprains and fractures varied among the studies, mostly due to differences in injury type and study characteristics, which impacted the ability of directly comparing the financial burden of treatment. Nonetheless, the review showed that the costs experienced by the patient and the health care system increased with injury complexity.

Caregiver Out-of-Pocket Costs for Octogenarian Intensive Care Unit Patients in Canada.

ABSTRACTMedical issues facing the aging population are of growing concern with consequences for patients and their caregivers. This study determined the indirect and out-of-pocket costs incurred by the caregivers of elderly patients in Canadian Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Primary family caregivers were surveyed capturing out-of-pocket costs, hours of work, and hours of leisure forgone in providing patient care while the patient was in the ICU. Total costs of care per month were reported across caregiver sex, age, and geographic region. Average out-of-pocket costs were $791 (2016 Canadian dollars) in the first month of ICU care. The mean total cost to family caregivers per patient was $162 per day. Male primary caregivers had higher mean out-of-pocket costs than female caregivers. Subsidization programs covering expenses such as travel, meals, accommodation, and parking are needed to support family caregivers of elderly ICU patients who are incurring considerable out-of-pocket costs.

Help-seeking behavior among community-dwelling adults with chronic pain.

Background: Some individuals with chronic pain do not seek care. This decision may be due to characteristics of the individual, pain, and/or their health professional(s). Aims: This study aimed to identify and compare features of individuals with chronic pain, their pain and general health, and their health care professional between community-dwelling adults who did and did not seek care. Methods: Randomly selected adults were mailed a study questionnaire that screened for chronic pain (pain persisting ≥3 months) and asked about their general well-being (Short Form [SF]-36), pain location (body diagram), pain intensity and characteristics (Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs), experiences with health care professionals (Chronic Illness Resources Survey), and visits made to health professionals over the past year. Respondents were categorized as help-seeking (≥1 visit in the past year) and non-help-seeking (zero visits in the past year). Results: Six percent of respondents (44/696) were non-help-seeking. These respondents differed in individual, pain, and health care professional characteristics when compared to those who did seek care. Specifically, when other variables were controlled, non-help-seeking individuals were less likely to be male (relative risk [RR] = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-0.86), report comorbid conditions (RR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.22-0.98), report being treated as an equal partner in decision making (RR = 0.40, 95% CI, 0.18-0.93), and rate their health care professional as important to their pain management (RR = 0.39, 95% CI, 0.18-0.85). They were more likely to use over-the-counter medication to manage their pain (RR = 2.52, 95% CI, 1.14-5.58). Conclusions: Experiences with health professionals play a role in determining whether an individual manages his or her pain independently. Future research should explore the safety of those who do not seek care.

Contexte: Certaines personnes souffrant de douleur chronique ne se font pas soigner. Cette décision peut être attribuable aux caractéristiques des individus, de leur douleur ou de leur(s) professionel(s) de la santé.But: Cette étude avait pour but de répertorier et de comparer les caractéristiques de personnes souffrant de douleur chronique, de leur douleur et de leur état de santé général, ainsi que de leur professionnel de la santé, chez des adultes vivant dans la collectivité qui se sont fait soigner et ne se sont pas fait soigner.Méthodes: Un questionnaire d'étude a été expédié par la poste à des adultes sélectionnés de manière aléatoire. Ce questionnaire cherchait à dépister la douleur chronique (douleur persistant ≥ 3 mois) et comprenait des questions sur leur bien-être général (SF-36), sur l'emplacement de leur douleur (diagramme du corps, intensité et caractéristiques de la douleur (Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs) sur leurs expériences passées avec des professionnls de la santé (Chronic Illness Resources Survey), et sur leurs consultations auprès de professionnels de la santé au cours de la denière année. Les répondants ont été classés en deux groupes : ceux qui se faisaient soigner (une visite au cours de la dernière année) et ceux qui ne se faisaient pas soigner (aucune consultation au cours de la dernière année).Résultats: Six pour cent des répondants (44/696) ne se faisaient pas soigner. Ces répondants étaient différents de ceux qui se faisaient soigner en ce qui concerne leurs caractéristiques individuelles, ainsi que les caractéristiques de leur douleur et de leur professionnel de la santé. Plus précisément, lorsque les autres variables étaient contrôlées, les personnes qui ne se faisaient pas soigner étaient moins susceptibles d'être des hommes (RR = 0,39, IC 95% = 0,18 ­ 0,86), de faire état de comorbidités (RR = 0,46, IC 95% = 0,2 ­ 0,98), de mentionner avoir êté traité comme un partenaire égal dans la prise de décision (RR = 0,40, IC 95% = 0,18 ­ 0,93) et de considérer que leur professionnel de la santé était important pour la prise en charge de leur douleur (RR = 0,39, IC 95% = 0,18 ­ 0,85). Ils étaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des médicaments sans ordonnance pour prendre en charge leur douleur (RR = 2,52, IC 95% = 1,14 ­ 5.58).Conclusions: Les expériences passées avec des professionnels de la santé jouent un rôle dans le choix d'un individu de prendre en charge sa douleur par lui-même. D'autres études devraient se pencher sur la sécurité de ceux qui ne se font pas soigner.