Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray: An Assessment of Respiratory Health and its Management Following Accidental and Deliberate Exposures.

Introduced into law enforcement in 1976, the oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray has been labeled as one of the most significant and radical developments in law enforcement. However, epidemiological research on OC health effects is deficient, receiving little public support. The major responses to acute exposure to OC spray can be found in the pulmonary system. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in the action of capsaicinoids, the active constituents in OC, are complex cascades of reactions which end up in necrosis or apoptosis. OC may also damage and deplete biological redox systems in the epithelial lining fluids and within cells and mitochondria, modifying structural proteins and nucleic acids and leading to enzyme inactivation. Since there are no characteristic laboratory tests available for identification or confirmation of OC exposure, and on the basis of prevailing data, reassessment of the health risks of OC exposures in vulnerable populations and in-depth study of the molecular mechanics of receptors is the need of the hour for the development of effective countermeasures. This review aims to consider evidence for adverse effects of OC spray used in ways comparable to their application by law enforcement personnel and civilians, with possible treatment recommendations that are precedent for improved management.

Optimization and establishment of laboratory rearing conditions for Cimex lectularius L. against variable temperature and relative humidity.

Emerging infestations of bed bugs are affecting normal human lifestyle globally. This study has been designed to optimize the rearing conditions for Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera), to support the scientific research on them. Bed bugs have been projected onto three different temperature (20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and relative humidity (50%, 70%, and 90%) conditions to check their overall growth and survival rate. Adult mortality, weight loss, egg laying, percentage hatching, hatching initiation and completion, nymph mortality, and molting have been evaluated to optimize the best conditions. The temperature at 25 °C with 90% RH showed minimum mortality for adults (female 13.33 ± 3.33% and male 6.67 ± 3.33%) and nymphs (13.33 ± 3.33%), while maximum egg laying (40.33 ± 1.86), with highest percentage hatching (98.23 ± 0.58%). At 30 °C with 90% RH, hatching initiation and completion (5.19 ± 0.12 days and 7.23 ± 0.16 days) as well as molting initiation and completion (3.73 ± 0.12 days and 7.00 ± 0.24 days) were found to be fastest. Thus, it can be concluded that 25 °C with 90% RH is ideal for rearing of adults and 30 °C with 90% RH is appropriate for rapid growth of nymphs.

Toxicological evaluation of a nonlethal riot control combinational formulation upon dermal application using animal models.

Numerous adverse effects on human health have been reported in epidemiological studies of oleoresin capsicum (OC) and other riot control agents (RCAs). Importantly, the daunting risk of such RCAs can be neutralized by optimizing the desired concentration of such agents for mob dispersal. Hence, a nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) was prepared for dispersing rioters without imparting fatal outcomes. However, for desired utilization of NCF, it is essential to recognize its extent of potential toxicity. Therefore, the current investigation evaluated the dermal toxicity of NCF using experimental animals in compliance with the OECD guidelines. Additionally, few essential metal ions were analyzed and found non -significantly different in the test rats as compared to control rats. Moreover, abnormal dermal morphology and lesions ultrastructural tissue defects were not noticed as evinced by different studies like ultrasonography, histology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Further, Doppler ultrasonography exhibited non-significantly different blood flow velocity in both groups, whereas miles test demonstrated a significantly increased Evans blue concentration in test rats compared to the control rats, which might be due to an initial increase in blood flow via an instant action of the NCF at the cutaneous sensory nerve endings. However, our results demonstrated NCF can produce initial skin irritating and sensitizing effects in guinea pigs and rabbits without the antecedence of acute toxicity (≤2000 mg/kg) in Wistar rats.

Development of insecticide-impregnated polyester/cotton blend fabric and assessment of their repellent characteristics against Cimex lectularius and dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: Personal protection measures using insecticide-treated fabric is one of the most effective strategies to prevent the bites of hematophagous insects. Many countries have had success treating fabrics with pyrethroids on an individual level. METHODS: In the current study, a new combination of insecticides, alpha-cypermethrin (ACP) and deltamethrin (DET), has been impregnated on fabric composed of a 50:50 blend of polyester and cotton. Residual and morphological analysis was performed along with the evaluation of physical parameters. Biological evaluations were performed to check the repellency, knockdown, and mortality of insecticide-impregnated fabric (IIF) against bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) using Petri plate assay and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) using cone bioassay. RESULTS: The results showed the repellency of IIF to be 56.6% for C. lectularius and a knockdown percentage of 53.3% and 63.3% for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively. A > 80% mortality was found for both species of mosquitoes up to 20 cycles of washing with no significant difference (P > 0.05). From high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the reduction in the contents of ACP and DET after subsequent washes can be correlated with the overall decrease in bioefficacy. ACP and DET remaining in unit gram of fabric after 20 wash cycles were found to be 5.4 mg and 3.1 mg, respectively. By examining the fabric's surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and utilizing energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, it was possible to identify the presence of insecticides that were adhered to the fabric. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed distinctive endothermic peak of insecticide at 98.3 ºC, whereas no change in thermal behavior was observed from thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the physical attributes of IIF provide conclusive evidence for its firmness. CONCLUSION: All experimental findings were consistent with the potential use of IIF as a bed bug- and mosquito-repellent fabric to be used against hematophagous infestations. This fabric can serve as a potential strategy to control vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, trench fever, etc.

Time series forecasting for uni- variant data using hybrid GA-OLSTM model and performance evaluations.

Time series forecasting of uni-variant rainfall data is done using a hybrid genetic algorithm integrated with optimized long-short term memory (GA-OLSTM) model. The parameters included for the valuation of the efficiency of the considered model, were mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), cosine similarity (CS) and correlation coefficient (r). With various epochs like 5, 10, 15 and 20, the optimal window size and the number of units were observed using the GA search algorithm which was found to be (49, 9), (12, 8), (40, 8), and (36, 2) respectively. The computed MSE, RMSE, CS and r for 10 epochs were found to be 0.006, 0.078, 0.910 and 0.858 respectively for the LSTM model, whereas the same parameters were computed using the Hybrid GA-OLSTM model was 0.004, 0.063, 0.947 and 0.917 respectively. The experimental results expressed that the Hybrid GA-OLSTM model gave significantly better results comparing the LSTM model for 10 epochs has been discussed in this research article.

Assessment of toxicological consequences upon acute inhalation exposure to chemically improvised nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) containing oleoresin capsicum and skatole.

Sensory irritation is an acute adverse effect leading to temporary disability posed by riot control agents in various deployable forms are utilized by defense personal in violent mob attacks but their irreversible toxic effects and risk assessment have been a matter of concern. These intimidating risks of available riot control agents have led to exploring the pulmonary toxicity profile of the oil in water emulsion formulation developed for vicious crowd controls containing an irritant oleoresin capsicum, a malodorant (skatole), and a commercial dye, followed by characterization using standard methods. Nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) has been aimed to be the best possible low-lethal alternative for riot control measures. In this study, 30 min of acute inhalation exposure of NCF was given to Wistar rats and various respiratory parameters like lung dynamics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytological assays, pro-inflammatory cytokines estimation, antioxidant activity, collagen accumulation, cytotoxicity, in vivo lung imaging, western blot, histology of lung tissue, etc. were investigated to validate its potentiality and rate of irritation reversibility as nonlethal agents. An exaggerated physiological change like sensory irritation, changes in lung functional variables, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, etc. were noticed initially without airway obstruction as the expression of nociceptive TRPV1 protein did not alter the physiological regulation of protective proteins like Nrf2 and HO-1 and also no abnormality was found in lung tissue architecture. In conclusion, it can be stated that this formulation can be explored as a nonlethal riot control agent intending to generate discomfort but with early reversibility of sensory irritation and no recurrence of toxicity.

Crosstalk between AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathways activated by ß-caryophyllene suppressed the compound 48/80 induced pseudo-allergic reactions.

Mast cell activation is initiated by two signalling pathways: immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and IgE-independent pathway. It is reported that the IgE-independent type or pseudo-allergy pathway gets activated by G-protein-dependent activation of the mast cell. Recently, adiponectin (APN) receptors, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 have been identified as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Interestingly, APN replenishment is reported to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling axis. However, no study has been performed interlinking the role of APN and the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling axis in pseudo-allergic reaction. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-pseudo-allergic effects of ß-caryophyllene, an FDA-approved food additive, in activating AdipoR1/AdipoR2 and Nrf2/HO-1 axis signalling pathway. Compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis-like shock in BALB/c mice was performed to assess the efficacy of ß-caryophyllene (BCP). To assess the effect of BCP in anaphylactic hypotension, mean arterial pressure was measured in Wistar rats. Inhibitory properties of BCP in mast cell degranulation were estimated in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). ELISA was performed to estimate interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1ß, IgE, ovalbumin (OVA)-IgE and APN and western blotting for protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and AdipoR1-AdipoR2. BCP dose-dependently inhibited systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis-like shock induced by C48/80. BCP dose-dependently inhibited the mast cell degranulation followed by inhibition of histamine release. Also BCP dose-dependently activated the Nrf2/HO-1 and AdipoR1-AdipoR2 signalling axis pathway. Moreover, BCP reversed the drop in blood pressure when the haemodynamic parameters were accessed. Our findings suggest that BCP is a potent AdipoR1/AdipoR2-Nrf2/HO-1 axis pathway agonist that may suppress the IgE-independent pathway towards allergic response to secretagogues.

Frostbite: Current status and advancements in therapeutics.

Frostbite is a severe ischemic injury which occurs due to the tissue vascular damage after sub-zero temperature tissue exposure. Deep frostbite can result in necrosis and may need amputation of affected tissue. Though a serious injury, it is not very well understood, and further scientific exploration is needed. This work explores the current understanding of the pathophysiology of frostbite. We reviewed the current status of the diagnostics, the drugs, the therapies and the surgical practices for prevention and management of frostbite. Advances in nanotechnology and drug delivery had improved the therapeutic outcomes significantly. This review also explored the latest advancements and researches done for development of newer therapeutics and diagnostics for frostbite care.

Design, development and assessment of an essential oil based slow release vaporizer against mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) are a biting nuisance and are of economic and health importance, especially for people living in tropical countries like India. Given the environmental concerns and health hazards of synthetic insecticides, development of natural products for the control of mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases are needed. In view of this, an essential oil based novel liquid vaporizer formulation with citronella and eucalyptus oils has been developed using a computer aided Artificial Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization (ANN-PSO) algorithm approach, aiming to predict the best optimized formulation (OF). Following the development, OF was characterized by Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The efficacy of the OF was assessed against two major mosquito vectors viz. Anopheles stephensi and Aedes albopictus using a Peet-Grady chamber. Finally, toxicological impacts of the OF following its inhalation were investigated as per the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The results revealed all the ideal characteristics of the OF which were found to provide a slow release of up to 450 h at room temperature. Most importantly, the OF, exhibited 50% mosquito knock down (KT50) within 11.49±1.34 and 14.15±2.15 min against An. stephensi and Ae. albopictus respectively. Toxicity assessment showed a non toxic nature of the OF following inhalation. Thus the present development would be beneficial for controlling both An. stephensi and Ae. albopictus without any associated health hazards.

Amelioration from the ocular irritant Capsaicin: development and assessment of a Capsazepine in situ gel system for ocular delivery.

BACKGROUND: Defense personnel utilize capsaicin-based ocular sprays as non-lethal agents for law implementation during instances of mob violence. This study involves the capsaicin antagonist Capsazepine and the investigation of whether Capsazepine's antagonistic approach can be favorably utilized for defense utilization to block capsaicin-initiated pain and inflammation via the ocular pathway. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ocular capsazepine in situ gels were prepared with polymers Pluronic F-127 and Chitosan; optimized formulation was quantified in ocular tissues chromatographically and by in vivo live ocular imaging; anti-inflammatory efficacy was determined by eye irritation testing, corneal and retinal imaging, ocular prostaglandin estimation, and by viability and proliferation testing using human ocular cell lines, etc. RESULTS: A physicochemically stable Capsazepine in situ gel was formulated which showed little ocular irritation, considerable transcorneal permeation; was precisely quantified in ocular tissues by gas chromatography and in vivo live ocular imaging; showed anti-inflammatory properties against capsaicin by eye imaging experiments, prostaglandin declination and showed acceptable cytocompatibility when studied using human ocular cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: The fabricated in situ Capsazepine gel system might be promising for ocular delivery as it appears a pharmacologically potent and safe development, suitable for utilization in the ocular clinical therapy, provided there is additional research to substantiate it.

Exploration of cytotoxic and genotoxic endpoints following sub-chronic oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Health hazards of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have raised severe concerns because of the paucity of information regarding the toxic effects among the population. In the present research, the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic potential of TiO2-NPs were evaluated using flow cytometric techniques. Further, in vitro and in vivo genotoxic endpoints were estimated by means of comet, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberration (CA) assays. In vitro analysis was performed at the concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL using murine RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo experiments were conducted on Albino mice (M/F) by exposing them to 200 and 500 mg/kg TiO2-NPs for 90 days. Decreased percentage of cell viability with higher doses of TiO2-NPs was evident in both in vitro and in vivo flow cytometric analysis. Further, an impaired cell cycle (G0/G1, S, and G2/M) was reflected in the present investigation following the exposure to TiO2-NPs. Increased comet scores such as tail length, % DNA in tail, tail moment, and olive moment were also observed with the higher doses of TiO2-NPs in vitro and in vivo comet assays. Finally, the in vivo MN and CA assays revealed the formation of MN and chromosomal breakage following the exposure to TiO2-NPs.

Protective effect of a topical sunscreen formulation fortified with melatonin against UV-induced photodermatitis: an immunomodulatory effect via NF-κB suppression.

Objective: Melatonin and pumpkin seed oil, along with US FDA approved UV filters were incorporated into a formulation for enhancement of UV protection by exerting an antioxidant effect. The objective of this study was to assess the protective effect of this formulation against ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced photo dermatitis in rats, which is an established model to study the aetiopathogenic mechanisms in psoriasis vulgaris, as the former exhibits the same features to those of clinical psoriasis vulgaris in humans. Materials and methods: The animals were segregated into five groups (6/group) and all received their respective formulations dermally prior to chronic UV irradiation for 28 days. The test, placebo, and standard groups; received the test, placebo, and standard formulations respectively; whereas the positive control group received only UV radiation. A normal control group was also maintained. Disease and treatment status were analyzed using various techniques by euthanizing the rats after 28 days. Results: The test formulation was able to ameliorate the UV-induced increase in skin fold, epidermal thickness, and skin edema; inhibit the reduction of hydroxyproline content and incidence of LPO within the skin tissues of exposed animals. The formulation was also able to inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines; IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α; and upregulation of NF-κB and COX-2 genes caused by chronic UV exposure. Conclusion: It can be stated that melatonin included in the newly formulated sunscreen was able to inhibit the induction of photodermatitis via immunoregulation of inflammatory cytokines along with NF-κB and COX-2 genes.

Graphene Family of Nanomaterials: Reviewing Advanced Applications in Drug delivery and Medicine.

Graphene in nano form has proven to be one of the most remarkable materials. It has a single atom thick molecular structure and it possesses exceptional physical strength, electrical and electronic properties. Applications of the Graphene Family of Nanomaterials (GFNs) in different fields of therapy have emerged, including for targeted drug delivery in cancer, gene delivery, antimicrobial therapy, tissue engineering and more recently in more diseases including HIV. This review seeks to analyze current advances of potential applications of graphene and its family of nano-materials for drug delivery and other major biomedical purposes. Moreover, safety and toxicity are the major roadblocks preventing the use of GFNs in therapeutics. This review intends to analyze the safety and biocompatibility of GFNs along with the discussion on the latest techniques developed for toxicity reduction and biocompatibility enhancement of GFNs. This review seeks to evaluate how GFNs in future will serve as biocompatible and useful biomaterials in therapeutics.

Biocompatible high performance hyperbranched epoxy/clay nanocomposite as an implantable material.

Polymeric biomaterials are in extensive use in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. High performance hyperbranched epoxy is projected here as a potential biomaterial for tissue regeneration. Thermosetting hyperbranched epoxy nanocomposites were prepared with Homalomena aromatica rhizome oil-modified bentonite as well as organically modified montmorillonite clay. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques confirmed the strong interfacial interaction of clay layers with the epoxy matrix. The poly(amido amine)-cured thermosetting nanocomposites exhibited high mechanical properties like impact resistance (>100 cm), scratch hardness (>10 kg), tensile strength (48-58 MPa) and elongation at break (11.9-16.6%). Cytocompatibility of the thermosets was found to be excellent as evident by MTT and red blood cell hemolytic assays. The nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC14468) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) strains. In vivo biocompatibility of the best performing nanocomposite was ascertained by histopathological study of the brain, heart, liver and skin after subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats. The material supported the proliferation of dermatocytes without induction of any sign of toxicity to the above organs. The adherence and proliferation of cells endorse the nanocomposite as a non-toxic biomaterial for tissue regeneration.

Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of Vitex negundo essential oil.

Vitex negundo is a common herb in different herbal formulation. The potential acute and sub-chronic dermal toxicities were evaluated as per OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines 402 and 411, respectively. Both sexes of Wistar rats were exposed to Vitex negundo oil of 2000 mg/kg body weight for acute dermal toxicity, whereas in the dermal sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were exposed to Vitex negundo oil 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for five times a week for 90 d. In acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, all animals were normal without any behavioral, serum biochemistry, hematology, necroscopical and histopathological changes. The no observed effect level (NOEL) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Vitex negundo oil were 250 and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. Vitex negundo oil is under the category 5 (Unclassified) according to the Globally Harmonized System, with an LD50 value of over 2000 mg/kg.

Comparative hematoxicity of fusirium mycotoxin in experimental sprague-dawley rats.

Mycotoxins are fungal toxin and contaminated to human through food-stuffs. Hematological abnormality, mainly thrombocytopenia and leukopenia are induced after consumption of mycotoxin. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the hematotoxicity of trichothecenes mycotoxins in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hematological parameters viz. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, plateletcrit and platelet distribution width were determined at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection of 0.5 ml of T-2, Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, zearalenone, neosolaniol, ochratoxin-B mycotoxin equivalent to 1 × 10(-3) µg/µl to Sprague-Dawley rats. Experiments showed that trichothecenes toxin produces severe hematological alternation. The reductions of RBC and WBC were observed in all Fusarium mycotoxins treated group. T-2 toxin group shows severe toxicity as compared to other mycotoxin treated group. DON is the least hematotoxicity and T-2 the most.

Influence of process variables on essential oil microcapsule properties by carbohydrate polymer-protein blends.

Carbohydrate polymer-protein blends Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) loaded microcapsules were prepared by multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technology and the influence of various processing variables on the properties of ZLO loaded microcapsules were examined systematically. It was found that the internal aqueous alginate phase volume, external aqueous gelatin phase volume and concentration of surfactant in external aqueous gelatin phase have a significant influence on microcapsules properties. The essential oil-loaded microcapsules were smooth and spherical in shape as revealed by scanning electron micrograph. Results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated stable character and showed the absence of chemical interaction between the microencapsulated oil and carbohydrate polymer-protein blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study revealed the antioxidant nature of ZLO in the microcapsules. The release rate of ZLO loaded microcapsules was analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. 83.80% of oil encapsulation efficiency was obtained depending upon the processing variables. Thus, proper control of the processing variables involved in this technology could allow effective incorporation of essential oil into the core of the carbohydrate polymer-protein blends matrix.

Vitex negundo inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 inflammatory cytokine-mediated inflammation on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.

BACKGROUND: Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) is a hardy plant widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent and used for treatment of a wide spectrum of health disorders in traditional and folk medicine, some of which have been experimentally validated. In present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of V. negundo in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, and to investigate the probable mechanism of anti-inflammatory action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paw edema was produced by injecting 1% solution of carrageenan, and the paw volume was measured before and after carrageenan injection up to 5 h. V. negundo leaf oil was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and administered by a trans-dermal route to Wistar rats and the percentage of inhibition of inflammation was observed using a Plethysmometer by comparing a compound aerosol-based formulation with 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP/kg body weight served as a standard drug whereas paraffin oil served as the placebo group. After withdrawing of blood, serum was separated and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities were measured by the enzyme immuno assay (EIA) method by using a COX inhibitor screening assay kit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: V. negundo leaf oil significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema as compared to the placebo group (paraffin oil) and 1 mg diclofinac diethylamine BP and 7 mg methyl salicylate IP showed the maximum inhibition of paw edema as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group and the control group. Also in the present study V. negundo leaf oil showed significantly (P < 0.05) inhibits COX-1 pathways rather than COX-2 pathways as compared to the V. negundo leaf oil treated group. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the V. negundo leaf oil is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and acts via inhibition of COX-2 without much interfering COX-1 pathways.

Effects of water deprivation on behavioral Changes in BALB/c mice in hot humid climate of north east India.

AIM: Abnormalities in water balance are manifested as hyponatremia and hypernatremia and the present investigation shows the effect of water deprivation in hot and humid climatic condition of north eastern part of India. METHODS: Twenty four BALB/c mice of either sex (weight 30-40 g) were used for a 13-week experiment to determine the effects of water deprivation on behavioral and physiological changes. Mice were divided into control group (I) (n = 8), given water ad libitum, water-deprivation male group (15 ml/day) (Group II, n=8) and water-deprivation female group (15 ml/day) (Group III, n=8). RESULTS: The water deprivation mice shows significantly (P<0.05) deteriorated of reflex, progressive visual placement, emotional whereas body weight, grip strength and rectal temperature were significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to the control group. This information is useful to those living or deployed in crisis situations where the water supply limited in a hot-humid climate.