RESUMEN
The common aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) alcohol flushing variant known as ALDH2*2 affects â¼8% of the world's population. Even in heterozygous carriers, this missense variant leads to a severe loss of ALDH2 enzymatic activity and has been linked to an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction plays a determining role in all stages of CAD pathogenesis, including early-onset CAD. However, the contribution of ALDH2*2 to EC dysfunction and its relation to CAD are not fully understood. In a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) from Biobank Japan, ALDH2*2 was found to be one of the strongest single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with CAD. Clinical assessment of endothelial function showed that human participants carrying ALDH2*2 exhibited impaired vasodilation after light alcohol drinking. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs (iPSC-ECs) and CRISPR-Cas9-corrected ALDH2*2 iPSC-ECs, we modeled ALDH2*2-induced EC dysfunction in vitro, demonstrating an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production and tube formation capacity, which was further exacerbated by ethanol exposure. We subsequently found that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) such as empagliflozin mitigated ALDH2*2-associated EC dysfunction. Studies in ALDH2*2 knock-in mice further demonstrated that empagliflozin attenuated ALDH2*2-mediated vascular dysfunction in vivo. Mechanistically, empagliflozin inhibited Na+/H+-exchanger 1 (NHE-1) and activated AKT kinase and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) pathways to ameliorate ALDH2*2-induced EC dysfunction. Together, our results suggest that ALDH2*2 induces EC dysfunction and that SGLT2i may potentially be used as a preventative measure against CAD for ALDH2*2 carriers.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2 , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa Mitocondrial/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Aldehído DeshidrogenasaRESUMEN
Epidemiological studies reveal that marijuana increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, little is known about the mechanism. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana, binds to cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1/CNR1) in the vasculature and is implicated in CVD. A UK Biobank analysis found that cannabis was an risk factor for CVD. We found that marijuana smoking activated inflammatory cytokines implicated in CVD. In silico virtual screening identified genistein, a soybean isoflavone, as a putative CB1 antagonist. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells were used to model Δ9-THC-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via NF-κB signaling. Knockdown of the CB1 receptor with siRNA, CRISPR interference, and genistein attenuated the effects of Δ9-THC. In mice, genistein blocked Δ9-THC-induced endothelial dysfunction in wire myograph, reduced atherosclerotic plaque, and had minimal penetration of the central nervous system. Genistein is a CB1 antagonist that attenuates Δ9-THC-induced atherosclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Cannabis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Alucinógenos , Analgésicos , Animales , Agonistas de Receptores de Cannabinoides/farmacología , Dronabinol/farmacología , Células Endoteliales , Genisteína/farmacología , Genisteína/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1 , Receptores de CannabinoidesRESUMEN
We present a systematic assessment of polygenic risk score (PRS) prediction across more than 1,500 traits using genetic and phenotype data in the UK Biobank. We report 813 sparse PRS models with significant (p < 2.5 x 10-5) incremental predictive performance when compared against the covariate-only model that considers age, sex, types of genotyping arrays, and the principal component loadings of genotypes. We report a significant correlation between the number of genetic variants selected in the sparse PRS model and the incremental predictive performance (Spearman's â´ = 0.61, p = 2.2 x 10-59 for quantitative traits, â´ = 0.21, p = 9.6 x 10-4 for binary traits). The sparse PRS model trained on European individuals showed limited transferability when evaluated on non-European individuals in the UK Biobank. We provide the PRS model weights on the Global Biobank Engine (https://biobankengine.stanford.edu/prs).
Asunto(s)
Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Herencia Multifactorial , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Herencia Multifactorial/genética , Fenotipo , Factores de Riesgo , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
The Ala allele of PPARG Pro12Ala ( rs1801282 ) is associated with greater improvements to the glucose metabolism in exercise studies, but whether this extends to peripheral insulin sensitivity is unknown. Our objective was to investigate the effect of PPARG Pro12Ala on exercise-induced changes in peripheral insulin sensitivity. A total of 124 (91 Pro homozygotes and 33 Ala carriers) previously physically inactive healthy young men and women with overweight or class 1 obesity who completed a 12 wk aerobic exercise intervention were included in the analysis. All participants underwent a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp before and after the 12 wk intervention. The prescribed exercise frequency was 5-7 days/wk, and the exercise energy expenditure was 2,100 4,200 kcal/wk for men and 1,600 kcal/wk for women. Insulin sensitivity improved significantly in both genotype groups. However, Ala carriers had a 1.13-fold (95% confidence interval 1.01; 1.26, P = 0.032) greater improvement in insulin sensitivity from baseline compared with Pro homozygotes. Our data support that PPARG Pro12Ala modifies the effect of aerobic exercise on peripheral insulin sensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Adulto , Alelos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Homocigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006528.].
RESUMEN
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
Asunto(s)
Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/métodos , Obesidad/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Fumar/genética , Adiposidad/genética , Adulto , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Epistasis Genética , Humanos , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Circunferencia de la Cintura/genética , Relación Cintura-CaderaRESUMEN
Physical activity (PA) may modify the genetic effects that give rise to increased risk of obesity. To identify adiposity loci whose effects are modified by PA, we performed genome-wide interaction meta-analyses of BMI and BMI-adjusted waist circumference and waist-hip ratio from up to 200,452 adults of European (n = 180,423) or other ancestry (n = 20,029). We standardized PA by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable where, on average, 23% of participants were categorized as inactive and 77% as physically active. While we replicate the interaction with PA for the strongest known obesity-risk locus in the FTO gene, of which the effect is attenuated by ~30% in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals, we do not identify additional loci that are sensitive to PA. In additional genome-wide meta-analyses adjusting for PA and interaction with PA, we identify 11 novel adiposity loci, suggesting that accounting for PA or other environmental factors that contribute to variation in adiposity may facilitate gene discovery.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad/genética , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Ejercicio Físico , Obesidad/genética , Adiposidad/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Epigenómica , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Relación Cintura-CaderaRESUMEN
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) have identified common variant signals which explain 4.8% and 1.2% of trait variance, respectively. It is hypothesized that low-frequency and rare variants could contribute substantially to unexplained genetic variance. To test this, we analyzed exome-array data from up to 33,231 non-diabetic individuals of European ancestry. We found exome-wide significant (P<5×10-7) evidence for two loci not previously highlighted by common variant GWAS: GLP1R (p.Ala316Thr, minor allele frequency (MAF)=1.5%) influencing FG levels, and URB2 (p.Glu594Val, MAF = 0.1%) influencing FI levels. Coding variant associations can highlight potential effector genes at (non-coding) GWAS signals. At the G6PC2/ABCB11 locus, we identified multiple coding variants in G6PC2 (p.Val219Leu, p.His177Tyr, and p.Tyr207Ser) influencing FG levels, conditionally independent of each other and the non-coding GWAS signal. In vitro assays demonstrate that these associated coding alleles result in reduced protein abundance via proteasomal degradation, establishing G6PC2 as an effector gene at this locus. Reconciliation of single-variant associations and functional effects was only possible when haplotype phase was considered. In contrast to earlier reports suggesting that, paradoxically, glucose-raising alleles at this locus are protective against type 2 diabetes (T2D), the p.Val219Leu G6PC2 variant displayed a modest but directionally consistent association with T2D risk. Coding variant associations for glycemic traits in GWAS signals highlight PCSK1, RREB1, and ZHX3 as likely effector transcripts. These coding variant association signals do not have a major impact on the trait variance explained, but they do provide valuable biological insights.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Glucosa-6-Fosfatasa/genética , Insulina/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patología , Exoma/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón , Índice Glucémico/genética , Humanos , Insulina/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptores de Glucagón/genéticaRESUMEN
AIMS: A study of 222 candidate genes in type 2 diabetes reported association of variants in RAPGEF1, ENPP1, TP53, NRF1, SLC2A2, SLC2A4 and FOXC2 with type 2 diabetes in 4,805 Finnish individuals. We aimed to replicate these associations in a Danish case-control study and to substantiate any replicated associations in meta-analyses. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact on diabetes-related intermediate traits in a population-based sample of middle-aged Danes. METHODS: We genotyped nine lead variants in the seven genes in 4,973 glucose-tolerant and 3,612 type 2 diabetes Danish individuals. In meta-analyses we combined case-control data from the DIAGRAM+ Consortium (n = 47,117) and the present genotyping results. The quantitative trait studies involved 5,882 treatment-naive individuals from the Danish Inter99 study. RESULTS: None of the nine investigated variants were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in the Danish samples. However, for all nine variants the estimate of increase in type 2 diabetes risk was observed for the same allele as previously reported. In a meta-analysis of published and online data including 55,521 Europeans the G-allele of rs1042522 in TP53 showed significant association with type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.06 95% CI 1.02-1.11, p = 0.0032). No substantial associations with diabetes-related intermediary phenotypes were found. CONCLUSION: The G-allele of TP53 rs1042522 is associated with an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a combined analysis of 55,521 Europeans.