RESUMEN
An ability to safely harness the powerful regenerative potential of adult stem cells for clinical applications is critically dependent on a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating their activity. Epithelial organoid cultures accurately recapitulate many features of in vivo stem cell-driven epithelial renewal, providing an excellent ex vivo platform for interrogation of key regulatory mechanisms. Here, we employed a genome-scale clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout (KO) screening assay using mouse gastric epithelial organoids to identify modulators of Wnt-driven stem cell-dependent epithelial renewal in the gastric mucosa. In addition to known Wnt pathway regulators, such as Apc, we found that KO of Alk, Bclaf3, or Prkra supports the Wnt independent self-renewal of gastric epithelial cells ex vivo. In adult mice, expression of these factors is predominantly restricted to non-Lgr5-expressing stem cell zones above the gland base, implicating a critical role for these factors in suppressing self-renewal or promoting differentiation of gastric epithelia. Notably, we found that Alk inhibits Wnt signaling by phosphorylating the tyrosine of Gsk3ß, while Bclaf3 and Prkra suppress regenerating islet-derived (Reg) genes by regulating the expression of epithelial interleukins. Therefore, Alk, Bclaf3, and Prkra may suppress stemness/proliferation and function as novel regulators of gastric epithelial differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Células Madre Adultas/metabolismo , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Edición Génica/métodos , Organoides/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Vía de Señalización Wnt/genética , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/genética , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/metabolismo , Células Madre Adultas/citología , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico/metabolismo , Animales , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Proliferación Celular , Células Epiteliales/citología , Mucosa Gástrica/citología , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Biblioteca de Genes , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/genética , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Ratones , Organoides/citología , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Estómago/citologíaRESUMEN
Recent strategies for treating CML patients have focused on investigating new combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as well as identifying novel translational research agents that can eradicate CML leukemia-initiating cells (CML-LICs). However, little is known about the therapeutic benefits such CML-LIC targeting therapies might bring to CML patients. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of EW-7197, an orally bioavailable transforming growth factor-ß signaling inhibitor which has recently been approved as an Investigational New Drug (NIH, USA), to suppress CML-LICs in vivo. Compared to TKI treatment alone, administration of TKI plus EW-7197 to CML-affected mice significantly delayed disease relapse and prolonged survival. Notably, combined treatment with EW-7197 plus TKI was effective in eliminating CML-LICs even if they expressed the TKI-resistant T315I mutant BCR-ABL1 oncogene. Collectively, these results indicate that EW-7197 may be a promising candidate for a new therapeutic that can greatly benefit CML patients by working in combination with TKIs to eradicate CML-LICs.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Anilina/farmacología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Triazoles/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Imidazoles/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridazinas/administración & dosificación , Receptor Tipo I de Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transfección , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Understanding the specific survival of the rare chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) stem cell population could provide a target for therapeutics aimed at eradicating these cells. However, little is known about how survival signalling is regulated in CML stem cells. In this study, we survey global metabolic differences between murine normal haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and CML stem cells using metabolomics techniques. Strikingly, we show that CML stem cells accumulate significantly higher levels of certain dipeptide species than normal HSCs. Once internalized, these dipeptide species activate amino-acid signalling via a pathway involving p38MAPK and the stemness transcription factor Smad3, which promotes CML stem cell maintenance. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of dipeptide uptake inhibits CML stem cell activity in vivo. Our results demonstrate that dipeptide species support CML stem cell maintenance by activating p38MAPK-Smad3 signalling in vivo, and thus point towards a potential therapeutic target for CML treatment.
