A Fucosylated Lactose-Presenting Tetravalent Glycocluster Acting as a Mutual Ligand of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lectins A (PA-IL) and B (PA-IIL)-Synthesis and Interaction Studies.

The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic human pathogen associated with cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa produces two soluble lectins, the d-galactose-specific lectin PA-IL (LecA) and the l-fucose-specific lectin PA-IIL (LecB), among other virulence factors. These lectins play an important role in the adhesion to host cells and biofilm formation. Moreover, PA-IL is cytotoxic to respiratory cells in the primary culture. Therefore, these lectins are promising therapeutic targets. Specifically, carbohydrate-based compounds could inhibit their activity. In the present work, a 3-O-fucosyl lactose-containing tetravalent glycocluster was synthesized and utilized as a mutual ligand of galactophilic and fucophilic lectins. Pentaerythritol equipped with azido ethylene glycol-linkers was chosen as a multivalent scaffold and the glycocluster was constructed by coupling the scaffold with propargyl 3-O-fucosyl lactoside using an azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The interactions between the glycocluster and PA-IL or PA-IIL were investigated by isothermal titration microcalorimetry and saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy. These results may assist in the development of efficient anti-adhesion therapy for the treatment of a P. aeruginosa infection.

The antagonistic Metschnikowia andauensis produces extracellular enzymes and pulcherrimin, whose production can be promoted by the culture factors.

Biological control against microbial infections has a great potential as an alternative approach instead of fungicidal chemicals, which can cause environmental pollution. The pigment producer Metschnikowia andauensis belongs to the antagonistic yeasts, but details of the mechanism by which it inhibits growth of other microbes are less known. Our results confirmed its antagonistic capacity on other yeast species isolated from fruits or flowers and demonstrated that the antagonistic capacity was well correlated with the size of the red pigmented zone. We have isolated and characterized its red pigment, which proved to be the iron chelating pulcherrimin. Its production was possible even in the presence of 0.05 mg/ml copper sulphate, which is widely used in organic vineyards because of its antimicrobial properties. Production and localisation of the pulcherrimin strongly depended on composition of the media and other culture factors. Glucose, galactose, disaccharides and the presence of pectin or certain amino acids clearly promoted pigment production. Higher temperatures and iron concentration decreased the diameter of red pigmented zones. The effect of pH on pigment production varied depending of whether it was tested in liquid or solid media. In addition, our results suggest that other mechanisms besides the iron depletion of the culture media may contribute to the antagonistic capacity of M. andauensis.

Men, Masculinities, and Hemophilia.

Hemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder that predominantly affects men. Home intravenous replacement of missing clotting factor is the most effective treatment; however, the uptake of preventative treatment (also known as prophylaxis) varies among men with hemophilia. The purpose of the current qualitative study was to describe the connections between masculinities and men's (n = 11) experiences of hemophilia across varying age groups. The inductively derived findings revealed bleed-related joint pain as the primary prompt for men to treat or seek medical help. Many men reported experiencing a high number of bleed-related injuries in adolescence, particularly in high school, oftentimes as a result of engaging in idealized masculine physical activities. Though the limitations imposed by hemophilia were contested by most men early on in their lives, as men grow older more conservative approaches were employed both in terms of treatment and activity to reduce the potential for residual bleed-related disabilities. Overall, the results indicate that men with hemophilia may benefit from peer and professional education about recognition, prevention, and optimal treatment of bleeds. Furthermore, masculine ideals act as important context in which men navigate hemophilia management practices and may facilitate contesting or conceding behaviors. Masculine ideals of strength and control may be garnered to facilitate optimal hemophilia management practices.

Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of N-[(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-carboxamides on d-secoestrone scaffolds.

An efficient synthesis of several N-[(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]carboxamides in the 13ß- and 13α-d-secoestrone series is reported. Novel triazoles were synthesized via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of steroidal alkynyl carboxamides and p-substituted benzyl azides. Each of the products was evaluated in vitro by means of MTT assays for antiproliferative activity against a panel of human adherent cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, A431 and A2780). Some of them exhibited activities similar to those of the reference agent cisplatin. On change of the substitution pattern of the benzyl group of the azide, great differences in the cell growth-inhibitory properties were observed. The p-alkylbenzyl-substituted triazoles selectively exerted high cytostatic action against A2780 cells, with IC50 values of 1 µM. We investigated the potential inhibitory action exerted on the human 17ß-HSD1 activity of the new secosteroids. Three triazoles effectively suppressed the estrone to 17ß-estradiol conversion with IC50 values in low micromolar range.

Synthesis of N-glycopeptides applying glycoamino Acid building blocks with a combined fmoc/boc strategy.

Mono-, di- and trisaccharide representing the reducing terminal of the core structure of N-glycans were incorporated into Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro hexapeptide that is a partial structure of the Trp-cage mini-protein by linear assembly. These studies provide evidence that the used combination of Fmoc and Boc strategy and mild conditions result in glycopeptides in high purity and reasonable yield.

Human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of low-risk women.

OBJECTIVE: This study was a prospective examination of the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a low-risk female population and an assessment of the risk of development of LSIL with HPV infection. STUDY DESIGN: In a longitudinal study, women aged 19-60 years--non-smokers, and married or living with a constant partner, who presented for cervical cancer screening at an outpatient clinic--were invited to participate in a prospective study of cervical HPV infection, and were examined every 3 months. RESULTS: Of the 464 women at risk, 20 presented with HPV infections during the follow-up. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) event developed in 18 women. Among these women, 13 were HPV-positive (10 high-risk and 3 low-risk types). The average duration of new LSIL was 20.1 months (95% CI: 13.9-26.3) and 55.3 months (95% CI: 45.7-64.9) in the HPV-positive and negative groups, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). With the use of Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated the relative risk as 90.0 for a first instance of LSIL among women testing positive for HPV as compared with women testing negative for HPV. CONCLUSION: This study has provided evidence that HPV infection is associated with an increased risk of LSIL.

Prevalence and risk factors of human papilloma virus infection in asymptomatic women in southeastern Hungary.

A survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of genital human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in asymptomatic women. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 23%. Age (under 24 years), pathological cytology were significantly associated with exposure to HPV infection. HPV screening is important for young women, especially, where there is a pathological cytological diagnosis.