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1.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 14(10): 1041-8, 2006 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16769229

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we sought to develop/characterize the pain profile of a rat model of surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: OA was surgically induced in male Lewis rats (200-225 g) by transection of the medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus of the femoro-tibial joint. In order to characterize the pain profile, animals were assessed for a change in hind paw weight distribution (HPWD), development of mechanical allodynia, and the presence of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Rofecoxib and gabapentin were examined for their ability to decrease change in weight distribution and tactile allodynia. RESULTS: Transection of the medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus of male Lewis rats resulted in rapid (<3 days) changes in hind paw weight bearing and the development of tactile allodynia (secondary hyperalgesia). There was, however, no appreciable effect on thermal hyperalgesia or mechanical hyperalgesia. Treatment with a single dose of rofecoxib (10 mg/kg, PO, day 21 post surgery) or gabapentin (100mg/kg, PO, day 21 post surgery) significantly attenuated the change in HPWD, however, only gabapentin significantly decreased tactile allodynia. CONCLUSION: The rat medial meniscal tear (MMT) model mimics both nociceptive and neuropathic OA pain and is responsive to both a selective cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor commonly utilized for OA pain (rofecoxib) and a widely prescribed drug for neuropathic pain (gabapentin). The rat MMT model may therefore represent a predictive tool for the development of pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of the symptoms associated with OA.


Asunto(s)
Artralgia/patología , Hiperalgesia/patología , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/patología , Aminas/uso terapéutico , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Artralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Artralgia/etiología , Ácidos Ciclohexanocarboxílicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Gabapentina , Miembro Posterior , Hiperalgesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/etiología , Lactonas/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/complicaciones , Ratas , Sulfonas/uso terapéutico , Soporte de Peso/fisiología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/uso terapéutico
2.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 11(11): 821-30, 2003 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14609535

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe an in vivo model in the rat in which change in weight distribution is used as a measure of disease progression and efficacy of acetaminophen and two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a model of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Intra-articular injections of MIA and saline were administered to male Wistar rats (175-200 g) into the right and left knee joints, respectively. Changes in hind paw weight distribution between the right (osteoarthritic) and left (contralateral control) limbs were utilized as an index of joint discomfort. Acetaminophen and two archetypal, orally administered NSAIDs, naproxen and rofecoxib, were examined for their ability to decrease MIA-induced change in weight distribution. RESULTS: A concentration-dependent increase in change in hind paw weight distribution was noted after intra-articular injection of MIA. Both naproxen and rofecoxib demonstrated the capacity to significantly (P<0.05) decrease hind paw weight distribution in a dose-dependent fashion, indicating that the change in weight distribution associated with MIA injection is susceptible to pharmacological intervention. CONCLUSION: The determination of differences in hind paw weight distribution in the rat MIA model of OA is a technically straightforward, reproducible method that is predictive of the effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. This system may be useful for the discovery of novel pharmacologic agents in human OA.


Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Experimental/fisiopatología , Osteoartritis/fisiopatología , Soporte de Peso , Acetaminofén/uso terapéutico , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Experimental/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Miembro Posterior/fisiopatología , Yodoacetatos , Masculino , Osteoartritis/inducido químicamente , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoartritis/patología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del Tratamiento
3.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 432(2-3): 187-94, 2001 Dec 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11740955

RESUMEN

Factor Xa is a serine protease positioned at the convergence point of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways and is therefore an attractive target in the development of novel anticoagulant drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CI-1031 (N-[2-[5-amidino-2-hydroxyphenoxy]-6-[3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazolin-2-yl)-phenoxy]-3,5-difluoropyrid), a potent and selective inhibitor of Factor Xa, in a canine electrolytic injury model of arterial and venous thrombosis. Enoxaparin (enoxaparin sodium), a low molecular weight heparin currently approved for treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis and unstable angina, was also tested for efficacy in this model. CI-1031 was administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs at three doses: 1.25, 2.5 and 5 microg/kg/min (n=5 for each group) as a continuous infusion for 5.5 h. The control group (n=5) received a continuous infusion of vehicle (3.69 mmol citric acid and 0.9% sodium chloride solution) at a rate of 1 ml/kg/h. Ninety minutes after administration of CI-1031 prothrombin times increased 1.2-, 1.6- and 2.0-fold over baseline values in the 1.25, 2.5 and 5 microg/kg/min groups, respectively. The time to formation of an occlusive thrombus in the femoral arteries averaged 69+/-5 min in the control group compared to 127+/-19, 192+/-33 and 219+/-15 min in the low-, mid- and high-dose CI-1031 groups. In the femoral veins, occlusion time in the controls averaged 56+/-11 min compared to 153+/-22, 137+/-30 and 214+/-26 min in the three treatment groups. Thrombus weights in the control arteries averaged 51+/-4 mg compared to 45+/-5, 28+/-10 and 15+/-3 mg in the CI-1031 treated groups. On the venous side, control thrombus weights averaged 96+/-18 mg compared to 75+/-16, 51+/-16 and 25+/-4 mg in the low-, mid- and high-dose CI-1031 groups. A plasma CI-1031 concentration of approximately 400 ng/ml was associated with a 50% reduction in thrombus weight relative to control animals. Enoxaparin was administered intravenously at a loading dose of 50, 100 or 200 IU/kg for 1 h followed by a maintenance infusion of 25, 50 or 100 IU/kg/h for 4.5 h. The most dramatic changes in coagulation parameters were observed in thrombin time with virtually no changes in prothrombin time. Enoxaparin elicited a dose-dependent increase in time to thrombotic occlusion and a dose-dependent decrease in thrombus weight similar to that observed with CI-1031. Time to occlusion in the enoxaparin-treated groups averaged 117+/-33, 188+/-32 and 217+/-22 min in the low-, mid- and high-dose groups in the femoral arteries and 84+/-22, 171+/-31 and 133+/-33 min in the femoral veins. Thrombus weights averaged 33+/-10, 12+/-5 and 10+/-4 mg in the arteries and 32+/-9, 13+/-2 and 21+/-6 mg in the veins in the low-, mid- and high-dose groups. Blood loss with CI-1031 tended to be less than enoxaparin at doses that provided comparable efficacy. These results demonstrate that CI-1031, like enoxaparin, is an effective antithrombotic agent in an established canine model of arterial and venous thrombosis. CI-1031 provided dose-dependent efficacy with minimal changes in ex vivo coagulation parameters, suggesting it may be a safe and effective antithrombotic agent for both arterial and venous indications.


Asunto(s)
Amidinas/farmacología , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Enoxaparina/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Trombosis/prevención & control , Trombosis de la Vena/prevención & control , Amidinas/sangre , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrólisis/efectos adversos , Inhibidores del Factor Xa , Tiempo de Tromboplastina Parcial , Tiempo de Protrombina , Piridinas/sangre , Tiempo de Trombina , Trombosis/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Trombosis de la Vena/etiología
4.
J Thromb Thrombolysis ; 11(1): 19-31, 2001 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11248787

RESUMEN

LB-30057 (CI-1028) is a novel, orally bioavailable, direct thrombin inhibitor with a Ki of 0.38 nM against human thrombin. The effects of LB-30057 on thrombus formation and hemostasis were evaluated in a veno-venous shunt model of thrombosis in rabbits, and compared with inogatran, another direct inhibitor of thrombin. Each compound was studied at 5 or 6 different doses with 5 or 6 rabbits in each group. After administration as a bolus i.v. injection followed by continuous infusion, both LB-30057 and inogatran dose-dependently inhibited thrombus formation, which was measured as an increase in time to occlusion (TTO) and a decrease in thrombus weight. Both compounds also improved vena caval blood flow and reduced the overall incidence of thrombotic occlusion. LB-30057 significantly prolonged TTO from 23 +/- 4 min (before dose) to 110 +/- 10 min at the highest dose (0.7 mg/kg + 47 microg/kg/min) (p < 0.001), and reduced thrombus weight from 57 +/- 2 mg to 15 +/- 5 mg (p < 0.001). Occlusive thrombus formed in only one of six rabbits that received the highest dose of LB-30057 (vs. 13/13 in the control group, p < 0.01). At the dose that produced the maximum antithrombotic effect (0.7 mg/kg + 47 microg/kg/min), LB-30057 increased aPTT and bleeding time approximately 2-and 2.5-fold above baseline, respectively. On a gravimetric basis, LB-30057 and inogatran displayed comparable in vivo antithrombotic efficacy. When compared to equally effective anti thrombotic doses of inogatran, LB-30057 caused less prolongation in aPTT, had no effect on PT, and tended to have less of effect on bleeding time. These results indicate that LB-30057 is an effective antithrombotic compound and it appears to have a better benefit/risk profile than inogatran in this experimental model.


Asunto(s)
Benzamidas/farmacología , Trombina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trombosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Benzamidas/sangre , Benzamidas/farmacocinética , Tiempo de Sangría , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Fibrinolíticos/sangre , Fibrinolíticos/farmacocinética , Fibrinolíticos/farmacología , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/farmacología , Hemostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Implantes Experimentales , Inyecciones , Piperidinas/farmacología , Conejos , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional/efectos de los fármacos , Trombosis/prevención & control , Vena Cava Superior
5.
Brain Res Bull ; 52(6): 553-8, 2000 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10974496

RESUMEN

Studies with cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest that purine abnormalities may be present in this disorder. The effects of purines on dopamine metabolism have not been characterized, though adenosine is known to inhibit dopaminergic neurotransmission. In this study, dopamine, its precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and its degradation products 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells following 24-h incubation with 5, 50, and 500 microM adenosine, adenine, guanosine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. Incubation with adenosine increased DOPA, DOPAC, and HVA, while adenine treatment decreased DOPA. Guanosine (500 microM) decreased DOPA, dopamine, and DOPAC, while lower concentrations increased DOPAC and HVA. Incubation with guanine decreased dopamine, and xanthine decreased dopamine and DOPAC. Hypoxanthine and uric acid exerted minimal effects. These results indicate that purines exert a variety of effects on dopamine metabolism. The influence of purine metabolism on the dopaminergic deficit in the Parkinsonian brain merits further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Dopamina/metabolismo , Células PC12/efectos de los fármacos , Células PC12/metabolismo , Purinas/metabolismo , Purinas/farmacología , Adenina/metabolismo , Adenina/farmacología , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina/farmacología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Guanina/metabolismo , Guanina/farmacología , Guanosina/metabolismo , Guanosina/farmacología , Hipoxantina/metabolismo , Hipoxantina/farmacología , Neostriado/metabolismo , Neostriado/patología , Neostriado/fisiopatología , Vías Nerviosas/metabolismo , Vías Nerviosas/patología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Ratas , Sustancia Negra/metabolismo , Sustancia Negra/patología , Sustancia Negra/fisiopatología , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico/farmacología , Xantina/metabolismo , Xantina/farmacología
6.
Int J Immunopharmacol ; 21(11): 711-25, 1999 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10576617

RESUMEN

The phosphodiesterase-IV (PDE-IV) inhibitor, rolipram, is antiinflammatory in a number of animal models and inhibits the release of a variety of cytokines, including TNFalpha. Arthritis induced in rats by systemic reactivation with streptococcal cell walls (SCW) following intraarticular sensitization is a TNFalpha-dependent, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Rolipram administered during the reactivation phase dose-dependently inhibited hind paw edema through day 24, the day of peak swelling. PMN and T-cell recruitment to the arthritic joint were also attenuated in rolipram-treated rats. Histologic examination of ankle sections from rolipram-treated animals showed a marked attenuation of synovial inflammation. Mechanistic studies to determine the role of glucocorticoids in mediating rolipram action showed that the inhibitory effect of rolipram on swelling was not reversed by RU 486, a glucocorticoid antagonist. In contrast, RU 486 reversed the inhibitory effects of rolipram on TNFalpha secretion. To further evaluate the role of cAMP in the model, the beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) agonist isoproterenol was tested, and found to inhibit swelling but not the release of TNFalpha. These results are consistent with the view that the inhibitory effects of rolipram may be partially mediated by cAMP-dependent, but TNFalpha-independent, mechanisms. The betaAR antagonists propranolol and nadolol had no appreciable affect on the antiinflammatory effect of rolipram. However, rolipram reversed the lethal effects of the antagonists observed when either was administered alone. Apparently, beta-adrenergic mechanisms moderate the response to challenge, and rolipram treatment, presumably as a result of its effects on cAMP levels, reverses the toxic effect of the antagonists.


Asunto(s)
Artritis Infecciosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/uso terapéutico , Rolipram/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Femenino , Miembro Posterior , Antagonistas de Hormonas/uso terapéutico , Isoproterenol/uso terapéutico , Mifepristona/uso terapéutico , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
7.
Neurochem Res ; 23(12): 1521-5, 1998 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9821156

RESUMEN

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by decreased striatal dopamine, but serotonin (5-HT) is also reduced. Because 5-HT decreases following a single levodopa injection, levodopa has been suggested to contribute to PD's serotonergic deficits. However, in a recent study, rat striatal serotonin levels were reported to increase following 15-day levodopa administration. To address this issue, we administered levodopa (50 mg/kg) to rabbits for 5 days, then measured serotonin, its precursors tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in striatum and CSF. Striatal serotonin and tryptophan were unchanged, while 5-HTP and 5-HIAA increased 4- and 7-fold, respectively. CSF 5-HTP and 5-HIAA were also significantly increased. In levodopa-treated animals, 5-HTP concentrations were moderately correlated (r = 0.679) between striatum and CSF, while weak correlations were present between striatal and CSF concentrations of both serotonin and 5-HIAA. These results suggest that repeated levodopa treatment increases striatal serotonin turnover without changing serotonin content. However, levodopa-induced alterations in striatal serotonin metabolism may not be accurately reflected by measurement of serotonin and 5-HIAA in CSF.


Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Levodopa/farmacología , Serotonina/metabolismo , 5-Hidroxitriptófano/líquido cefalorraquídeo , 5-Hidroxitriptófano/metabolismo , Animales , Ácido Hidroxiindolacético/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ácido Hidroxiindolacético/metabolismo , Levodopa/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Conejos , Serotonina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Triptófano/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Triptófano/metabolismo
8.
J Pharm Pharmacol ; 50(10): 1147-53, 1998 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9821662

RESUMEN

The compound CI-1007 (R-(+)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1 [(3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl]pyridine maleate) has been identified as a partial dopamine agonist and putative antipsychotic in in-vitro and in-vivo neurochemical, neurophysiological and behavioural tests. By use of microdialysis in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection, the effects of the drug on brain dopamine release, previously observed in anaesthetized animals, were shown to occur in awake animals also. Detection of peripherally administered CI-1007 in the brain, i.e. evidence of the drug's ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, was achieved by use of in-vivo brain microdialysis in awake, freely moving rats and capillary HPLC in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Intravenous administration of CI-1007 (40 mg kg-1) significantly inhibits dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, a region associated with dopamine hyperactivity in schizophrenia, while having a non-significant impact on the striatal dopamine neurotransmission which is critical to regular motor function. The differential neurochemical profile of the drug indicates its potential usefulness in treating positive disease symptoms and implies that its extrapyramidal side effects are lower than those of typical antipsychotics.


Asunto(s)
1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina/análogos & derivados , Antipsicóticos/farmacología , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Dopamina/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Visual/efectos de los fármacos , 1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina/farmacocinética , 1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina/farmacología , Animales , Antipsicóticos/farmacocinética , Barrera Hematoencefálica , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cromatografía , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacocinética , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Microdiálisis , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Corteza Visual/metabolismo
9.
Brain Res Bull ; 45(3): 297-9, 1998.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9510422

RESUMEN

The significance of guanine nucleotides and nucleosides in neurodegenerative disorders is suggested by recent reports that these molecules enhance neurite branching and astrocyte proliferation. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of increased dopamine metabolism, produced by 5-day treatment of rabbits with reserpine (2 mg/kg) or levodopa (LD) (50 mg/kg), on striatal concentrations of guanosine, guanine, and their metabolites. Reserpine treatment decreased striatal guanosine by 41% and increased guanine by 50%, while LD decreased guanosine by 48% (all p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated controls). LD also increased guanine by 22% (not statistically significant). Xanthine and uric acid concentrations were unchanged. Because of the neurotrophic properties of guanosine and guanine, changes in striatal concentrations of these purines secondary to increased dopamine (DA) turnover may have relevance for survival of remaining dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD).


Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Dopaminérgicos/farmacología , Dopamina/metabolismo , Guanina/metabolismo , Guanosina/metabolismo , Reserpina/farmacología , Animales , Cuerpo Estriado/citología , Levodopa/farmacología , Masculino , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Conejos
10.
Brain Res Bull ; 47(6): 663-7, 1998 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10078623

RESUMEN

Levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease has been suggested to contribute to disease progression through free radical generation. We compared the time course of levodopa-induced dopamine metabolism, and the resulting oxidative stress, between rat brain regions with varying dopaminergic innervation. At 1, 4, 8, and 12 h after levodopa administration (100 mg/kg), dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were measured in striatum and ventral midbrain, regions containing marked dopaminergic innervation, and in prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, which possess little dopaminergic innervation. Malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was measured in additional animals. The return of dopamine and its metabolites to control concentrations tended to be slower (by 3-8 h) in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex than in dopaminergic regions. Malondialdehyde concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) in ventral midbrain 8 h posttreatment, but increased in cerebellum 12 h posttreatment. We concluded that levodopa increases dopamine metabolism in nondopaminergic as well as dopaminergic regions, with delayed clearance of dopamine and its metabolites in nondopaminergic regions. The slower return of dopamine to control levels in nondopaminergic regions may be relevant to some of the side effects of levodopa. No support was found for the hypothesis that levodopa treatment induces oxidative stress.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dopaminérgicos/farmacología , Dopamina/metabolismo , Levodopa/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido 3,4-Dihidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Cerebelo/efectos de los fármacos , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Ácido Homovanílico/metabolismo , Masculino , Mesencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Mesencéfalo/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/metabolismo , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de Tiempo
11.
J Med Primatol ; 27(6): 273-7, 1998 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10203006

RESUMEN

A 31-year-old male and a 31-year-old female rhesus monkey developed clinical signs consistent with hyperthryoidism. These included a ravenous appetite, hyperactivity, and accentuated ratchet movement and hand tremors while performing fine motor tasks. Bilaterally enlarged thyroid glands were palpated in both monkeys. A unique clinical finding of the female as the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The T3 and T4 levels in the male rhesus were 3.79 ng/ml and 28.20 microg/dl, respectively. T3 and T4 levels in the female were 4.33 ng/ml and 22.2 microg/dl, respectively. A biopsy of the enlarged thyroids demonstrated a typical multinodular goiter with cystic hyperplasia. The female rhesus was successfully treated with methimazole, but the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy did not resolve. The relationship between erythrocytosis and T4 levels common to humans and cats is also evident in the rhesus monkey.


Asunto(s)
Hipertiroidismo/veterinaria , Macaca mulatta , Enfermedades de los Monos/fisiopatología , Envejecimiento/patología , Animales , Femenino , Hambre , Hipertiroidismo/complicaciones , Hipertiroidismo/fisiopatología , Masculino , Metimazol/uso terapéutico , Movimiento , Policitemia/complicaciones , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Tiroxina/sangre , Factores de Tiempo , Triyodotironina/sangre
12.
Neurobiol Aging ; 18(5): 555-7, 1997.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9390784

RESUMEN

Complement activation is present in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and C1q concentrations are decreased in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To determine whether concentrations of other complement proteins are also altered in AD CSF, we measured concentrations of C3a and SC5b-9 in CSF from patients with probable AD (n = 19), normal aged controls (n = 11), and normal younger controls (n = 15). C3a concentrations were similar between AD and aged controls, but threefold higher than in younger controls (p < 0.05 vs. both groups). A similar pattern was found with SC5b-9, though the increase was only twofold and statistically significant only for AD vs. younger controls. These results suggest that an increased generation of complement proteins in localized areas of the AD brain does not result in elevated concentrations of these proteins in CSF, compared with age-matched controls. Increased C3a (and, to a lesser extent, SC5b-9) in aged controls may be due to increased complement activation, increased central nervous system production, and/or blood-brain barrier leakage of these proteins.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Complemento C3a/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Complejo de Ataque a Membrana del Sistema Complemento , Proteínas del Sistema Complemento/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Proteínas del Sistema Complemento/metabolismo , Femenino , Glicoproteínas/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad
13.
J Biopharm Stat ; 7(3): 453-65, 1997 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9252837

RESUMEN

Electrospray ionization (ES) is a novel method used in mass spectrometry (MS) for producing gas-phase ions from substances in solutions. Common practices for molecular mass estimation from ES spectra summarize the spectrum as a single peak giving no estimate of uncertainty or treat each peak as an independent molecular mass measurement. ES-MS data analysis showed that each peak in an ES spectrum does not always provide an independent measure of molecular mass. Underestimation of measurement uncertainty is a possible result. An elementary time series method, the Yule-Walker equations, was applied to molecular mass estimation from ES data.


Asunto(s)
Química Física/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Estadística como Asunto/métodos , Animales , Caballos , Modelos Lineales , Peso Molecular , Miocardio/química , Mioglobina/química
14.
J Neurosci Methods ; 75(1): 59-68, 1997 Jul 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9262145

RESUMEN

An important experimental challenge in research with squirrel monkeys (Saimiri scureus) is the development of a reliable closed intravenous system for long term drug self-administration studies and the collection of multiple timed blood samples. A surgical procedure using a vascular access port (VAP) system was developed to provide easy access for venous samples or drug infusions. Daily experiments in chaired monkeys were simple and reliable for durations of up to 6 h. The quantitative performance of the VAP system was evaluated by the number of days until port failure for self-administration studies and the number of days during which blood samples could be collected beyond an initial time of 91 days. The mean best performance for VAP system functional time for self-administration studies was 437 +/- 73 and the mean worst performance was 281 +/- 79. The mean best performance for blood withdrawal functional time was 362 +/- 81 and the mean worst performance was 332 +/- 85. The qualitative performance of the VAP system is described including complications that developed during the procedure; corresponding suggestions for corrective actions are discussed. Enhancements to increase port performance are also recommended.


Asunto(s)
Recolección de Muestras de Sangre/métodos , Catéteres de Permanencia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Animales , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Saimiri , Autoadministración
15.
Neurochem Res ; 22(2): 209-14, 1997 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9016847

RESUMEN

Immunocytochemical staining was performed to investigate the presence of anti-hippocampal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 19), aged normal controls (n = 9), and young normal controls (n = 10). Marked staining of neurons in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus and in pyramidal neurons in CA1-3 of the rat hippocampus was observed in 5 AD CSF samples (26%), 1 aged control sample (11%), and 1 young control sample (10%). These differences were not statistically significant. One of the immunoreactive AD CSF specimens also contained high concentrations of C5b-9, the membrane attack complex. The infrequent occurrence of anti-hippocampal antibodies in AD CSF, and the detection of similar immunoreactivity in control CSF specimens, suggest that these antibodies are unlikely to play a role in the neurodegenerative process in most individuals with AD. However, elevated C5b-9 concentration in an AD CSF specimen with marked immunoreactivity to hippocampal neurons suggests the possibility that anti-neuronal antibodies may contribute to complement activation in some AD patients.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Hipocampo/inmunología , Inmunohistoquímica , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuronas/inmunología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
16.
Brain Res ; 738(2): 265-74, 1996 Nov 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8955522

RESUMEN

Ceruloplasmin (CP), the major plasma anti-oxidant and copper transport protein, is synthesized in several tissues, including the brain. We compared regional brain concentrations of CP and copper between subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 12), Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 14), Huntington's disease (HD, n = 11), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n = 11), young adult normal controls (YC, n = 6) and elderly normal controls (EC, n = 7). Mean CP concentrations were significantly increased vs. EC (P < 0.05) in AD hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex, and putamen. PD hippocampus, frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices, and HD hippocampus, parietal cortex, and substantia nigra. Immunocytochemical staining for CP in AD hippocampus revealed marked staining within neurons, astrocytes, and neuritic plaques. Increased CP concentrations in brain in these disorders may indicate a localized acute phase-type response and/or a compensatory increase to oxidative stress.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Ceruloplasmina/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Degeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Recuento de Células , Hipocampo/patología , Humanos , Enfermedad de Huntington/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Huntington/patología , Enfermedad de Huntington/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuronas/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Parálisis Supranuclear Progresiva/metabolismo , Parálisis Supranuclear Progresiva/patología , Parálisis Supranuclear Progresiva/fisiopatología
17.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol ; 28(5): 679-86, 1996 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8945682

RESUMEN

Endothelin (ET) has been proposed to play a role in pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The potential role of ET in myocardial stunning has not been examined. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that selective blockade of ETA receptors with PD156707 {sodium 2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-4-(4-methoxy-phenyl) -4-oxo-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-but-2-enoate} could improve postischemic contractile dysfunction in open-chest pigs. Myocardial stunning was achieved by a sequence of three 10-min left anterior descending (LAD) occlusions interspersed with 15 min of reperfusion. All pigs received either an intravenous saline vehicle (n =6) or PD156707 (n = 6) at a loading dose infusion of 10 mg/kg/h for 1 h before the first occlusion followed by a maintenance dose of 7 mg/kg/h for 4 h. Systolic wall thickening (percentage of baseline) was measured with sonomicrometers. There was no significant difference in systolic thickening between groups at baseline, at the end of the final stunning occlusion, or at any of the time points during reperfusion. PD156707 significantly reduced arterial blood pressure before myocardial ischemia and throughout reperfusion. There was no significant difference in size of the region at risk between groups. In conclusion, selective blockade of ETA receptors with PD156707 did not significantly alter postischemic contractile function in open-chest pigs. These results suggest that activation of ETA receptors by endogenous ET does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning.


Asunto(s)
Dioxoles/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de los Receptores de Endotelina , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Aturdimiento Miocárdico/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Femenino , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aturdimiento Miocárdico/fisiopatología , Porcinos , Porcinos Enanos
18.
J Neurochem ; 65(2): 710-24, 1995 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7616227

RESUMEN

Oxidant-mediated damage is suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Iron promotes conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical and, thus, may contribute to oxidant stress. We measured iron and its transport protein transferrin in caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and frontal cortex of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (n = 14) and Parkinson's disease (n = 14), and in younger adult (n = 8) and elderly (n = 8) normal controls. Although there were no differences between control groups with regard to concentrations of iron and transferrin, iron was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in Alzheimer's disease globus pallidus and frontal cortex and Parkinson's disease globus pallidus, and transferrin was significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex, compared with elderly controls. The transferrin/iron ratio, a measure of iron mobilization capacity, was decreased in globus pallidus and caudate in both disorders. Regional transferrin and iron concentrations were generally more highly correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient) in elderly controls than in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The altered relationship between iron and transferrin provides further evidence that a disturbance in iron metabolism may be involved in both disorders.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Concentración Osmolar , Valores de Referencia
19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7605589

RESUMEN

Though depletion of CSF homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration has often been regarded as a direct indicator of dopamine (DA) deficiency in Parkinson's Disease (PD), CSF HVA is normal in mildly affected patients. To explore why, we measured DA and its metabolites in striatum and CSF in rabbits receiving reserpine for 5 days. Reserpine, which depletes striatal DA by disrupting vesicular storage of the neurotransmitter, results in a compensatory increase of DA turnover. In response to a 96% depletion of striatal DA, its catabolic intermediates 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) decreased 64% and 92% in striatum, although the endproduct, HVA, was unchanged. In contrast, CSF concentrations of HVA and DOPAC increased significantly, though 3-MT and levodopa (LD) were unaltered. A 5-fold rise in striatal LD concentration after reserpine-induced DA depletion provided evidence for enhanced DA synthesis. As in PD, the compensatory increase of DA synthesis after reserpine administration confounds the ability of CSF HVA to reflect DA depletion.


Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Ácido 3,4-Dihidroxifenilacético/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ácido 3,4-Dihidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Dopamina/biosíntesis , Dopamina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ácido Homovanílico/metabolismo , Levodopa/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Levodopa/metabolismo , Masculino , Enfermedad de Parkinson/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Conejos , Reserpina/farmacología
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