Quantification and visualization of uncertainties in reconstructed penumbral images of implosions at Omega.

Penumbral imaging is a technique used in plasma diagnostics in which a radiation source shines through one or more large apertures onto a detector. To interpret a penumbral image, one must reconstruct it to recover the original source. The inferred source always has some error due to noise in the image and uncertainty in the instrument geometry. Interpreting the inferred source thus requires quantification of that inference's uncertainty. Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms have been used to quantify uncertainty for similar problems but have never been used for the inference of the shape of an image. Because of this, there are no commonly accepted ways of visualizing uncertainty in two-dimensional data. This paper demonstrates the application of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm to the reconstruction of penumbral images of fusion implosions and presents ways to visualize the uncertainty in the reconstructed source. This methodology enables more rigorous analysis of penumbral images than has been done in the past.

Replacing the Scalpel With a Computer Mouse: An Evaluation of Time Spent on Electronic Health Record for Plastic Surgery Residents and Its Impact on Resident Training.

BACKGROUND: Following the integration of the electronic health record (EHR) into the healthcare system, concern has grown regarding EHR use on physician well-being. For surgical residents, time spent on the EHR increases the burden of a demanding, hourly restricted schedule and detracts from time spent honing surgical skills. To better characterize these burdens, we sought to describe EHR utilization patterns for plastic surgery residents. METHODS: Integrated plastic surgery resident EHR utilization from March 2019 to March 2020 was extracted via Cerner Analytics at a tertiary academic medical center. Time spent in the EHR on-duty (0600-1759) and off-duty (1800-0559) in the form of chart review, orders, documentation, and patient discovery was analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed in the form of independent t tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Twelve plastic surgery residents spent a daily average of 94 ± 84 minutes on the EHR, one-third of which was spent off-duty. Juniors (postgraduate years 1-3) spent 123 ± 99 minutes versus seniors (postgraduate years 4-6) who spent 61 ± 49 minutes (P < 0.01). Seniors spent 19% of time on the EHR off-duty, compared with 37% for juniors (P < 0.01). Chart review comprised the majority (42%) of EHR usage, followed by patient discovery (22%), orders (14%), documentation (12%), other (6%), and messaging (1%). Seniors spent more time on patient discovery (25% vs 21%, P < 0.001), while juniors spent more time performing chart review (48% vs 36%, P = 0.19). CONCLUSION: Integrated plastic surgery residents average 1.5 hours on the EHR daily. Junior residents spend 1 hour more per day on the EHR, including more time off-duty and more time performing chart review. These added hours may play a role in duty hour violations and detract from obtaining operative skill sets.

Revealing uncertainty in the status of biodiversity change.

Biodiversity faces unprecedented threats from rapid global change1. Signals of biodiversity change come from time-series abundance datasets for thousands of species over large geographic and temporal scales. Analyses of these biodiversity datasets have pointed to varied trends in abundance, including increases and decreases. However, these analyses have not fully accounted for spatial, temporal and phylogenetic structures in the data. Here, using a new statistical framework, we show across ten high-profile biodiversity datasets2-11 that increases and decreases under existing approaches vanish once spatial, temporal and phylogenetic structures are accounted for. This is a consequence of existing approaches severely underestimating trend uncertainty and sometimes misestimating the trend direction. Under our revised average abundance trends that appropriately recognize uncertainty, we failed to observe a single increasing or decreasing trend at 95% credible intervals in our ten datasets. This emphasizes how little is known about biodiversity change across vast spatial and taxonomic scales. Despite this uncertainty at vast scales, we reveal improved local-scale prediction accuracy by accounting for spatial, temporal and phylogenetic structures. Improved prediction offers hope of estimating biodiversity change at policy-relevant scales, guiding adaptive conservation responses.

Experimental Evidence of Plasmoids in High-ß Magnetic Reconnection.

Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous and fundamental process in plasmas by which magnetic fields change their topology and release magnetic energy. Despite decades of research, the physics governing the reconnection process in many parameter regimes remains controversial. Contemporary reconnection theories predict that long, narrow current sheets are susceptible to the tearing instability and split into isolated magnetic islands (or plasmoids), resulting in an enhanced reconnection rate. While several experimental observations of plasmoids in the regime of low-to-intermediate ß (where ß is the ratio of plasma thermal pressure to magnetic pressure) have been made, there is a relative lack of experimental evidence for plasmoids in the high-ß reconnection environments which are typical in many space and astrophysical contexts. Here, we report strong experimental evidence for plasmoid formation in laser-driven high-ß reconnection experiments.

Comparative assessment of radiation therapy-induced vasculitis using [18F]FDG-PET/CT in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with proton versus photon radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To assess radiation therapy (RT)-induced vasculitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by examining changes in the uptake of 18F-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images of the ascending aorta (AA), descending aorta (DA), and aortic arch (AoA) before and after proton and photon RT. METHOD: Thirty-five consecutive locally advanced NSCLC patients were definitively treated with proton (n = 27) or photon (n = 8) RT and concurrent chemotherapy. The patients were prospectively enrolled to undergo [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging before and 3 months after RT. An adaptive contrast-oriented thresholding algorithm was applied to generate mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) for regions of interest (ROIs) 3 mm outside and 3 mm inside the outer perimeter of the AA, DA, and AoA. These ROIs were employed to exclusively select the aortic wall and remove the influence of blood pool activity. SUVmeans before and after RT were compared using two-tailed paired t-tests. RESULTS: RT treatments were associated with increased SUVmeans in the AA, DA, and AoA-1.9%, 0.3%, and 1.3% for proton and 15.8%, 9.5%, and 15.5% for photon, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the ∆SUVmean (post-RT SUVmean - pre-RT SUVmean) in patients treated with photon RT when compared to ∆SUVmean in patients treated with proton RT in the AA (p = 0.043) and AoA (p = 0.015). There was an average increase in SUVmean that was related to dose for photon patients (across structures), but that was not seen for proton patients, although the increase was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients treated with photon RT for NSCLC may exhibit significantly more RT-induced inflammation (measured as ∆SUVmean) in the AA and AoA when compared to patients who received proton RT. Knowledge gained from further analyses in larger cohorts could aid in treatment planning and help prevent the significant morbidity and mortality associated with RT-induced vascular complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02135679.

Inverted region in the reaction of the quinone reduction in the A1-site of photosystem I from cyanobacteria.

Photosystem I from the menB strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 containing foreign quinones in the A1 sites was used for studying the primary steps of electron transfer by pump-probe femtosecond laser spectroscopy. The free energy gap (- ΔG) of electron transfer between the reduced primary acceptor A0 and the quinones bound in the A1 site varied from 0.12 eV for the low-potential 1,2-diamino-anthraquinone to 0.88 eV for the high-potential 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, compared to 0.5 eV for the native phylloquinone. It was shown that the kinetics of charge separation between the special pair chlorophyll P700 and the primary acceptor A0 was not affected by quinone substitutions, whereas the rate of A0 → A1 electron transfer was sensitive to the redox-potential of quinones: the decrease of - ΔG by 400 meV compared to the native phylloquinone resulted in a ~ fivefold slowing of the reaction The presence of the asymmetric inverted region in the ΔG dependence of the reaction rate indicates that the electron transfer in photosystem I is controlled by nuclear tunneling and should be treated in terms of quantum electron-phonon interactions. A three-mode implementation of the multiphonon model, which includes modes around 240 cm-1 (large-scale protein vibrations), 930 cm-1 (out-of-plane bending of macrocycles and protein backbone vibrations), and 1600 cm-1 (double bonds vibrations) was applied to rationalize the observed dependence. The modes with a frequency of at least 1600 cm-1 make the predominant contribution to the reorganization energy, while the contribution of the "classical" low-frequency modes is only 4%.

Measurement of Electron-Neutrino Charged-Current Cross Sections on

Using an 185-kg NaI[Tl] array, COHERENT has measured the inclusive electron-neutrino charged-current cross section on ^{127}I with pion decay-at-rest neutrinos produced by the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Iodine is one the heaviest targets for which low-energy (≤50 MeV) inelastic neutrino-nucleus processes have been measured, and this is the first measurement of its inclusive cross section. After a five-year detector exposure, COHERENT reports a flux-averaged cross section for electron neutrinos of 9.2_{-1.8}^{+2.1}×10^{-40} cm^{2}. This corresponds to a value that is ∼41% lower than predicted using the MARLEY event generator with a measured Gamow-Teller strength distribution. In addition, the observed visible spectrum from charged-current scattering on ^{127}I has been measured between 10 and 55 MeV, and the exclusive zero-neutron and one-or-more-neutron emission cross sections are measured to be 5.2_{-3.1}^{+3.4}×10^{-40} and 2.2_{-0.5}^{+0.4}×10^{-40} cm^{2}, respectively.

Use of Thromboprophylaxis after Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Cost-Effective Break-Even Analysis.

PURPOSE: Post-operative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major source of morbidity and mortality. The use of thromboprophylaxis amongst surgeons is not well studied in autologous breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of VTE in breast cancer patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction and to compare the cost-effectiveness of postoperative chemoprophylactic agents. METHODS: The TriNetX LLC. National Health Research Network database was used to identify patients with breast cancer who underwent autologous breast reconstruction surgery between 2002-2022. The incidence of occurrence of VTE within the first 30 days of surgery was calculated. Then a break-even analysis was performed to determine the break-even rate of VTE at which the chemoprophylactic agent would be cost effective. RESULTS: A cohort of 8,221 patients was identified in this study. The rate of VTE was significantly higher in those without anticoagulation (4.0%) compared to those who received anticoagulation (2.6%) (*p=0.0008). The break-even analysis for heparin and enoxaparin's cost-effectiveness yielded ARRs of 0.73% and 1.63% for high risk patients requiring 30 days of therapy and 0.20% and 0.43% for moderate risk patients requiring 7 days of therapy, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of thromboprophylaxis significantly lowered the risk of VTE within 30 days after autologous breast reconstruction. Heparin appeared to be more cost-effective at preventing VTE compared to enoxaparin for both high and moderate risk patients. The presented model holds potential for other institution-specific variables that can be easily applied by plastic surgeons to determine the cost-effectiveness of any therapy of their choice.

Identification of candidate novel production variants on the Bos taurus chromosome X.

Chromosome X is often excluded from bovine genetic studies due to complications caused by the sex specific nature of the chromosome. As chromosome X is the second largest cattle chromosome and makes up approximately 6% of the female genome, finding ways to include chromosome X in dairy genetic studies is important. Using female animals and treating chromosome X as an autosome, we performed X chromosome inclusive genome-wide association studies in the selective breeding environment of the New Zealand dairy industry, aiming to identify chromosome X variants associated with milk production traits. We report on the findings of these genome-wide association studies and their potential effect within the dairy industry. We identify missense mutations in the MOSPD1 and CCDC160 genes that are associated with decreased milk volume and protein production and increased fat production. Both of these mutations are exonic SNP that are more prevalent in the Jersey breed than in Holstein-Friesians. Of the 2 candidates proposed it is likely that only one is causal, though we have not been able to identify which is more likely.

Preclinical studies of a PARP targeted, Meitner-Auger emitting, theranostic radiopharmaceutical for metastatic ovarian cancer.

Advanced ovarian cancer currently has few therapeutic options. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors bind to nuclear PARP and trap the protein-inhibitor complex to DNA. This work investigates a theranostic PARP inhibitor for targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy of ovarian cancer in vitro and PET imaging of healthy mice in vivo. METHODS: [77Br]RD1 was synthesized and assessed for pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity in human and murine ovarian cancer cell lines. [76Br]RD1 biodistribution and organ uptake in healthy mice were quantified through longitudinal PET/CT imaging and ex vivo radioactivity measurements. Organ-level dosimetry following [76/77Br]RD1 administration was calculated using RAPID, an in-house platform for absorbed dose in mice, and OLINDA for equivalent and effective dose in human. RESULTS: The maximum specific binding (Bmax), equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), and nonspecific binding slope (NS) were calculated for each cell line. These values were used to calculate the cell specific activity uptake for cell viability studies. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was measured as 0.17 (95 % CI: 0.13-0.24) nM and 0.46 (0.13-0.24) nM for PARP(+) and PARP(-) expressing cell lines, respectively. The EC50 was 0.27 (0.21-0.36) nM and 0.30 (0.22-0.41) nM for BRCA1(-) and BRCA1(+) expressing cell lines, respectively. When measuring the EC50 as a function of cellular activity uptake and nuclear dose, the EC50 ranges from 0.020 to 0.039 Bq/cell and 3.3-9.2 Gy, respectively. Excretion through the hepatobiliary and renal pathways were observed in mice, with liver uptake of 2.3 ± 0.4 %ID/g after 48 h, contributing to estimated absorbed dose values in mice of 19.3 ± 0.3 mGy/MBq and 290 ± 10 mGy/MBq for [77Br]RD1 and [76Br]RD1, respectively. CONCLUSION: [77Br]RD1 cytotoxicity was dependent on PARP expression and independent of BRCA1 status. The in vitro results suggest that [77Br]RD1 cytotoxicity is driven by the targeted Meitner-Auger electron (MAe) radiotherapeutic effect of the agent. Further studies investigating the theranostic potential, organ dose, and tumor uptake of [76/77Br]RD1 are warranted.

Implications of tree expansion in shrubland ecosystems for two generalist avian predators.

Shrublands globally have undergone structural changes due to plant invasions, including the expansion of native trees. Removal of native conifer trees, especially juniper (Juniperus spp.), is occurring across the Great Basin of the western U.S. to support declining sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats and associated wildlife species, such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). One justification for conifer removal is that it may improve survival of sagebrush-associated wildlife by reducing the abundance of avian predators. However, the relationship between conifer expansion and predator distributions has not been explicitly evaluated. Further, although structural characteristics of habitat are important for generalist predators, overall prey abundance may also affect habitat use by predators. We examined habitat use of common ravens (Corvus corax) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), two generalist predators whose populations are increasing in western North America, to variation in structural characteristics and prey distributions in sagebrush habitat that has experienced conifer expansion. Structural characteristics of habitat were important predictors of habitat use for both ravens and red-tailed hawks, whereas measures of prey abundance were unimportant for both species likely because generalist predators can use a wide variety of food resources. Ravens, but not red-tailed hawks, responded positively to increasing cover of juniper and the probability of habitat use was highest (> 0.95) where juniper cover within 100 m was > 20%. Habitat use by red-tailed hawks, but not ravens, was greater near cliffs but was not associated with juniper cover. Our study suggests that the removal of conifer in similar environments may lower the probability of habitat use for ravens, a common predator with significant impacts on many prey species. Therefore, we suggest conifer removal may improve sage-grouse reproductive success and survival depending on responses to conifer removal from other predators. Our results may be reflective of similar changes in rangeland ecosystems around the world undergoing expansion of conifer and other woody vegetation. Though species identities differ from sagebrush habitats, generalist avian predators in other habitats may have similar relationships with structural resources.

First Probe of Sub-GeV Dark Matter beyond the Cosmological Expectation with the COHERENT CsI Detector at the SNS.

The COHERENT Collaboration searched for scalar dark matter particles produced at the Spallation Neutron Source with masses between 1 and 220 MeV/c^{2} using a CsI[Na] scintillation detector sensitive to nuclear recoils above 9 keV_{nr}. No evidence for dark matter is found and we thus place limits on allowed parameter space. With this low-threshold detector, we are sensitive to coherent elastic scattering between dark matter and nuclei. The cross section for this process is orders of magnitude higher than for other processes historically used for accelerator-based direct-detection searches so that our small, 14.6 kg detector significantly improves on past constraints. At peak sensitivity, we reject the flux consistent with the cosmologically observed dark-matter concentration for all coupling constants α_{D}<0.64, assuming a scalar dark-matter particle. We also calculate the sensitivity of future COHERENT detectors to dark-matter signals which will ambitiously test multiple dark-matter spin scenarios.

In situ calibration of charged particle spectrometers on the OMEGA Laser Facility using 241Am and 226Ra sources.

Charged particle spectrometry is a critical diagnostic to study inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas and high energy density plasmas. The OMEGA Laser Facility has two fixed magnetic charged particle spectrometers (CPSs) to measure MeV-ions. In situ calibration of these spectrometers was carried out using 241Am and 226Ra alpha emitters. The alpha emission spectrum from the sources was measured independently using surface-barrier detectors (SBDs). The energy dispersion and broadening of the CPS systems were determined by comparing the CPS measured alpha spectrum to that of the SBD. The calibration method significantly constrains the energy dispersion, which was previously obtained through the measurement of charged particle fusion products. Overall, a small shift of 100 keV was observed between previous and the calibration done in this work.

Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves.

It is essential to reduce antibiotic use in the livestock industry, which leads to a need for alternatives to antibiotics that reduce illness and promote growth in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy calves Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on average daily gain (ADG) and antibiotic use in dairy calves through 4 mo of age. Holstein bull calves (n = 60; 5 ± 3 d old) were blocked by body weight (BW) and serum total protein (STP) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The control treatment (CON) fed a 24% crude protein (CP):17% fat milk replacer (MR), calf starter, grower #1, and grower #2 with no SCFP added. The SCFP treatment fed the same MR with 1 g/d of SCFP, calf starter with 0.8% (dry matter; DM) SCFP, grower #1 with 0.44% (DM) SCFP, and grower #2 with 0.275% (DM) SCFP. Calves were offered 2.84 L (12.5% solids) of MR twice daily (0630 and 1630 h) through d 51 and MR once daily (0630 h) from d 52 to 56, and were weaned on d 57. From d 1 to 56, calves also received ad libitum access to calf starter and water. On d 57, calves were switched to grower #1 and on d 84, calves were switched to grower #2, which contained a lower level of CP and a higher level of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Individual calf BW, body condition score (BCS), hip height (HH), and hip width (HW) were measured biweekly from d 0 to 112. Feed intake was recorded daily, and feed efficiency (gain:feed) and ADG were calculated. Daily fecal and respiratory scores were recorded for each calf through d 56, and all medical interventions were recorded for the duration of the study and grouped based on illness. We found no effect of treatment on STP, BW, BCS, HH, or HW at d 0 or 56, nor effects on preweaning ADG and feed efficiency. No treatment effect was observed for BCS or HH at d 112; however, BW and HW were increased in SCFP calves at d 112. A treatment tendency was observed for postweaning ADG, with SCFP calves being larger than CON calves and SCFP calves having improved feed efficiency compared with CON calves after weaning. A treatment effect was observed for respiratory treatments postweaning, with SCFP calves being treated less frequently than CON calves. Our results suggest that feeding SCFP to calves improves postweaning growth and feed efficiency, and reduces postweaning respiratory disease interventions.

Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8.

Background: Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health. One of the main functions of WPATH is to promote the highest standards of health care for TGD people through the Standards of Care (SOC). The SOC was initially developed in 1979 and the last version (SOC-7) was published in 2012. In view of the increasing scientific evidence, WPATH commissioned a new version of the Standards of Care, the SOC-8. Aim: The overall goal of SOC-8 is to provide health care professionals (HCPs) with clinical guidance to assist TGD people in accessing safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves with the aim of optimizing their overall physical health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. Methods: The SOC-8 is based on the best available science and expert professional consensus in transgender health. International professionals and stakeholders were selected to serve on the SOC-8 committee. Recommendation statements were developed based on data derived from independent systematic literature reviews, where available, background reviews and expert opinions. Grading of recommendations was based on the available evidence supporting interventions, a discussion of risks and harms, as well as the feasibility and acceptability within different contexts and country settings. Results: A total of 18 chapters were developed as part of the SOC-8. They contain recommendations for health care professionals who provide care and treatment for TGD people. Each of the recommendations is followed by explanatory text with relevant references. General areas related to transgender health are covered in the chapters Terminology, Global Applicability, Population Estimates, and Education. The chapters developed for the diverse population of TGD people include Assessment of Adults, Adolescents, Children, Nonbinary, Eunuchs, and Intersex Individuals, and people living in Institutional Environments. Finally, the chapters related to gender-affirming treatment are Hormone Therapy, Surgery and Postoperative Care, Voice and Communication, Primary Care, Reproductive Health, Sexual Health, and Mental Health. Conclusions: The SOC-8 guidelines are intended to be flexible to meet the diverse health care needs of TGD people globally. While adaptable, they offer standards for promoting optimal health care and guidance for the treatment of people experiencing gender incongruence. As in all previous versions of the SOC, the criteria set forth in this document for gender-affirming medical interventions are clinical guidelines; individual health care professionals and programs may modify these in consultation with the TGD person.

High-yield magnetic recoil neutron spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility for operation up to 60 MJ.

Recent progress at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), with neutron yields of order 1 × 1017, places new constraints on diagnostics used to characterize implosion performance. The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS), which is routinely used to measure yield, ion temperature (Tion), and down-scatter ratio (dsr), has been adapted to allow measurements of dsr up to 5 × 1017, and yield and Tion up to 2 × 1018 in the near term with new data processing techniques and conversion foil solutions. This paper presents a solution for extending MRS operation up to a yield of 2 × 1019 (60 MJ) by moving the spectrometer outside of the NIF shield wall. This will not only enhance the upper yield limit by 10× but also improve signal-to-background by 5×.

Phased plan for the implementation of the time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility (NIF).

The time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) is a transformative diagnostic that will be used to measure the time-resolved neutron spectrum from an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It uses a CD foil on the outside of the hohlraum to convert fusion neutrons to recoil deuterons. An ion-optical system positioned outside the NIF target chamber energy-disperses and focuses forward-scattered deuterons. A pulse-dilation drift tube (PDDT) subsequently dilates, un-skews, and detects the signal. While the foil and ion-optical system have been designed, the PDDT requires more development before it can be implemented. Therefore, a phased plan is presented that first uses the foil and ion-optical systems with detectors that can be implemented immediately-namely CR-39 and hDISC streak cameras. These detectors will allow the MRSt to be commissioned in an intermediate stage and begin collecting data on a reduced timescale, while the PDDT is developed in parallel. A CR-39 detector will be used in phase 1 for the measurement of the time-integrated neutron spectra with excellent energy-resolution, necessary for the energy calibration of the system. Streak cameras will be used in phase 2 for measurement of the time-resolved spectrum with limited spectral coverage, which is sufficient to diagnose the time-resolved ion temperature. Simulations are presented that predict the performance of the streak camera detector, indicating that it will achieve excellent burn history measurements at current yields, and good time-resolved ion-temperature measurements at yields above 3 × 1017. The PDDT will be used for optimal efficiency and resolution in phase 3.

Measurement of the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering Cross Section on CsI by COHERENT.

We measured the cross section of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) using a CsI[Na] scintillating crystal in a high flux of neutrinos produced at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. New data collected before detector decommissioning have more than doubled the dataset since the first observation of CEvNS, achieved with this detector. Systematic uncertainties have also been reduced with an updated quenching model, allowing for improved precision. With these analysis improvements, the COHERENT Collaboration determined the cross section to be (165_{-25}^{+30})×10^{-40} cm^{2}, consistent with the standard model, giving the most precise measurement of CEvNS yet. The timing structure of the neutrino beam has been exploited to compare the CEvNS cross section from scattering of different neutrino flavors. This result places leading constraints on neutrino nonstandard interactions while testing lepton flavor universality and measures the weak mixing angle as sin^{2}θ_{W}=0.220_{-0.026}^{+0.028} at Q^{2}≈(50 MeV)^{2}.

Computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) has no additional clinical impact over the anatomical Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) in real-world elective healthcare of coronary artery disease.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) compared to the anatomical Coronary Artery Disease - Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) in the elective assessment of coronary artery disease in real-world cardiology practise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of 1,239 coronary CT examinations from August 2018 to December 2019 with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year. Coronary disease was classified according to the CAD-RADS system. A non-occlusive ≥30% maximum diameter stenosis was considered eligible for FFRCT. Lesion-specific FFRCT and FFR were considered positive if ≤ 0.80. The patients were followed up using the hospital radiology information system and the electronic patient record. A positive outcome was defined by a subsequent invasive angiogram (ICA) showing disease requiring revascularisation or FFR ≤0.80 or a positive stress test or medical therapy for angina in CAD-RADS 4. RESULTS: Of the 1,145 analysable studies (mean follow up 618 ± 153 days) the incidence of a positive result was 7% with a 5.4% elective revascularisation rate. Two hundred and forty-five patients (CAD-RADS 2-4) had FFRCT. FFRCT reduced the accuracy of the CAD-RADS grade from 91% to 78.4% (p<0.001). In CAD-RADS 2, the accuracy is reduced from 99% to 90.7% (p=0.005), and in CAD-RADS 3 from 93.9% to 67.7% (p<0.001). In CAD-RADS 4, FFRCT increases accuracy from 69.4% to 75.5% (p=0.025), but 89.8% of FFRCT are positive and specificity is low (26.7%). CONCLUSION: In the present "real-world" practise, FFRCT does not improve standard radiological assessment of coronary disease graded by the CAD-RADS alone.

Parent-infant interaction quality is related to preterm status and sensory processing.

BACKGROUND: Parent-infant interactions provide the foundation for the development of infant socioemotional wellbeing. Preterm birth can have a substantial, and often detrimental, impact on the quality of early parent-infant interactions. Sensory processing difficulties, common in preterm infants, are further associated with poorer interaction quality. There is a paucity of research, however, examining the links between the quality of parent-infant interaction, preterm birth, and sensory processing difficulties. This study aimed to characterise the quality of interactions of parent-infant dyads involving preterm infants who may display sensory processing differences and examine the associations between parent-infant interaction quality, preterm status and infant sensory processing. METHOD: 67 parent-infant dyads (12-months infant age, 22 preterm, 45 full-term) participated in a recorded, semi-structured 15-minute play interaction. Parents also filled out questionnaires on demographics, and infant sensory processing (Infant and Toddler Sensory Profile-2; ITSP-2). Interaction quality was rated using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO). RESULTS: Preterm and full-term infants differed in sensory processing and parent-infant interaction. Infant prematurity was associated with the sensory domains of; visual (r = - 0.37, p = .005), touch (r = - 0.39, p = .002), and movement (rs = - .32, p = .01), as well as the interaction domains of; responsivity (rs;= - .43, p = .001), teaching (rs = - .31, p = .02), and interaction total score (r = - 0.34, p = .01). Interaction quality was related to sensory registration (rs = - .38, p = .008), auditory (rs = - .34, p = .02), seeking (rs = .29, p = .05) and sensory behavioural scores (rs = - .52, p < .001). Overall, interaction quality was best predicted by infant prematurity and auditory scores, R2 = .15, F(1, 47) = 4.01, p = .02. DISCUSSION: Preterm infants differed from their full-term peers in both their sensory processing and in their dyadic interactions with parents. Preterm status was associated with less responsivity and teaching and was found to predict overall interaction quality. Poorer infant sensory processing was associated with less parental teaching, affection and responsivity during interactions. Our results suggest that preterm birth is related to sensory processing difficulties, and that prematurity and sensory processing are differentially associated with aspects of interaction quality. These findings support the further examination of the interplay between preterm birth, sensory processing, and parent-infant interaction quality.