Computed tomography-guided percutaneous cryoablation of hereditary adrenal pheochromocytoma in three patients.

OBJECTIVES: Pheochromocytomas (PHEO) are neuroendocrine tumors rarely diagnosed in children. We are reporting on the management challenges of three adolescent patients who present with hereditary PHEO. CASE PRESENTATION: The index patient and his male sibling presented with bilateral PHEO, while a third patient presented with a unilateral PHEO, all associated with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. The patients were treated with computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation (CRA) of the adrenal lesions, with varying degrees of success. CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided percutaneous CRA of hereditary PHEO has not been reported in the pediatric population and may represent a novel treatment strategy that reduces the risk of intraprocedural complications and adrenal insufficiency (AI).

Misplaced Evidence, Missed Opportunities: Protocols for Handling Ballistic Evidence in Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Gun-related injury is now the number one cause of death in pediatric trauma patients. Many hospitals lack dedicated forensic nurses or updated protocols for handling ballistic evidence. Evidence not collected, handled improperly, or misplaced may deny a victim the basic human right to justice. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe an initiative to highlight the importance of proper management of ballistic evidence and to educate medical providers on best practices for the documentation, handling, removal, and transfer of ballistic evidence. METHODS: After discovering 24 "orphaned" bullets and bullet fragments in our hospital that had not been turned over to law enforcement, we sought to turn in evidence to the proper authorities and implement protocols to prevent this error in the future. New protocols were written by forensic staff, and education on new protocols was provided via in-person training, grand rounds, emails, and other collaborative initiatives. RESULTS: Evidence was matched to police reports using the patient name and date of birth on evidence labels. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) time of lost ballistic evidence was 1,397 (903, 1604) days, with the oldest bullet removed in 2015. All bullets were successfully returned to law enforcement with a median (IQR) time from bullet discovery to collection of 78 (78, 174) days. CONCLUSIONS: Ballistic evidence handling protocols are essential for all hospitals. Dedicated, trained forensic staff should be employed to ensure proper evidence handling.

Establishing pediatric age-adjusted shock index cut points in trauma patients younger than 1 year.

PURPOSE: Shock Index is used to predict injury severity and adverse outcomes in trauma patients, but pediatric age-adjusted shock index (SIPA) has superior performance in pediatric patients older than 1 year. Pediatric age-adjusted shock index scores younger than 1 year have not been well studied. This project aimed to establish and evaluate SIPA cut point data points for patients younger than 1 year. METHODS: Using age-based vital signs, we developed cut point values for patients younger than 1 year using our institutional trauma data. All trauma patients younger than 12 months were included, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Pediatric age-adjusted shock index cut points were defined using age-specific vital sign limits (SIPA-VS) and tested against optimal cut points defined by receiver operating characteristic analysis (SIPA-ROC) and a cut point of 1.2 (SIPA-Nordin), which is used for patients aged 1 to 4 years. Student's t test, χ 2 tests, analysis of variance, and test characteristics were used to analyze groups. RESULTS: A total of 609 pediatric trauma patients younger than 12 months were identified from 2018 to 2022. Pediatric age-adjusted shock index scores were calculated for 483 patients. There were 406 patients with blunt trauma and 17 with penetrating. SIPA-Nordin was elevated in 81.6% (n = 397) of patients, compared with SIPA-VS 21% (n = 101) and SIPA-ROC 31% (n = 150). In comparison with SIPA-Nordin, both SIPA-VS and SIPA-ROC score exhibited superior specificity and negative predictive values for multiple outcomes. Elevated SIPA-ROC scores had statistically significant associations with intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, severe anemia, transfusion during hospital admission, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Pediatric age-adjusted shock index is a useful tool in identifying patients at risk for several complications of severe traumatic injury. Pediatric age-adjusted shock index cut points had high negative predictive value and specificity for many outcomes. This study proposes cut point values that may aid in clinical decision making for trauma patients younger than 1 year. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Test/Criteria; Level IV.

Outcomes of Extracorporeal Life Support Utilization for Pediatric Patients With COVID-19 Infections.

Outcomes of pediatric patients who received extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for COVID-19 remain poorly described. The aim of this multi-institutional retrospective observational study was to evaluate these outcomes and assess for prognostic factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Seventy-nine patients at 14 pediatric centers across the United States who received ECLS support for COVID-19 infections between January 2020 and July 2022 were included for analysis. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record. The median age was 14.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2-17 years). Most patients were female (54.4%) and had at least one pre-existing comorbidity (84.8%), such as obesity (44.3%, median body mass index percentile: 97% [IQR: 67.5-99.0%]). Venovenous (VV) ECLS was initiated in 50.6% of patients. Median duration of ECLS was 12 days (IQR: 6.0-22.5 days) with a mean duration from admission to ECLS initiation of 5.2 ± 6.3 days. Survival to hospital discharge was 54.4%. Neurological deficits were reported in 16.3% of survivors. Nonsurvivors were of older age (13.3 ± 6.2 years vs. 9.3 ± 7.7 years, p = 0.012), more likely to receive renal replacement therapy (63.9% vs. 30.2%, p = 0.003), demonstrated longer durations from admission to ECLS initiation (7.0 ± 8.1 days vs. 3.7 ± 3.8 days, p = 0.030), and had higher rates of ECLS-related complications (91.7% vs. 69.8%, p = 0.016) than survivors. Pediatric patients with COVID-19 who received ECLS demonstrated substantial morbidity and further investigation is warranted to optimize management strategies.

Factors Associated With Early Discharge in Pediatric Trauma Patients Transported by Rotor: A Retrospective Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) play a crucial role in providing timely transport for pediatric trauma patients. This service carries the highest risk of any mode of medical transport and a high financial burden, and patient outcomes are seldom investigated. This study evaluated the characteristics of pediatric trauma patients discharged within 24 hours after transport by HEMS. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective analysis on pediatric trauma patients transported by HEMS from 2019 to 2022. Analyses were performed to identify factors associated with discharge within 24 hours. Factors analyzed included vital signs, Shock Index, Pediatric Age-Adjusted scores, management details, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 466 pediatric trauma patients were transported by HEMS, including 171 patients (36.7%) who were discharged within 24 hours. There were no differences in the rates of blunt and penetrating injury (P = .583). Patients discharged within 24 hours were more likely to have a higher Glasgow Coma Scale score (14 vs. 11, P < .001) and a lower Injury Severity Score (4.9 vs. 14.7, P < .001), required less prehospital fluid resuscitation (5.5 vs. 11.7 mL/kg, P = .039), and had higher levels of serum calcium (9.3 vs. 8.9 mg/dL, P < .001). They were also less likely to meet criteria for level 1 trauma activation (13.0% vs. 40%, P < .001) or to require prehospital respiratory support of any kind (4.1% vs. 31.1%, P < .001). After arrival at the hospital, they were less likely to require blood transfusions (2.9% vs. 29.8%, P < .001) or tranexamic acid (2.9% vs. 11.5%, P = .001). CONCLUSION: Trauma patients with a high Glasgow Coma Scale score and a low Injury Severity Score who do not require critical care or meet the criteria for high-level trauma activation may be suitable for transportation with lower acuity. Further studies aimed at improving triage and implementing improved criteria for the use of HEMS are paramount.

A multicenter evaluation of pediatric emergency department injury visits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Injuries, the leading cause of death in children 1-17 years old, are often preventable. Injury patterns are impacted by changes in the child's environment, shifts in supervision, and caregiver stressors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and proportion of injuries, mechanisms, and severity seen in Pediatric Emergency Departments (PEDs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study from January 2019 through December 2020 examined visits to 40 PEDs for children < 18 years old. Injury was defined by at least one International Classification of Disease-10th revision (ICD-10) code for bodily injury (S00-T78). The main study outcomes were total and proportion of PED injury-related visits compared to all visits in March through December 2020 and to the same months in 2019. Weekly injury visits as a percentage of total PED visits were calculated for all weeks between January 2019 and December 2020. RESULTS: The study included 741,418 PED visits for injuries pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). Overall PED visits from all causes decreased 27.4% in March to December 2020 compared to the same time frame in 2019; however, the proportion of injury-related PED visits in 2020 increased by 37.7%. In 2020, injured children were younger (median age 6.31 years vs 7.31 in 2019), more commonly White (54% vs 50%, p < 0.001), non-Hispanic (72% vs 69%, p < 0.001) and had private insurance (35% vs 32%, p < 0.001). Injury hospitalizations increased 2.2% (p < 0.001) and deaths increased 0.03% (p < 0.001) in 2020 compared to 2019. Mean injury severity score increased (2.2 to 2.4, p < 0.001) between 2019 and 2020. Injuries declined for struck by/against (- 4.9%) and overexertion (- 1.2%) mechanisms. Injuries proportionally increased for pedal cycles (2.8%), cut/pierce (1.5%), motor vehicle occupant (0.9%), other transportation (0.6%), fire/burn (0.5%) and firearms (0.3%) compared to all injuries in 2020 versus 2019. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of PED injury-related visits in March through December 2020 increased compared to the same months in 2019. Racial and payor differences were noted. Mechanisms of injury seen in the PED during 2020 changed compared to 2019, and this can inform injury prevention initiatives.

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Protocol: A Single Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Initial treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is correction of electrolyte disturbances with fluid resuscitation. In 2015, our institution implemented a fluid resuscitation protocol based on previous data that focused on minimizing blood draws and allowing immediate ad libitum feeds postoperatively. Our aim was to describe the protocol and subsequent outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective review of patients diagnosed with HPS from 2016 to 2023. All patients were given ad libitum feeds postoperatively and discharged home after tolerating three consecutive feeds. The primary outcome was the postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included the number of preoperative labs drawn, time from arrival to surgery, time from surgery to initiation of feeds, time from surgery to full feeds, and re-admission rate. RESULTS: The study included 333 patients. A total of 142 patients (42.6%) had electrolytic disturbances that required fluid boluses in addition to 1.5x maintenance fluids. The median number of lab draws was 1 (IQR 1,2), with a median time from arrival to surgery of 19.5 hours (IQR 15.3,24.9). The median time from surgery to first and full feed was 1.9 hours (IQR 1.2,2.7) and 11.2 hours (IQR 6.4,18.3), respectively. Patients had a median postoperative LOS of 21.8 hours (IQR 9.7,28.9). Re-admission rate within the first 30 postoperative days was 3.6% (n = 12) with 2.7% of re-admissions occurring within 72 hours of discharge. One patient required re-operation due to an incomplete pyloromyotomy. DISCUSSION: This protocol is a valuable tool for perioperative and postoperative management of patients with HPS while minimizing uncomfortable intervention.

Duodenal Atresia Repair: A Single-Center Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: The use of laparoscopy in the repair of duodenal atresia has been increasing. However, there is no consensus regarding which surgical approach has better outcomes. We aimed to compare the different surgical approaches and types of anastomoses for duodenal atresia repair. METHODS: Patients who underwent duodenal atresia repair at a single pediatric center were identified between January 2006 and June 2022. Those with concomitant gastrointestinal anomalies or who required other simultaneous operations were excluded. The primary outcome was rate of complications, defined as rate of leak, stricture, and re-operation by surgical approach and technique of anastomosis. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were included. The majority were female (51.3%, n = 40), with a median age of 4 days (IQR 3.0,8.0) and a median weight of 2.7 kg (IQR 2.2,3.3) at repair. The re-operation rate was 7.7% (n = 6), of which two were anastomotic leaks, and four were anastomotic strictures. The leak rate was 5.6% (n = 1/18) for the open handsewn and 4.8% (n = 1/21) for the laparoscopic handsewn technique. The stricture rate was 12.5% (n = 1/8) for the laparoscopic-assisted handsewn, 9.1% (n = 2/22) for the laparoscopic U-clip, 4.8% (n = 1/21) for the laparoscopic handsewn, and none with laparoscopic stapled and laparoscopic converted to open handsewn techniques. No differences were found in complication rate when controlling for surgical approach. CONCLUSION: The method of surgical approach did not affect the outcomes or complications in the repair of duodenal atresia.

Management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Children: A Single Institution Protocol Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Midwest Pediatric Surgery Consortium (MWPSC) suggested a simple aspiration of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) protocol, failing which, Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) should be considered. We describe our outcomes using this suggested protocol. METHODS: A single institution retrospective analysis was conducted on patients between 12 and 18 years who were diagnosed with PSP from 2016 to 2021. Initial management involved aspiration alone with a ≤12 F percutaneous thoracostomy tube followed by clamping of the tube and chest radiograph at 6 h. Success was defined as ≤2 cm distance between chest wall and lung at the apex and no air leak when the clamp was released. VATS followed if aspiration failed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included. Median age was 16.8 years (IQR 15.9, 17.3). Aspiration was successful in 33% (20), while 66% (39) required VATS. The median LOS with successful aspiration was 20.4 h (IQR 16.8, 34.8), while median LOS after VATS was 3.1 days (IQR 2.6, 4). In comparison, in the MWPSC study, the mean LOS for those managed with a chest tube after failed aspiration was 6.0 days (±5.5). Recurrence after successful aspiration was 45% (n = 9), while recurrence after VATS was 25% (n = 10). Median time to recurrence after successful aspiration was sooner than that of the VATS group [16.6 days (IQR 5.4, 19.2) vs. 389.5 days (IQR 94.1, 907.0) p = 0.01]. CONCLUSION: Simple aspiration is safe and effective initial management for children with PSP, although most will require VATS. However, early VATS reduces length of stay and morbidity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV. Retrospective study.

Institutional outcomes of blunt liver and splenic injury in the Arizona-Texas-Oklahoma-Memphis-Arkansas Consortium era.

BACKGROUND: The Arizona-Texas-Oklahoma-Memphis-Arkansas Consortium practice management guideline was created to standardize management of blunt liver or spleen injury across pediatric trauma centers. We describe our outcomes since guideline adoption at our institution and hypothesize that blunt liver or spleen injury may be managed more expeditiously than currently reported without compromising safety. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients younger than 18 years presenting with blunt liver and/or splenic injuries from March 2016 to March 2021 at one participating center. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients were included. There were no clinically relevant differences for age, body mass index, or sex among the cohort. Isolated splenic injuries (n = 91 [46%]) and motor vehicle collisions (n = 82 [41%]) were the most common injury and mechanism, respectively. The overall median length of stay (LOS) was 1.2 days (interquartile range, 0.45-3.3 days). Intensive care unit utilization was 23% (n = 46). There was no statistically significant difference in median LOS among patients with isolated solid organ injuries, regardless of injury grade. There were no readmissions associated with non-operative management. CONCLUSION: The Arizona-Texas-Oklahoma-Memphis-Arkansas Consortium guideline fosters high rates of nonoperative management with low intensive care unit utilization and LOS while demonstrating safety in implementation, irrespective of injury grade. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Laparoscopic Gastrostomy in Infants During an Open Abdominal Procedure: A Novel Approach.

Introduction: Infants with intra-abdominal pathology necessitating open abdominal surgery may also require placement of a gastrostomy tube (GT). Use of laparoscopy provides better visualization for gastrostomy placement and lowers the risk of complications compared with an open approach. We describe a series of patients who underwent laparoscopic GT placement at the time of an open abdominal procedure. Methods: All patients who underwent an open abdominal procedure with concurrent laparoscopic gastrostomy from January 2010 to June 2020 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were performed with categorical variables reported as proportions and continuous variables reported as medians with interquartile range [IQR]. Results: Twelve patients were included; 8 (67.5%) were male. The median age at time of surgery was 10 weeks [IQR 6, 14], with a median weight of 4.1 kg [IQR 3.4, 4.8]. Ten patients had the laparoscope placed through the open incision, whereas 2 had the laparoscope placed through a separate incision. Median operative time was 106 minutes [IQR 80, 125]. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included surgical site infection in 5 (41.7%), leaking around the GT in 3 (25%), and malfunction of the tube in 1 (8.3%). One patient required reoperation 28 days postoperatively due to malfunction. Conclusion: Laparoscopic GT can be safely performed at the time of an open abdominal procedure, and frequently through the same incision, harnessing the benefits of a laparoscopic approach even when an open incision is needed.

Short and long term outcomes of using cryoablation for postoperative pain control in patients after pectus excavatum repair.

INTRODUCTION: We report the findings of a three-year prospective observational study elucidating long-term symptoms and complications of patients who underwent minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair with intercostal nerve cryoablation with specific attention to postoperative pain control associated with the cryoablation technique. METHODS: Surveys were administered to patients who underwent bar placement for pectus excavatum with intercostal nerve cryoablation from 2017 to 2021 regarding pain scores, pain medication usage, and limitations to activity beginning on the day of surgery, on the day of discharge, and at two-week and three-month follow-up. RESULTS: Of 110 patients, forty-eight (44%) completed the discharge survey; sharp pain and pressure on the first postoperative night were the most described pain characteristics, most frequently in the middle of the chest. On follow-up, 55% of patients reported tolerable residual pain at two weeks and 41% at three months, with 25% requiring intermittent pain medication at three months. There were three readmissions for inadequate pain control and 110 calls to the surgery clinic by three-month follow-up, most commonly for persistent pain and frequent popping sensation with movement. DISCUSSION: Although cryoablation is an excellent pain control modality, these data suggest that patients underreport functional symptoms and experience more frequent discomfort and alteration of daily living activities.

Umbilical access in laparoscopic surgery in infants less than 3 months: A single institution retrospective review.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical access in laparoscopic surgery has been cited as a factor for increased complications in low-birth-weight infants and those less than three months old. In a previous series, 10.6% of pediatric surgeons reported complications in this population associated with umbilical access, citing carbon dioxide (CO2) embolism as the most common complication. To further examine the safety of this technique, we report our outcomes with blunt transumbilical laparoscopic access at our institution over four years. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of patients less than three months of age who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy or inguinal hernia repair from 2016 to 2019. Operative reports, anesthesia records, and postoperative documentation were reviewed for complications related to umbilical access. Complications included bowel injury, vascular injury, umbilical vein cannulation, CO2 embolism, umbilical surgical site infection (SSI), umbilical hernia requiring repair, and death. RESULTS: Of 365 patients, 246 underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, and 119 underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs. Median age at operation was 5.9 weeks [4.3,8.8], and median weight was 3.9 kg [3.4,4.6]. Nine complications (2.5%) occurred: 5 umbilical SSIs (1.4%), 1 bowel injury upon entry requiring laparoscopic repair (0.2%), 1 incisional hernia repair 22 days postoperatively (0.2%), and 2 cases of hypotension and bradycardia upon insufflation that resolved with desufflation (0.5%). There were no intraoperative mortalities or signs/symptoms of CO2 embolism. CONCLUSION: In this series, umbilical access for laparoscopic surgery in neonates less than three months of age was safe, with minimal complications. Although concern for umbilical vessel injury, cannulation, and CO2 embolism exists, these complications are not exclusively associated with umbilical access technique.

Review of Perioperative Prophylactic Antibiotic Use during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Subsequent Surgical Site Infection Development at a Single Children's Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: With the rise of antibiotic resistance, the use of prophylactic preoperative antibiotics (PPA) has been questioned in cases with low rates of surgical site infection (SSI). We report PPA usage and SSI rates after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of children younger than 18 years who underwent elective outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy between July 2010 and August 2020 was performed. Demographic, preoperative work-up, antibiotic use, intraoperative characteristics, and SSI data were collected via chart review. SSI was defined as clinical signs of infection that required antibiotics within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 502 patients met the inclusion criteria; 50% were preoperatively diagnosed with symptomatic cholelithiasis, 47% with biliary dyskinesia, 2% with hyperkinetic gallbladder, and 1% with gallbladder polyp(s). The majority were female (78%) and Caucasian (80%). In total, 60% (n = 301) of patients received PPA, while 40% (n = 201) did not; 1.3% (n = 4) of those who received PPA developed SSI, compared with 5.5% (n = 11) of those who did not receive PPA (p = 0.01). Though PPA use was associated with a 77% reduction in the risk of SSI in multivariate analysis (p = 0.01), all SSIs were superficial. One child required readmission for intravenous antibiotics, while the remainder were treated with outpatient antibiotics. Gender, age, body mass index, ethnicity, and preoperative diagnosis did not influence the likelihood of receiving PPA. CONCLUSION: Given the relatively low morbidity of the superficial SSI, conservative use of PPA is advised to avoid contributing to antibiotic resistance.

Evaluation of a fluid resuscitation protocol for patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

INTRODUCTION: We previously developed an institutional, evidence-based fluid resuscitation protocol for neonates with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) based on the severity of electrolyte derangement on presentation. We aim to evaluate this protocol to determine its efficacy in reducing the number of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and overall length of stay. METHODS: A single center, retrospective review of 319 infants with HPS presenting with electrolyte derangement from 2008 to 2020 was performed; 202 patients managed pre-protocol (2008-2014) and 117 patients managed per our institutional fluid resuscitation algorithm (2016-2020). The number of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and length of stay before and after protocol implementation was recorded. RESULTS: Use of a fluid resuscitation algorithm decreased the number of infants who required four or more preoperative lab draws (20% vs. 6%) (p < .01), decreased median time to electrolyte correction between the pre and post protocol cohorts (15.1 h [10.6, 22.3] vs. 11.9 h [8.5, 17.9]) (p < .01), and decreased total length of hospital stay (49.0 h [40.3, 70.7] vs. 45.7 h [34.3, 65.9]) (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Implementation of a fluid resuscitation algorithm for patients presenting with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis decreases the frequency of preoperative lab draws, time to electrolyte correction, and total length of hospital stay. Use of a fluid resuscitation protocol may decrease discomfort through fewer preoperative lab draws and shorter length of stay while setting clear expectations and planned intervention for parents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III - Retrospective comparative study.

Outpatient Botulinum Injections for Early Obstructive Symptoms in Patients with Hirschsprung Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin (BT) injections may play a role in preventing Hirschsprung associated enterocolitis (HAEC) episodes related to internal anal sphincter (IAS dysfunction). Our aim was to determine the association of outpatient BT injections for early obstructive symptoms on the development of HAEC. METHODS: A retrospective review of children who underwent definitive surgery for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) from July 2010 - July 2020 was performed. The timing from pull-through to first HAEC episode and to first BT injection was recorded. Primary analysis focused on the rate of HAEC episodes and timing between episodes in patients who did and did not receive BT injections. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included. Sixty patients (75%) were male, 15 (19%) were diagnosed with trisomy 21, and 58 (72.5%) had short-segment disease. The median time to pull-through was 150 days (IQR 16, 132). Eight patients (10%) had neither an episode of HAEC or BT injections and were not included in further analysis. Forty-six patients (64%) experienced at least one episode of HAEC, while 64 patients (89%) had at least one outpatient BT injection. Compared to patients who never received BT injections (n = 9) and those who developed HAEC prior to BT injections (n = 35), significantly fewer patients who received BT injections first (n = 28) developed enterocolitis (P < 0.001), with no patient developing more than one HAEC episode. CONCLUSION: Outpatient BT is associated with decreased episodes of HAEC and increased interval between HAEC episodes requiring inpatient treatment. Scheduling outpatient BT injections to manage obstructive symptoms may be beneficial after pull-through for HSCR.

Behind the mask: extended use of surgical masks is not associated with increased risk of surgical site infection.

PURPOSE: COVID-19 has prompted significant policy change, with critical attention to the conservation of personal protective equipment (PPE). An extended surgical mask use policy was implemented at our institution, allowing use of one disposable mask per each individual, per day, for all the cases. We investigate the clinical impact of this policy change and its effect on the rate of 30-day surgical site infection (SSI). METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review was performed for all the elective pediatric general surgery cases performed pre-COVID from August 2019 to October 2019 and under the extended mask use policy from August 2020 to October 2020. Procedure type, SSI within 30 days, and postoperative interventions were recorded. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty-eight cases were reviewed: 240 in the pre-COVID-19 cohort and 248 in the extended surgical mask use cohort. Three SSIs were identified in the 2019 cohort, and two in the 2020 cohort. All postoperative infections were superficial and resolved within 1 month of diagnosis with oral antibiotics. There were no deep space infections, readmissions, or infections requiring re-operation. CONCLUSION: Extended surgical mask use was not associated with increased SSI in this series of pediatric general surgery cases and may be considered an effective and safe strategy for resource conservation with minimal clinical impact.

A single institution experience with Laparoscopic Hernia repair in 791 children.

INTRODUCTION: There are many described technique to performing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in children. We describe our outcomes using a percutaneous internal ring suturing technique. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients under 18 years old who underwent repair between January 2014 - March 2019 was performed. A percutaneous internal ring suturing technique, involving hydro-dissection of the peritoneum, percutaneous suture passage, and cauterization of the peritoneum in the sac prior to high ligation, was used. p < 0.05 was considered significant during the analysis. RESULTS: 791 patients were included. The median age at operation was 1.9 years (IQR 0.37, 5.82). The median operative time for a unilateral repair was 21 min (IQR 16, 28), while the median time for a bilateral repair was 30.5 min (IQR 23, 41). In total, 3 patients required conversion to an open procedure (0.4%), 4 (0.6%) experienced post-operative bleeding, 9 (1.2%) developed a wound infection, and iatrogenic ascent of testis occurred in 10 (1.3%) patients. Twenty patients (2.5%) developed a recurrent hernia. All but two were re-repaired laparoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: The use of percutaneous internal ring suturing for laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias in the pediatric population is safe and effective with a low rate of complications and recurrence.