The hidden curriculum across medical disciplines: an examination of scope, impact, and context.

Background: While research suggests that manifestations of the hidden curriculum (HC) phenomenon have the potential to reinforce or undermine the values of an institution, very few studies have comprehensively measured its scope, impact, and the varied clinical teaching and learning contexts within which they occur. We explored the HC and examined the validity of newly developed constructs and determined the influence of context on the HC. Methods: We surveyed medical students (n =182), residents (n =148), and faculty (n = 140) from all disciplines at our institution between 2019 and 2020. Based on prior research and expertise, we measured participants' experience with the HC including perceptions of respect and disrespect for different medical disciplines, settings in which the HC is experienced, impact of the HC, personal actions, efficacy, and their institutional perceptions. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the HC constructs using exploratory factor analysis Cronbach's alpha, regression analysis and Pearson's correlations. Results: Expert judges (physician faculty and medical learners) confirmed the content validity of the items used and the analysis revealed new HC constructs reflecting negative expressions, positive impacts and expressions, negative impacts, personal actions, and positive institutional perceptions of the HC. Evidence for criterion validity was found for the negative impacts and the personal actions constructs and were significantly associated with the stage of respondents' career and gender. Support for convergent validity was obtained for HC constructs that were significantly correlated with certain contexts within which the HC occurs. Conclusion: More unique dimensions and contexts of the HC exist than have been previously documented. The findings demonstrate that specific clinical contexts can be targeted to improve negative expressions and impacts of the HC.

Contexte: Bien que la recherche suggère que les expressions du curriculum caché (CC) ont le potentiel de renforcer ou de miner les valeurs d'un établissement, très peu d'études ont mesuré de manière exhaustive sa portée, ses effets et les divers contextes d'enseignement et d'apprentissage cliniques dans lesquels elles se produisent. Nous avons exploré le CC, examiné la validité de nouvelles notions et déterminé l'influence du contexte sur le CC. Méthodes: Entre 2019 et 2020, nous avons interrogé des étudiants (n =182), des résidents (n =148) et des membres du corps professoral (n = 140) de notre établissement, toutes disciplines médicales confondues. Sur la base de recherches et d'expertises antérieures, nous avons mesuré l'expérience des participants par rapport au CC, y compris leurs perceptions du respect ou du non-respect des diverses disciplines médicales, les contextes dans lesquels ils ont été confrontés au CC, les effets et l'efficacité du CC, les perceptions de l'établissement et les actions personnelles des participants. Nous avons examiné la structure factorielle, la fiabilité et la validité des notions du CC à l'aide d'une analyse factorielle exploratoire, du coefficient alpha de Cronbach, d'une analyse de régression et des corrélations de Pearson. Résultats: Des juges experts (médecins enseignants et apprenants) ont confirmé la validité du contenu des éléments utilisés et l'analyse a révélé de nouvelles notions du CC reflétant des expressions et des effets négatifs, des expressions et des effets positifs, des actions personnelles et des perceptions positives du CC au sein des établissements. La validité de critère a été démontrée pour les notions d'impacts négatifs et d'actions personnelles et a été associée de manière significative à l'étape de la carrière des répondants et à leur sexe. La validité convergente a été confirmée pour les notions de CC qui étaient significativement corrélées à certains contextes dans lesquels le CC se manifeste. Conclusion: Il existe plus de dimensions et de contextes uniques du CC que ceux qui avaient été documentés par le passé. Nos résultats montrent que des contextes cliniques spécifiques peuvent être ciblés pour améliorer les expressions et les effets négatifs du CC.

"It's What We Can Do Right Now": Professional Identity Formation Among Internal Medicine Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a consequential moment of disruption for medical training that has far-reaching implications for professional identity formation (PIF). To date, this has not been studied. As medical education grapples with a postpandemic era, it is essential to gain insight into how the pandemic has influenced PIF to better support its positive influences and mitigate its more detrimental effects. This study examined how PIF occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic to better adapt future medical training. METHOD: Constructivist grounded theory guided the iterative data collection and analyses. The authors conducted semistructured group interviews with 24 Ontario internal medicine residents in postgraduate years (PGYs) 1 to 3 between November 2020 and July 2021. Participants were asked to reflect on their day-to-day clinical and learning experiences during the pandemic. RESULTS: Twenty-four internal medicine residents were interviewed (12 PGY-1 [50.0%], 9 PGY-2 [37.5%], and 3 PGY-3 [12.5%]). Participants described how navigating patient care and residency training through the pandemic consistently drew their attention to various system problems. How participants responded to these problems was shaped by an interplay among their personal values, their level of personal wellness or burnout, self-efficacy, institutional values, and the values of their supervisors and work community. As they were influenced by these factors, some were led toward acting on the problem(s) they identified, whereas others had a sense of resignation and deferred action. These interactions were evident in participants' experiences with communication, advocacy, and learning. CONCLUSIONS: Residents' professional identities are continuously shaped by how they perceive, reconcile, and address various challenges. As residents navigate tensions between personally held values and apparent system values, individuals in supervisory positions should be mindful of their influence as role models who empower values and practices that are recognized by participants to be important aspects of physician identity.

Reference letters for subspecialty medicine residency positions: are they valuable for decision-making? Results from a Canadian study.

BACKGROUND: The letter of recommendation is currently an integral part of applicant selection for residency programs. Internal medicine residents will spend much time and expense completing sub-specialty away electives to obtain a letter of recommendation. The purpose of this study was 1) to examine a large sample of reference letters in order to define essential components of a high-quality letter, and 2) to elucidate the relationship between quality of reference letter and the letter writer. METHODS: We conducted a two-phase study. In phase one, a large sample of letters of recommendation was examined using an audit tool as a coding framework. A 5-point composite endpoint of high-quality letter components was subsequently developed. In phase two, program director letters were compared to non-program director home institution and non-home institution elective letters based on inclusion of components of the 5-point composite endpoint using Chi square testing. RESULTS: 715 letters were examined (398 non-program director home institution letters, 201 program director letters, and 116 non-home institution elective letters). High-quality letter components were: nature of relationship, duration of relationship, In Training Evaluation Report information, research involvement and comments on areas for improvement. Program director letters had a significantly higher proportion (10.4%) of all 5 high-quality components, compared to 0% in both non-program director home institution letters and elective letters (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of program director letters had 4-5 high-quality components (62.5%) compared to 2% of non-program director home institution letters and 0% of elective letters (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Letters of recommendation from elective rotations are of the poorest quality and such rotations should not be pursued for the sole purpose of obtaining a letter. The low quality of elective letters leads to the recommendation that writers should decline to write them, programs should not require them and trainees should not request them. Program directors write the highest quality letters and should be a resource for faculty development. Clinical supervisors can use the 5-point composite endpoint as a guide when writing letters for applicants.

Using graphic illustrations to uncover how a community of practice can influence the delivery of compassionate healthcare.

Our modern-day frenetic healthcare culture has progressed to a state where healthcare professionals tend to detach themselves from the emotions of their patients/clients, rather than embed compassion into their daily practice. The AMS Phoenix Project: A Call to Caring was implemented with the goal to instil and sustain empathy and compassion in environments where clinicians learn and work. The purpose of this study is to report on how an interprofessional community of practice (CoP) of healthcare educators can contribute to a cultural shift in promoting and delivering compassion in healthcare through health professionals education. Using an imaginative creative autoethnography that adopts a narrative design through graphic illustrations, data were collected from 25 members of the Phoenix@Queen's CoP during a 1-day retreat. Data collection included a graphic recorder who visually depicted all retreat dialogue, field notes that highlighted emergent themes and artefacts produced during the day. Audio recordings of the discussions were used as secondary sources of data. Using thematic analysis, three themes emerged: the call to caring is a long and winding road with many barriers and rewards; CoP members experienced personal growth in and through the community; and the Phoenix@Queen's CoP matters in terms of professional relationships, leadership and moving forward a shared agenda about practising compassionate healthcare. This study describes the development of a CoP that moves away from traditional committees and discussions to an experiential creation of connections and shared meaning by its members. By using autoethnography, and by demonstrating how graphic illustration can be an innovative and creative method for recording and interpreting group discussions, we have demonstrated the accelerated development of an authentic CoP. With a richer and more authentic community, the shared goals of healthcare professional educators are more likely to be achieved.

Anti-Ro52 antibody acts on the S5-pore linker of hERG to chronically reduce channel expression.

AIMS: The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) encodes the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKr). Malfunction of hERG/IKr is the primary cause of acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS), an electrical disorder of the heart that can cause arrhythmias and sudden death. Patients with autoimmune diseases display a high incidence of LQTS. While dysfunction of hERG channels induced by autoantibodies such as anti-Ro52 may play a role in this pathology, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the acute and chronic effects of anti-Ro52 antibody on hERG channels stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (hERG-HEK) 293 cells as well as IKr in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using whole-cell patch clamp, western blot analyses, and immunocytochemistry, we found that a 12-h treatment of hERG-HEK cells with patients' sera containing anti-Ro52 autoantibody decreased the hERG current (IhERG) by 32% compared to cells treated with autoantibody-negative patients' sera. Commercial anti-Ro52 antibody at 100 µg/mL did not acutely block IhERG. Instead, a 12-h treatment with anti-Ro52 antibody at a concentration of 4 µg/mL significantly reduced mature hERG protein expression and IhERG. Specifically, anti-Ro52 antibody did not acutely block hERG current but chronically facilitated hERG endocytic degradation. The extracellular S5-pore linker of hERG, which forms the turret of the channel on the outside of the cell, is the target region for anti-Ro52-mediated hERG reduction since its replacement with the analogous region of EAG abolished the anti-Ro52 effect. In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, 100 µg/mL anti-Ro52 antibody did not acutely block IKr, but a 12-h treatment of cells with 4 µg/mL anti-Ro52 antibody selectively reduced IKr and prolonged the action potential duration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that anti-Ro52 antibody acts on the hERG S5-pore linker to chronically decrease hERG expression and current. These findings provide novel insights into hERG regulation and anti-Ro52 antibody-associated LQTS.

Unexpected post-mortem diagnosis of systemic sclerosis presenting as pneumatosis intestinalis: revised diagnostic criteria and medicolegal implications.

Systemic sclerosis is a challenging diagnosis for clinicians and pathologists alike due to its protean manifestations and often insidious onset, particularly in cases without significant titres of auto-antibodies. Herein we present a case of a female in her sixties who died rapidly following a clinical diagnosis of pneumatosis intestinalis and respiratory failure of unclear etiology. Recently revised clinical diagnostic criteria were applied to the clinical history and postmortem findings to reach an unexpected diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. The diagnosis of systemic sclerosis at autopsy has important medicolegal implications largely related to premature death due to delayed treatment or poor post-operative outcome. Moreover, familial clustering of this disease underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion in the postmortem setting.