[Central diabetes insipidus after resection of sellar-suprasellar tumors: prevalence and predictors of manifestation]. / Tsentral'nyi nesakharnyi diabet posle udaleniya opukholei khiazmal'no-sellyarnoi oblasti: rasprostranennost' i prediktory manifestatsii.

Central diabetes insipidus is a neuroendocrine disorder caused by disturbances in antidiuretic hormone release. The last one is responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance regulation. The most common cause of diabetes insipidus is resection of sellar-suprasellar tumors followed by damage to hypothalamic nuclei responsible for antidiuretic hormone release, disruption of antidiuretic hormone transportation from hypothalamus or its release by neurohypophysis. According to various data, postoperative diabetes insipidus occurs in 13-30% of cases. The highest risk of diabetes insipidus is observed after resection of craniopharyngioma, Rathke's cleft cyst and ACTH-releasing pituitary microadenoma. This review is devoted to prevalence and predictors of diabetes insipidus after resection of sellar-suprasellar tumors.

[Transcranial microsurgical decompression of the optic canal in surgical treatment of meningiomas of the sellar region]. / Transkranial'naya mikrokhirurgicheskaya dekompressiya kanala zritel'nogo nerva v khirurgii meningiom khiazmal'no-sellyarnoi oblasti.

RATIONALE: When removing the meningiomas of the sellar region, there is always a risk of visual impairment for various reasons, in particular, as a result of traction damage to the optic nerve. Decompression of the optic canal increases nerve mobility during tumor manipulation. In cases of meningioma growing into the canal, its decompression often seems necessary. AIM: Evaluation of the effectiveness and risks of performing decompression of the optic canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included patients with meningiomas of the parasellar location, who underwent surgical treatment at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Center for the period from 2001 to 2017. They were divided into two groups - main and control. The main group consisted of 129 patients who underwent decompression of the optic nerve canals when the tumor was removed. The tumor matrix in this group was most often located in the region of the tuberum sellae, supradiaphragmally, in the region of the anterior clinoid process and the optic canal. In 31 cases, decompression was bilateral - during one operation and using one access in 27 patients; in 4 cases, the decompression of the second canal was delayed for 1.5-3 months after the first operation. 160 decompressions were performed by the intradural and 7 - by extradural methods. During intradural decompression, the roof of the optic canal was resected, and during extradural decompression, the lateral wall of the canal was trephined. The control group consisted of 308 patients who did not undergo canal decompression when the tumor was removed. It included meningiomas with a predominant location of the matrix in the area of the tuberclum and diaphragm of the sella. Tumors in both groups were removed according to the same principles (matrix coagulation, mainly the gradual removal of the tumor, the use of ultrasonic aspirator, a situational decision on the radicality of the operation, etc.). The main difference between operations in these two groups was only canal related algorithms (with or without its trepanation), as well as the probable prevalence of significant lateral tumor growth in cases with canal trepanation. Visual functions in the «primary¼ group were evaluated before and after operations with trepanation of the canal depending on various factors - the initial state of vision and the radicality of the tumor excision, including removal from the canal. The differences in the postoperative dynamics of vision in the main and control groups were studied. The primary data processing was carried out using the program MSExcel. Secondary statistical processing was carried out using the program Statistica. To assess the statistical significance of differences in the results obtained in the compared patient groups, the Chi-square test was used, and in the case of small groups - the exact Fisher test was applied. RESULTS: In the main group postoperative vision improvement of varying degrees on the side of trepanation was registered in 36.9% (59 out of 160) cases, no vision changes were found in 36.9% (59 out of 160), and in 26,2% (42 out of 160) the eyesight deteriorated. If preserving vision is attributed to a satisfactory result, then in general the results of these operations should be considered good. A comparative study of the results of removal of meningiomas with trepanation of the canals (main group) or without it (control group) was carried out among patients with the most critical vision situation (visual acuity 0.1 and below, up to only light perception). These groups are comparable in the number of observations - 62 and 73 respectively. The predominance of cases with improved vision in the main group compared with the control group (50.0% versus 38.36%) and a lower incidence of vision impairment (22.58% versus 34.25%) were found. However, the revealed differences are statistically unreliable and make it possible for us to talk only about the trend. The complications associated with trepanation of the canal include mechanical damage to the nerve by the drill. In our series of observations, there was only 1 case of abrasion of the nerve surface with the burr, which did not lead to a significant visual impairment. With the intradural method of trepanation in the area of the medial wall of the canal, the sphenoid sinus may open (in our series, in 34 cases out of 160 trepanations). Immediately closure of these defects was performed by various auto- and allomaterials in various combinations (pericranium, fascia, muscle fragment, hemostatic materials, and fibrin-thrombin glue). A true complication - CSF rhinorrhea liquorrhea developed in only one case, which required transnasal plastic surgery of the CSF fistula using a mucoperiostal flap. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Trepanation of the optic canal in cases of meningiomas of parasellar localization is a relatively safe procedure in the hands of a trained neurosurgeon and does not worsen the results of operations compared with the excision of the same tumors without trepanation of the canal. 2. The literature data and the results of our study make it possible to consider the decompression of the optic canal as an optional, but in many cases, useful option that facilitates the transcranial removal of some meningiomas of the sellar region.

[Pituitary microadenomas - current diagnostic and treatment methods]. / Mikroadenomy gipofiza: sovremennoe sostoyanie metodov diagnostiki i lecheniya.

According to previously accepted criteria, pituitary microadenoma is characterized by a diameter of less than 10 mm. Improvement and widespread use of MRI are accompanied by increased incidence of diagnosis of these neoplasms. Pituitary microadenomas is an extremely heterogeneous group of tumors with different biological behavior, endocrine secretion and clinical symptoms despite the common MR characteristics. Treatment is mainly determined by endocrine secretion. Endocrine-active microadenoma requires medication (in case of microprolactinoma) and surgical treatment (in case of microsomatotropinoma and ACTH-releasing tumor). Follow-up is advisable for endocrine-inactive microadenoma (microincidentaloma). Modern data on the incidence, clinical and endocrine features, diagnosis and treatment of various pituitary microadenomas are discussed in the article.

[Breast cancer metastasis into a giant hormone-inactive pituitary adenoma adenoma. (Clinical case and literature review)]. / Metastaz raka molochnoi zhelezy v gigantskuiu gormonal'no-neaktivnuiu adenomu gipofiza. (Klinicheskoe nabliudenie i obzor literatury).

Brain metastases of various types of cancer are diagnosed in 8-10% of all cancer patients. In the world literature, only 30 cases of cancer metastasis to the pituitary adenoma are described. This article presents yet another observation of a patient with breast cancer metastasis into the hormone-inactive pituitary adenoma at the Burdenko neurosurgical center, Russia The patient underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoid removal of the neoplasm. During microscopy and immunohistochemical studies of the biopsy, two types of tissue (pituitary adenoma and cancer metastasis) with different Ki-67 treated surgically (1% and over 40%) were found.

[Reproductive disorders and preservation of fertility in males with benign and malignant brain tumors]. / Narusheniia reproduktivnoi funktsii i vozmozhnosti sokhraneniia fertil'nosti muzhchin s dobrokachestvennymi i zlokachestvennymi opukholiami golovnogo mozga.

Brain tumors rank third in the incidence rate among cancer nosologies. However, improvement of neurosurgical treatment methods and the use of modern regimens of chemotherapy and radiotherapy have increased survival of patients with benign and malignant brain tumors. A significant proportion of patients with brain tumors are young people in the reproductive age who are interested in maintaining their fertility. Surgical removal of tumors, mainly in the hypothalamo-pituitary area as well as the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant brain tumors of any localization may be complicated by hypogonadism and infertility. At present, a simple and reliable method of preserving male fertility is sperm cryopreservation. Neurosurgeons as well as oncologists and radiologists should inform patients with brain tumors about a potential risk of hypogonadism and infertility after treatment and about opportunities of sperm cryopreservation, which increases the chances of having future genetic progeny.

Restoration of fertility in a woman with giant prolactinoma in response to cabergoline treatment.

SUMMARY: A 32-year-old woman presented with primary amenorrhoea, prolactin (PRL) level of 154 150 mIU/L and was diagnosed with a giant pituitary adenoma measuring maximum 6.2 cm. Cabergoline (CAB) treatment at a dose of 0.5 mg/week was prescribed to the patient. The treatment decreased the tumour size after 3 months (MRI scans of the brain) and brought back to normal the level of the PRL (345 mIU/L) after 6 months of CAB treatment. After 7 months of CAB treatment, menarche was achieved, and after 12 months, the patient became pregnant. She discontinued taking CAB at 4-week gestation. The pregnancy resulted in a missed miscarriage at 6-7 weeks; an abortion was conducted by the vacuum aspiration method. The MRI scans of the brain did not show any tumour enlargement. After 18 months from the start of the treatment the patient got pregnant for the second time. At 25-week gestation an MRI scan of the brain was conducted which did not show any increase in the tumour size. At 38 weeks the patient delivered a healthy full-term girl via C-section. The patient chose not to breastfeed and resumed CAB therapy after the delivery. During the treatment, the PRL level returned to the normal range and the menstrual cycle was restored. After 3 years the patient got pregnant for the third time. The patient did not receive CAB during the pregnancies; the examination did not show any tumour enlargement. Further MRI scans did not show any tumour growth. CAB therapy was effective in normalization of the PRL level, tumour shrinkage, menarche and pregnancy-induction which led to the birth of healthy children in a woman with primary amenorrhoea and a giant prolactinoma invading the skull base bones. LEARNING POINTS: Giant prolactinomas are very rarely found in women. Cabergoline therapy can be effective in the normalization of the PRL level, tumour shrinkage, menarche induction in a woman with primary amenorrhoea, and giant prolactinoma. Cabergoline therapy can be effective in pregnancy induction which leads to the birth of children in a woman with giant prolactinoma. Cabergoline discontinuation did not trigger tumour enlargement during pregnancy.

[Transsphenoidal surgery of suprasellar meningiomas - is there a future for the technique?] / Transsfenoidal'naia khirurgiia supraselliarnykh meningiom - est' li budushchee u metodiki?

Surgery of suprasellar meningiomas is a challenge and associated with a high risk of injury to the vascular-neural structures lying along the approach and surrounding the tumor. Currently, many foreign clinics and our Center have introduced a technique for resection of suprasellar meningiomas through the anterior extended transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal approach. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to evaluate the role of extended transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal approaches in surgery of suprasellar meningiomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study is a retrospective analysis of surgical treatment outcomes in 45 patients (11 males and 34 females aged 23 to 70 years (median, 50 years) with suprasellar meningiomas who underwent surgery for skull base tumors using the anterior extended transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal approach in the Surgery Department of the Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute in the period from 2009 to 2017. In all cases, surgery was the primary method of treatment. RESULTS: Total tumor resection (the tumor was resected completely together with an infiltrated DM - Simpson 1) was achieved in 77.8% (35/45) of cases; subtotal resection (more than 80% of the tumor was removed) was in 17.8% (8/45) of cases; in 4.4% (2/45) of cases, resection was partial (less than 80% of the tumor was resected). Worsening or development of visual impairments immediately after surgery occurred in 13 (28%) of 45 patients. In 3 of them, vision was completely recovered on conservative treatment by the time of hospital discharge. In 4 patients, vision partially improved by the time of discharge. In 6 patients, vision was not recovered by discharge (in 2 of them, vision partially improved during follow-up). Therefore, by the time of hospital discharge, deterioration in vision occurred in 10 (22%) of 45 patients. In 7 (21.2%) out of 33 patients who had visual impairments before surgery, there was an improvement in vision in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Analyzing the findings and generalizing our experience, we may say that, in surgery of suprasellar meningiomas, the anterior extended transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal approach should be used for relatively small (up to 3 cm), medially located symmetrical tumors that do not involve large vessels. The efficacy of this technique for tumors extending into the optic nerve canals requires additional analysis in a larger series of cases.

[Extended endoscopic endonasal posterior (transclival) approach to tumors of the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa. Part 3. Analysis of surgical treatment outcomes in 127 patients]. / Éndoskopicheskii éndonazal'nyi zadnii rasshirennyi (transklival'nyi) dostup k opukholiam oblasti skata cherepa i ventral'nykh otdelov zadnei cherepnoi iamki. Chast' 3. Analiz rezul'tatov khirurgicheskogo lecheniia 127 patsientov.

Until recently, tumors of the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa were considered hard-to-reach and often inoperable via standard transcranial approaches. The introduction of minimally invasive methods combined with the endoscopic technique into neurosurgical practice has enabled removal of hard-to-reach tumors, including midline tumors of the ventral posterior cranial fossa. OBJECTIVE: To improve and introduce the extended endoscopic endonasal posterior (transclival) approach into clinical practice and to analyze the results of its application in surgical treatment of midline skull base tumors extending into the ventral posterior cranial fossa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the period from 2008 to the present, we have operated 127 patients with various skull base tumors located in the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa (60 males and 67 females); the patients' age was 3 to 74 years. The distribution of tumors by histology was as follows: 96 (75.6%) chordomas, 9 (7.1%) pituitary adenomas, 8 (6.3%) meningiomas, 3 (2.33%) cholesteatomas, 2 (1.6%) craniopharyngiomas, 3 (2.33%) fibrotic dysplasia, and 6 (4.7%) other tumors (giant cell tumor, glioma of the neurohypophysis, osteoma, plasmacytoma, carcinoid tumors, chondroma). The tumor size was as follows: 36 (28.35%) giant (more than 60 mm) tumors, 71 (55.9%) large (35-59 mm) tumors, 19 (14.96%) medium (21-35 mm) tumors, and 1 (0.79%) small (less than 20 mm) tumor. Intraoperative monitoring of the cranial nerves was performed (20 cranial nerves were identified) in 10 cases. RESULTS: The extent of chordoma resection was as follows: total removal - 63 (65.62%) cases, subtotal removal - 23 (23.96%) cases, and partial removal - 10 (10.42%) cases. Pituitary adenomas were resected totally in 6 cases, subtotally in 1 case, and partially in 2 cases. Meningioma was removed subtotally in 4 cases, partially in 3 cases, and less than 50% in 1 case. Other tumors (cholesteatoma, craniopharyngioma, fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumor, glioma of the neurohypophysis, osteoma, plasmacytoma, carcinoid tumors, chondroma) were removed totally in 7 cases and subtotally in 7 cases. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 9 (7.2%) cases, and meningitis developed in 12 (9.4%) cases. Oculomotor disorders occurred in 17 (13.4%) patients; in 10 of these patients, the disorders regressed within 4 to 38 days after surgery; in 7 patients the oculomotor disorders did not regress. A lethal outcome occurred in 2 (1.57%) cases. CONCLUSION: The extended endoscopic endonasal posterior (transclival) approach, being minimally invasive, enables removal of various midline skull base tumors with/without involvement of the clivus with high radicalness, low risk of postoperative complications, and low lethality. Until recently, these tumors were considered almost inoperable.

[Preoperative and postoperative endocrine disorders associated with pituitary stalk injuries caused by suprasellar growing tumors]. / Éndokrinnye rasstroistva do i posle operatsii pri razlichnykh porazheniiakh steblia gipofiza supraselliarno rastushchimi opukholiami.

The pituitary stalk (PS) is a relatively thin bundle connecting the hypophyseal stalk to the pituitary gland; it consists of both axons of the hypothalamic nuclei (terminating in the neurohypophysis) and the system of portal vessels. Compression of the PS by a space-occupying lesion or its transection (forced or intended) during surgery may lead to the development of endocrine disorders: hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and hyperprolactinemia. The modern literature lacks studies evaluating the severity of endocrine disorders depending on the PS condition before and after surgery. PURPOSE: The study purpose was to investigate endocrine disorders in patients with sellar region (SR) tumors and the PS that was compressed before surgery and preserved or transected during a neurosurgical intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 139 patients with various SR tumors. In 82 patients, a preoperatively compressed PS was preserved (41 patients with hormonal inactive adenoma (HIA) and 41 patients with suprasellar meningioma); in 57 patients, the PS was transected during surgery (46 patients with pituitary stalk craniopharyngioma and 11 patients with hormonally inactive endosuprasellar pituitary adenoma). The hormonal status (PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, fT4, cortisol, testosterone, or estradiol) was examined in all patients both before and after surgery. RESULTS: Hyperprolactinemia was preoperatively detected in 37% of patients with tumors compressing the PS. Elimination of PS compression (tumor resection) led to normalization of the PRL level in most patients and was not accompanied by aggravation of hypopituitarism symptoms. Transection of the PS caused panhypopituitarism in 100% of patients and diabetes insipidus in 93% of cases. After transection of the PS, hyperprolactinemia did not develop in 59% of patients with craniopharyngiomas (CPs) and 82% of patients with HIA. CONCLUSIONS: Given the difference in symptoms associated with compression and surgical transection of the PS, we believe that these two concepts should be clearly distinguished. The PS compression syndrome includes primarily hyperprolactinemia (37% of cases); elimination of PS compression leads to normalization of the PRL level in most patients and is not accompanied by aggravation of hypopituitarism symptoms. The PS transection syndrome in patients with CP and HIA led to the development of panhypopituitarism in all patients and permanent diabetes insipidus in most of them. The causes of the absence of hyperprolactinemia in many patients with PS transection require further research. The surgeon planning intraoperative PS transection to increase the radicality of surgery should be well informed about the consequences of this procedure for the patient's endocrine status.

[Indications for surgical treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas]. / Pokazaniia k khirurgicheskomu lecheniiu prolaktin-sekretiruiushchikh adenom gipofiza.

Prolactinomas account for about 40% of all pituitary adenomas. The main treatment for prolactinomas is undoubtedly therapy with dopamine agonists (DAs). However, prolonged conservative treatment (for many years or even throughout life) that is necessary for permanent control of the disease makes some patients refuse pharmacological treatment for various reasons. In addition, not all prolactinomas respond to DAs therapy. Sometimes, the patient is not able to continue treatment because of the severity of side effects. Along with tumor resistance to therapy and patient intolerance of DAs, complications (liquorrhea, hemorrhage in the tumor) may occur during conservative treatment. In these cases, surgery is necessary. The paper analyzes the modern literature on various treatment options for prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas and defines the indications for surgical treatment.

[A rare case of diencephalic cachexia in an adult female with cranio-pharyngioma]. / Redkii sluchai razvitiia diéntsefal'noi kakheksii u vzrosloi zhenshchiny s kraniofaringiomoi.

Diencephalic cachexia (DС) is progressive weight loss despite a normal caloric intake and a satisfactory state of health, which is caused by hypothalamic lesions. This is a rare (about 100 cases were reported) and potentially fatal disorder of unknown pathogenesis. At present, there is no effective pharmacological therapy for the disorder. Cachexia may regress only if the tumor reduces in size, therefore the timely diagnosis and treatment are of vital importance for the patient. DС is typical of early childhood, and only a few cases have been reported in adults. We present a rare case of DС in a 24-year-old female with papillary craniopharyngioma.

[Extended endoscopic endonasal posterior (transclival) approach to tumors of the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa. Part 1. Topographic and anatomical features of the clivus and adjacent structures]. / Éndoskopicheskii éndonazal'nyi zadnii rasshirennyi (transklival'nyi) dostup k opukholiam oblasti skata i ventral'nykh otdelov zadnei cherepnoi iamki. Chast' 1. Topografo-anatomicheskie osobennosti skata i pogranichnykh s nim obrazovanii.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the main topographic and anatomical features of the clival region and its adjacent structures for improvement and optimization of the extended endoscopic endonasal posterior (transclival) approach for resection of tumors of the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a craniometric study of 125 human skulls and a topographic anatomical study of heads of 25 cadavers, the arterial and venous bed of which was stained with colored silicone (the staining technique was developed by the authors) to visualize bed features and individual variability. Currently, we have clinical material from more than 120 surgical patients with various skull base tumors of the clival region and ventral posterior cranial fossa (chordomas, pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, cholesteatomas, etc.) who were operated on using the endoscopic transclival approach. RESULTS: We present the main anatomical landmarks and parameters of some anatomical structures that are required for performing the endoscopic endonasal posterior approach. The anatomical landmarks, such as the intradural openings of the abducens and glossopharyngeal nerves, may be used to arbitrarily divide the clival region into the superior, middle, and inferior thirds. The anatomical landmarks important for the surgeon, which are detected during a topographic anatomical study of the skull base, facilitate identification of the boundaries between the different clival portions and the C1 segments of the internal carotid arteries. The superior, middle, and inferior transclival approaches provide an access to the ventral surface of the upper, middle, and lower neurovascular complexes in the posterior cranial fossa. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic transclival approach may be used to access midline tumors of the posterior cranial fossa. The approach is an alternative to transcranial approaches in surgical treatment of clival region lesions. This approach provides results comparable (and sometimes better) to those of the transcranial and transfacial approaches.

[Modern diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of acromegaly patients at a neurosurgical clinic]. / Sovremennaya diagnostika i posleoperatsionnyi monitoring patsientov s akromegaliei v usloviyakh neirokhirurgicheskoi kliniki.

Acromegaly is a severe disease associated with chronic overproduction of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is caused in most cases by pituitary adenoma. The main causes of mortality in acromegaly are cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers. At present, the most effective treatment for acromegaly is surgical pituitary adenomectomy. Complete resection of pituitary tumors leads to the normalization of GH and IGF-1 levels, regression of symptoms, and a reduction in the risk of death. The article discusses the current criteria for diagnosis and remission of acromegaly after surgical adenomectomy as well as postoperative monitoring issues aligned with the recent guidelines of the Russian and international endocrinology associations.

[Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in primary treatment of large and giant prolactinomas with dopamine agonists]. / Nazal'naia likvoreia pri pervichnom lechenii bol'shikh i gigantskikh prolaktinom agonistami dofamina.

At present, pharmacological therapy of prolactinomas with dopamine agonists (DAs) is considered the treatment of choice. In most cases, giant prolactinomas respond to treatment with dopamine agonists and decrease in size during the first months of the treatment. One of the rare but dangerous complications of conservative treatment of prolactinomas with invasive growth is cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a retrospective analysis of 15 patients with macropropactinomas who underwent surgery for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea developed due to primary therapy with dopamine agonists at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute (BNI) in the period between 2005 and 2015. All patients had large and giant tumors (according to the classification adopted at the BNI). When cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was detected, patients were hospitalized to the BNI for examination, detection of a CSF fistula, reconstruction of a defect, and resection (if possible) of the tumor. RESULTS: In the period between 2005 and 2015, 15 patients (8 males and 7 females) with prolactinomas of a large and giant size at the onset of conservative therapy underwent surgery for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea at the BNI. All patients underwent transnasal reconstruction of a skull base defect, with 13 out of 15 patients undergoing simultaneous resection of the tumor. After tumor resection, reconstruction was performed using auto-fat, fascia, and glue (in 8 cases). In the remaining cases, apart from auto-fat, fascia, and glue, a mucoperiosteal flap and auto-bone were used. Fourteen patients were followe-up. In 13 cases, there was no relapse of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after skull base reconstruction. In 1 case, there was a relapse of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. CONCLUSION: Conservative treatment of patients with giant prolactinomas should be performed under regular control of ENT doctors and neurosurgeons for timely detection and surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

[Endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus]. / Endoskopicheskoe transsfenoidal'noe udalenie adenom gipofiza, vrastayushchikh v kavernoznyi sinus.

INTRODUCTION: Pituitary adenomas are benign growths that invade the cavernous sinus (CS) in 10-15% of cases. There are different types of microsurgical and endoscopic approaches enabling resection of tumors from the CS cavity that is a relatively small and hard to reach anatomical structure comprising eloquent neurovascular structures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study group included 97 patients with pituitary adenomas (PAs) invading the CS. PAs were resected using an endoscopic technique: adenomas were resected from the CS cavity through a standard endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach in 62 cases; a lateral extended transsphenoidal endoscopic approach was used in 35 cases. A control group included patients with PAs spreading into the laterosellar region who were operated on using microsurgical extra-intradural (n=14) and transsphenoidal (n=149) approaches. In the study group, the degree of PA invasion into the CS cavity was determined using the Knosp scale. RESULTS: In the study group, total tumor resection was achieved in 49 (50.5%) cases, subtotal resection in 39 (40.2%) cases, and partial resection in 9 (9.3%) patients. In the case of visual disorders (n=70), vision improvement was achieved in 41.4% of cases. Vision deterioration was detected in 11.4% of cases; no vision changes were in 47.1% of cases. Patients (27.8%) who had not had visual impairments before surgery had no negative changes in vision in the postoperative period. The development/augmentation of oculomotor disorders in the study group occurred in 14 (14.4%) cases. In the study group, hormonal remission of the disease in patients with hormone-active PAs was in 26.7% of cases (n=12). There were no cases of nasal liquorrhea, meningitis, and death in the study group. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection of PAs invading the CS is a more efficient and safer surgical technique compared to microsurgical techniques (transsphenoidal and extra-intradural approach). The lateral extended transsphenoidal endoscopic approach enables resection of PAs with massive invasion into the CS (Grade III and Grade IV, Knosp scale) and has less postoperative complications compared to the extra-intradural approach (p<0.05).

[The algorithm for surgical treatment of skull base tumors invading the craniovertebral junction].

UNLABELLED: Surgical treatment of skull base tumors invading the craniovertebral junction is a complex medical problem due to a high rate of adverse postoperative outcomes in these patients. AIM: The study aim was to optimize surgical treatment in patients with skull base tumors invading the craniovertebral junction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative analysis of 2 groups of patients was performed. The study group included 28 patients with skull base and craniovertebral junction chordomas who underwent single-stage surgery, including posterior occipitospondylodesis and tumour resection using the transoral and combined transoral and transnasal approaches, in the period between 2000 and 2015. The control group included 21 patients with the same pathology who underwent microsurgery using the transoral approach without occipitospondylodesis in the period between 1990 and 2009. RESULTS: Most of the patients in both groups were operated on at late disease stages when they presented with gross clinical signs. The use of single-stage occipitospondylodesis and transoral skull base tumor removal significantly (compared to the control group) extends indications for surgical treatment of skull base tumors, which were previously considered unresectable, and provides better results. CONCLUSION: New surgical techniques significantly increase the completeness of tumor resection, decrease the rate of postoperative complications, accelerate the rehabilitation process, and improve the patient's quality of life.

[The rate of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients (comparison between the data from the Burdenko Neurosurgical Instutite and the literature) and recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment].

UNLABELLED: Hyponatremia is a relatively frequent and serious complication in patients with various neurosurgical pathologies. OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at assessing the incidence of hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients depending on the pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This paper presents a retrospective analysis 39 479 cases of patients operated on at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute from 2008 to 2014. RESULTS: A total of 785 hyponatremic patients with Na level lower than 130 mmol/l (2% of all operated patients) were identified. Mortality in patients with hyponatremia was 14.3%, which is tenfold higher compared to the rest of population of patients without hyponatremia who were operated on during the same period. In adults, hyponatremia most frequently occurred after resection of craniopharyngiomas (11%) and as a result of acute cerebrovascular accident (22%). In children, it occurred after resection of craniopharyngiomas (10%), astrocytomas (7%), ependymomas (24%), and germ cell tumors (10.5%). CONCLUSION: This study, which was mainly statistical one, was not aimed at detailed investigation of hyponatremia in different groups of neurosurgical patients. We only tried to draw the attention of various experts to those categories of patients, where focused and in-depth developments are more than important. Obviously, already gained international experience should be taken into account for this PURPOSE: Therefore, this article presents the literature data on the etiology and pathogenesis of hyponatremia. We describe the details of the various classifications of hyponatremia, its clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, primarily based on the recommendations of the last European consensus of various specialists (2014).

[Clinical and morphological characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and outcomes of surgical treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas]. / Kliniko-morfologicheskie kharakteristiki, diagnosticheskie kriterii i rezul'taty khirurgicheskogo lecheniya TTG-sekretiruyushchikh adenom gipofiza.

Thyrotropinomas (TSH-secreting tumors) are a rare type of pituitary adenomas, which account for about 0.5-2.0% of all pituitary tumors. The criterion of thyrotropinoma is visualization of the tumor in the presence of a normal or elevated level of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood and elevated concentrations of free T4 (fT4) and free T3 (fT3). OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical, diagnostic, and morphological characteristics and treatment outcomes of TSH-secreting pituitary tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 21 patients aged from 15 to 67 years with pituitary adenoma and a normal or elevated blood TSH level combined with elevated fT4 and fT3 levels who were operated on at the Neurosurgical Institute in the period between 2002 and 2015. Before surgery, in the early postoperative period, and 6 months after surgery, the patients were tested for levels of TSH, fT4, fT3, prolactin, cortisol, the luteinizing hormone (LH), the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol/testosterone, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). The thyroid status was evaluated using the following reference values: TSH, 0.4-4.0 mIU/L; fT4, 11.5-22.7 pmol/L; fT3, 3.5-6.5 pmol/L. An immunohistochemical study of material was performed with antibodies to TSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, and Ki-67 (MiB-1 clone); in 13 cases, we used tests with antibodies to somatostatin receptors type 2 and 5 and to D2 subtype dopamine receptors. RESULTS: Thyrotropinomas were detected in patients aged from 15 to 67 years (median, 39 years), with an equal rate in males (48%) and females (52%). Before admission to the Neurosurgical Institute, 11 (52%) patients were erroneously diagnosed with primary hyperthyroidism; based on the diagnosis, 7 of these patients underwent surgery on the thyroid gland and/or received thyrostatics (4 cases). Hyperthyroidism symptoms were observed in 16 (76%) patients. The blood level of TSH was 2.47-38.4 mIU/L (median, 6.56); fT4, 22.8-54.8 nmol/L (median, 36); fT3, 4.24-12.9 pmol/L (median, 9.66). Tumors had the endosellar localization in 4 (19%) cases and the endo-extrasellar localization in 17 (91%) cases. Total tumor resection was performed in 7 (33%) patients. All these tumors had the endosellar and endo-suprasellar localization. No total resection was performed in patients with infiltrative growth of adenoma (invading the skull base structures). An immunohistochemical study of tumor resection specimens detected only TSH expression in 3 (14%) cases; 18 (86%) tumors were plurihormonal and secreted TSH and GH and/or PRL. Of 13 tumors, expression of the type 2 dopamine receptor was detected in 9 (69%) cases; expression of somatostatin receptors type 5 and type 2 was found in 6 (46%) and 2 (15%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: The criterion for total tumor resection was a postoperative decrease in the TSH level to 0.1 mIU/L or less. Total resection was performed in 33% of patients with tumors of only the endosellar and endo-suprasellar localization. In most cases, tumors were plurihormonal and secreted TSH and GH and/or PRL.

[Thyrotropin-producing adenomas and thyrotropic hyperplasia (clinical case reports and the review of the literature)]. / Tireotropinomy i tireotrofnaia giperplaziia (opisanie klinicheskikh sluchaev i obzor literatury).

An increased blood level of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is usually associated with primary hypothyroidism (PHT) but can also be observed in such rare cases as TSH-secreting pituitary tumor. The article describes four clinical cases of elevated TSH blood levels: 1) TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma with hyperthyroidism; 2) TSH-secreting adenoma with hypothyroidism; 3) hormonally inactive pituitary adenoma combined with primary hypothyroidism; 4) reversible thyrotropic hyperplasia. These clinical situations substantiate the importance of considering different diagnoses in a patient with a pituitary gland tumor associated with an increased TSH blood level.