Intra-individual comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography versus bone scan in detecting skeletal metastasis at prostate cancer diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic performance and radiological staging impact of 68 Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) compared to 99 Tc whole-body bone scan (WBBS) for the detection of skeletal metastasis in the primary staging of prostate cancer (PCa). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective institutional database was retrospectively examined for patients who underwent both PSMA PET and WBBS within a 1 week interval for PCa primary staging. Lesions were categorised as 'negative', 'equivocal', or 'definite' based on nuclear medicine physician interpretation. Metastatic burden was characterised for each imaging modality according to three groups: (i) local disease (no skeletal metastases), (ii) oligometastatic disease (three or fewer skeletal metastases), or (iii) polymetastatic disease (more than three skeletal metastases). RESULTS: There were 667 patients included. The median (interquartile range) prostate-specific antigen level was 9.2 (6.2-16) ng/mL and 60% of patients were high risk according to a modified D'Amico risk classification. The overall distribution of skeletal metastasis detection changed across the two scans overall (P = 0.003), being maintained within high-risk (P = 0.030) and low-risk (P = 0.018) groups. PSMA PET/CT identified more definite skeletal metastases compared to WBBS overall (10.3% vs 7.3%), and according to risk grouping (high: 12% vs 9%, intermediate: 4% vs 1%). Upstaging was more common with PSMA PET/CT than WBBS (P = 0.001). The maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax ) of the primary tumour was associated with upstaging of skeletal metastases on PSMA PET/CT (P = 0.025), while age was associated with upstaging on WBBS (P = 0.021). The SUVmax of the primary tumour and metastases were both higher according to extent of metastatic disease (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: More skeletal metastases were detected with PSMA PET/CT than WBBS, resulting in a higher upstaging rate mostly in high-risk patients. The SUVmax of the primary tumour and metastases was associated with upstaging.

Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy remains a safe method in confirming a prostate cancer diagnosis: a multicentre Australian analysis of infection rates.

PURPOSE: Worldwide, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle remains the most common method of diagnosing prostate cancer. Due to high infective complications reported, some have suggested it is now time to abandon this technique in preference of a trans-perineal approach. The aim of this study was to report on the infection rates following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy in multiple Australian centres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from seven Australian centres across four states and territories that undertake transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsies for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, including major metropolitan and regional centres. In four centres, the data were collected prospectively. Rates of readmissions due to infection, urosepsis resulting in intensive care admission and mortality were recorded. RESULTS: 12,240 prostate biopsies were performed in seven Australian centres between July 1998 and December 2020. There were 105 readmissions for infective complications with rates between centres ranging from 0.19 to 2.60% and an overall rate of 0.86%. Admission to intensive care with sepsis ranged from 0 to 0.23% and overall 0.03%. There was no mortality in the 12,240 cases. CONCLUSION: Infective complications following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsies are very low, occurring in less than 1% of 12,240 biopsies. Though this study included a combination of both prospective and retrospective data and did not offer a comparison with a trans-perineal approach, TRUS prostate biopsy is a safe means of obtaining a prostate cancer diagnosis. Further prospective studies directly comparing the techniques are required prior to abandoning TRUS based upon infectious complications.

68Ga-PSMA PET/CT versus CT and bone scan for investigation of PSA failure post radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA PET/CT), compared with conventional CT abdomen/pelvis (CTAP) and whole body single photon emission CT bone scan (BS), for detection of local or distant metastasis following biochemical failure/recurrence in post-prostatectomy patients. METHODS: We conducted a review of our prospectively maintained, institutional database to identify 384 patients with post-prostatectomy biochemical failure/recurrence who underwent PSMA PET/CT, CTAP and BS from February 2015 to August 2017 in Nepean Hospital, tertiary referral centre. The results of the three imaging modalities were analysed for their ability to detect local recurrence and distant metastases. PSMA PET/CT and CTAP imaging were separately performed on the same day and the BS was performed within several days (mostly in 24 h). Difference in detection rates was determined between the modalities and the Chi square test was used to determine significance. RESULTS: A total of 384 patients were identified with a median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 0.465 ng/mL (interquartile range =0.19-2.00 ng/mL). Overall, PSMA PET/CT was positive for 245 (63.8%) patients whereas CTAP and BS were positive in 174 patients (45.3%). A total of 98 patients (25.5%) had local or distant metastasis detected on PSMA only, while 20 patients (5.2%) had recurrences detected on CTAP but not on PSMA PET/CT. CONCLUSION: The use of PSMA PET/CT has a higher detection rate of predicted local or distant metastasis compared to CTAP and BS in the staging of patients with biochemical recurrences after radical prostatectomy.

Unexpected case of large ureteric calculus being passed following prostatic artery embolisation.

Spontaneous passage of large ureteric calculi over 10mm is uncommon. We present a case of a 69-year-old male with a significant prostatic enlargement (150 cc) and a 13mm ureteric calculus which had not passed for 3 months following a failed attempt at ureteroscopy. His stone passed spontaneously following prostatic artery embolisation (PAE), performed for symptomatic benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). We consider the mechanisms by which PAE may impact on the distal ureter which allowed stone passage.

Long Pulse-Width Setting Improves Holmium-YAG Laser Lithotripsy - Enhanced Fragmentation and Retropulsion Characteristics of Renal Calculi in a Novel In-Vivo Setting.

The aim of this novel in vivo study was to characterize the effect of short pulse-width versus long pulse-width Holmium-YAG laser lithotripter settings on retropulsion and fragmentation in a real-life setting. A prospective, crossover study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in NSW, Australia. Patients who underwent flexible ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for renal calculi in 2018 were included. All patients underwent flexible ureteroscopy using a Flexor® 10.7/12 French ureteric access sheath (Cook Medical LLC, Bloomington, IN, USA) and lithotripsy with a 30W Holmium-YAG laser (Rocamed, Monaco). Thirty-two renal calculi were subjected to 1 min of laser treatment using both short and long pulse-width settings. Using 5-point, operator-assessed Likert scales, the level of retropulsion and fragmentation efficacy were assessed. There was significantly less retropulsion and improved stone fragmentation (p<0.001) using the long pulse-width compared to the short pulse-width setting. Regardless of stone size, in vivo renal calculi lithotripsy with a long pulse-width significantly improves the efficacy of lithotripter treatment.

A prospective, matched comparison of ultra-low and standard-dose computed tomography for assessment of renal colic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultra-low-dose computed tomography (ULDCT) compared with standard-dose CT (SDCT) in the evaluation of patients with clinically suspected renal colic, in addition to secondary features (hydroureteronephrosis, perinephric stranding) and additional pathological entities (renal masses). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, comparative cohort study was conducted amongst patients presenting to the emergency department with signs and symptoms suggestive of renal or ureteric colic. Patients underwent both SDCT and ULDCT. Single-blinded review of the image sets was performed independently by three board-certified radiologists. RESULTS: Among 21 patients, the effective radiation dose was lower for ULDCT [mean (SD) 1.02 (0.16) mSv] than SDCT [mean (SD) 4.97 (2.02) mSv]. Renal and/or ureteric calculi were detected in 57.1% (12/21) of patients. There were no significant differences in calculus detection and size estimation between ULDCT and SDCT. A higher concordance was observed for ureteric calculi (75%) than renal calculi (38%), mostly due to greater detection of calculi of <3 mm by SDCT. Clinically significant calculi (≥3 mm) were detected by ULDCT with high specificity (97.6%) and sensitivity (100%) compared to overall detection (specificity 91.2%, sensitivity 58.8%). ULDCT and SDCT were highly concordant for detection of secondary features, while ULDCT detected less renal cysts of <2 cm. Inter-observer agreement for the ureteric calculi detection was 93.9% for SDCT and 87.8% for ULDCT. CONCLUSION: ULDCT performed similarly to SDCT for calculus detection and size estimation with reduced radiation exposure. Based on this and other studies, ULDCT should be considered as the first-line modality for evaluation of renal colic in routine practice.

Segmental testicular infarction, a rare complication of epididymo-orchitis.

Segmental infarction of the testicle secondary to epididymo-orchitis is a rare condition which can be difficult to diagnose and can lead to loss of the testis. We report a case of a 72-year-old man who presented with two weeks of worsening pain of his left testis despite oral antibiotic treatment for epididymo-orchitis. A testicular ultrasound initially revealed a suspected intra-testicular abscess. Despite intravenous antibiotics, his symptoms worsened. A repeat ultrasound demonstrated an increase in size of the lesion and a decision was made to take him to theatre. Intra-operative findings instead revealed a segmental area of testicular infarction requiring debridement.

​Acute airway compromise and coagulopathy: a rare presentation of acquired haemophilia A.

Acquired haemophilia A is a rare but important diagnosis, carrying a mortality rate of 22%. Life-threatening sequalae of this diagnosis includes airway compromise, which can rapidly lead to demise of the patient if left untreated. Our case examines an 80-year-old man presenting with a supraglottic haematoma resulting from acquired haemophilia A causing airway compromise and necessitating definitive airway control. A review of current understanding and management of the disease is also ddiscussed.

A Rare Case of Extensive Unilateral Ureteritis Cystica.

Ureteritis cystica is rare, benign entity that associates with chronic urothelial irritation such as recurrent urinary tract infection or nephrolithiasis. It is often diagnosed incidentally on routine imaging or ureteroscopy in asymptomatic individuals. In this case report, we present the retrograde pyelogram and ureteroscopy images of a rare case of extensive unilateral ureteritis cystica in a 78-year-old female presenting for elective stone surgery.

Quantifying the Effect of Location Matching on Accuracy of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Prior to Prostate Biopsy-A Multicentre Study.

BACKGROUND: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has shown promise to improve detection of prostate cancer over conventional methods. However, most studies do not describe whether the location of mpMRI lesions match that of cancer found at biopsy, which may lead to an overestimation of accuracy. OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the effect of mapping locations of mpMRI lesions to locations of positive biopsy cores on the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of mpMRI. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANT: We retrospectively identified patients having mpMRI of the prostate preceding prostate biopsy at three centres from 2013 to 2016. Men with targetable lesions on imaging underwent directed biopsy in addition to systematic biopsy. We correlated locations of positive mpMRI lesions with those of positive biopsy cores, defining a match when both were in the same sector of the prostate. We defined positive mpMRI as Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score ≥4 and significant cancer at biopsy as grade group ≥2. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were calculated with and without location matching. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 446 patients, 247 (55.4%) had positive mpMRI and 232 (52.0%) had significant cancer at biopsy. Sensitivity and NPV for detecting significant cancer with location matching (both 63.4%) were decreased compared with those without location matching (77.6% and 73.9%, respectively). Of the 85 significant cancers not detected by mpMRI, most were of grade group 2 (64.7%, 55/85). CONCLUSIONS: We report a 10-15% decrease in sensitivity and NPV when location matching was used to detect significant prostate cancer by mpMRI. False negative mpMRI remains an issue, highlighting the continued need for biopsy and for improving the standards around imaging quality and reporting. PATIENT SUMMARY: The true accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) must be determined to interpret results and better counsel patients. We mapped the location of positive mpMRI lesions to where cancer was found at biopsy and found, when compared with matching to cancer anywhere in the prostate, that the accuracy of mpMRI decreased by 10-15%.

Ocular injuries resulting from commercial cosmetic procedures.

The prevalence of potentially precarious cosmetic facial procedures appears to be on the rise. A significant amount of these cosmetic procedures are offered and performed by operators without formal medical training and anatomical knowledge, and with variable degrees of skill. Some of these procedures can result in devastating sight-threatening complications, and many of the individuals undergoing such treatments are relatively young and healthy. Patients need to be aware of the potential risks, including permanent visual loss, before embarking on any cosmetic facial procedure. Optometrists may be the first point of contact for patients with ocular complaints following these treatments. Hence, the authors present here a review on the various ocular injuries that may result from commercial cosmetic procedures.

Single use versus reusable digital flexible ureteroscopes: A prospective comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance and surgical outcomes of two different single-use digital flexible ureteroscopes with a reusable video flexible ureteroscope. METHODS: Patients undergoing retrograde flexible ureteroscopy at Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia, were included in this study. Three different flexible ureteroscopes were used in this study: (i) single-use digital LithoVue (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA); (ii) single-use digital PU3022A (Pusen, Zhuhai, China); and (iii) reusable digital URF-V2 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Visibility and maneuverability was rated on a 5-point Likert scale by the operating surgeon. Operative outcomes and complications were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients were included in the present study. Of these, 141 patients had ureteroscopy for stone treatment, four for endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery and five for diagnostic/tumor treatment. There were 55 patients in the LithoVue group, 31 in the PU3022A group and 64 patients in the Olympus URF-V2 group. The URF-V2 group had higher visibility scores than both the single-use scopes and higher maneuverability scores when compared with the PU3022A. The LithoVue had higher visibility and maneuverability scores when compared with the PU3022A. There were no differences in operative time, rates of relook flexible ureteroscopes, scope failure or complication rates observed. CONCLUSIONS: Single-use digital flexible ureteroscopes have visibility and maneuverability profiles approaching that of a reusable digital flexible ureteroscope. Single-use flexible ureteroscopes achieve similar clinical outcomes to the more expensive reusable versions.

Evaluation of the accuracy of multiparametric MRI for predicting prostate cancer pathology and tumour staging in the real world: an multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for the detection of significant prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in an Australian multicentre setting, and to assess concordance between mpMRI and RP for local tumour staging and index lesion locations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Men who underwent mpMRI within 12 months of RP between January 2013 and August 2016 at three Australian sites were included (Central Coast, NSW, St Vincents Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., and Bendigo Hospital, Vic.). The results of mpMRI were compared with the final RP specimen to analyse the performance of mpMRI for significant prostate cancer detection, index lesion localization, prediction of T3 disease and lymph node metastasis. A comparison between mpMRI cases performed using the technical and reporting specifications of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 1 and version 2 was also performed. Data analysis was performed using spss 24.0. RESULTS: A total of 235 cases were included for analysis. mpMRI PI-RADS score ≥3 had a 91% sensitivity and 95% positive predictive value (PPV) for significant prostate cancer at RP. The overall concordance between index lesion location on mpMRI and RP specimen was 75%. The sensitivity for predication of significant prostate cancer was higher in the PI-RADS version 2 cases compared with PI-RADS version 1 (87-99%; P = 0.005). Index lesion concordance was higher in the PI-RADS version 2 group (68% vs 91%; P = 0.002). mpMRI had a 38% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 90% PPV and 57% negative predictive value for extraprostatic disease. Sensitivity for prediction of T3 disease improved from 30% to 62% (P = 0.008) with PI-RADS version 2. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing RP, an abnormal mpMRI is highly predictive (95% PPV) of significant prostate cancer, with an index lesion concordance of 75%. There has been a significant improvement in accuracy after the adoption of PI-RADS version 2 technical specifications and reporting criteria; however; further study is required to determine if this is attributable to improved experience with mpMRI or changes in the PI-RADS system.

Australian ultrasound-guided biopsy trends: a 17-year analysis of national data.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer diagnosis is primarily performed through ultrasound-guided biopsy. Australia has a Stage 4 aging population and as prostate cancer is a disease of middle aged to elderly patients, it would be expected that there would be an increase in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, several key events have occurred in the last 10 years including the introduction of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate and publication of major prostate cancer screening trials and guidelines. We aimed to characterize the trends in prostate biopsy in Australia in the context of these changes. METHODS: Population and prostate biopsy data were obtained from the Australian Government Bureau of Statistics Census data and the Australian Department of Health Medicare Benefits Schedule between 2000 and 2017. A meta narrative review of publications, guidelines, and policy announcements regarding prostate cancer screening and diagnosis in Australia was performed. Prostate biopsy trends were analyzed from 2000 to 2017 by age-group and year. RESULTS: The 2016 Census data showed the male population of Australia was 11,546,638. Between 2000 and 2017, a total of 373,158 ultrasound-guided biopsies were performed in Australia. A general decline in the total number of prostate biopsies performed was observed from 2009 onwards. There was a transition of the highest prostate biopsy age-group from 55-64 to 65-74 years with the transition occurring in 2012. Biopsy numbers in the age-group 75-84 years also slowly increased from 2000 to 2009 and declined for a short period of time till 2013 and is on the rise again.The decrease in 2010 coincides with the increased uptake of mpMRI in Australia as a new tool in the screening for prostate cancer. Furthermore, this decrease also coincides with the release of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) prostate cancer screening trials in 2009 and the policy statements developed as a result of these by Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand. CONCLUSION: Interesting trends have been identified through this population study. With an aging population, it would be expected that the number of prostate biopsies would be increasing. It is likely that the introduction of mpMRI in Australia and the release of prostate cancer screening guidelines have decreased the number of patients being screened for prostate cancer. Furthermore, increasing use of active surveillance may be responsible for the increase in the prostate biopsies occurring in the older age-groups.

Portable Video Media Versus Standard Verbal Communication in Surgical Teaching: A Prospective, Multicenter, and Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of portable video media (PVM) compared to standard verbal communication (SVC) as a novel adjunct for surgical education of junior medical officers and medical students, in terms of knowledge acquisition and participant satisfaction. BACKGROUND: The effective, continued education of final year medical students and junior doctors is the foundation of quality healthcare. The development of new media technologies and rapid internet streaming has resulted in an opportunity for the integration of PVM into medical education. PVM is an educational platform with the advantage of being standardized, efficient, and readily available. DESIGN: This is a multicenter, prospective, and randomized controlled crossover study. Participants completed a preintervention knowledge test and were then randomized in an allocation ratio of 1:1 to receive surgical education regarding cystoscopy and ureteric stenting for acute renal colic via either PVM or SVC. A 32-point knowledge test and a modified Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 were then administered and the participants were then crossed over to the other educational method. The knowledge and satisfaction tests were then readministered. RESULTS: Fifty-four participants were recruited for this study with 27 participants in each group. Both groups had a 18% to 20% increase in knowledge scores following the first intervention p < 0.001 and on crossover there was a further 4% increase in knowledge scores, p < 0.01. There was no significant difference between the groups in knowledge scores before intervention, p = 0.23 after first intervention p = 0.74 or following crossover p = 0.09. After first intervention, participants in the group receiving PVM education first had a significant 8% higher satisfaction score compared to the SVC group, p = 0.023. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has shown that PVM shows similar efficacy in information uptake to traditional forms of education. Furthermore, PVM was shown to have higher satisfaction scores compared to SVC. Further studies will need to evaluate the use of PVM for education in other surgical and medical domains and assess the long-term knowledge retention.