Proposal of a novel subspecies: Alicyclobacillus hesperidum subspecies aegles.

Alicyclobacillus sp. DSM 11985T was isolated from geothermal soil but had not yet been classified at the species level. The strain produced guaiacol, which is of interest from the viewpoint of food spoilage in the food industry. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DSM 11985T was closely related (99.6 % similarity) to Alicyclobacillus hesperidum DSM 12489T. However, strains of A. hesperidum did not produce guaiacol; therefore, we performed the taxonomic characterization of strain DSM 11985T. The results showed that strain DSM 11985T and strains of A. hesperidum showed different phenotypic characteristics in biochemical/physiological tests including guaiacol production. Average nucleotide identity values between strain DSM 11985T and strain DSM 12489T were 95.4-95.9 %, and the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization value using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator between strains DSM 11985T and DSM 12489T was 65.5 %. These values showed that strain DSM 11985T was genetically closely related but separated from strains of A. heparidum. From the above results, a novel subspecies of A. hesperidum, named Alicyclobacillus hesperidum subsp. aegles subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSM 11985T (=FR-12T=NBRC 113041T).

Identification and classification of Croceivirga thetidis sp. nov., a marine Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Acropora.

A taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic method was conducted to identify a novel marine flavobacterium, designated as DJ-13T, isolated from the hard coral Acropora sp. collected at Okinawa, Japan. Bacterial cells were Gram-stain-negative, yellow-colored, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate grew at NaCl concentrations of 0.5-7%, pH 6.5-9.0, and 15-37 °C. A phylogenetic study on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain DJ-13T belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae and that it shared the greatest sequence similarity (95.9%) with Croceivirga lutea CSW06T. Strain DJ-13T comprised iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0, and iso-C15:1 G as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the only respiratory quinone. The assembled draft genome size of strain DJ-13T was 3.71 Mbp with G + C content of 38.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of DJ-13T and the species of the genus Croceivirga were found to be 74.9-75.5%, 13.4-14.7%, and 68.2-72.4%, respectively. Strain DJ-13T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the polyphasic taxonomic results presented, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Croceivirga for which the name Croceivirga thetidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. thetidis sp. nov. is DJ-13T (= KCTC 72790T = NBRC 114252T).

Correction to: Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from the Hard Coral Galaxea fascicularis.

In the original version of this paper, the Chemotaxonomic Characteristics in the Results and Discussion section and legend of Table 2 given in the above paper are incorrect. These errors are corrected with this erratum.

Seonamhaeicola acroporae sp. nov., a marine species of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Acropora formosa.

A novel marine flavobacterial species, designated 3KA7-17T, was isolated from the hard coral Acropora formosa D. collected in Japan. The strain was pale-orange pigmented, Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic, coccus shaped, and non-motile. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed an affiliation with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it had the greatest sequence similarity (96.0%) to Seonamhaeicola algicola Gy8T. The DNA G + C content was 34.3 mol%. MK-6 was the major menaquinone, with iso-C15:1 H and/or C13:0 3-OH (24.3%), iso-C15:0 (19.5%), iso-C15:0 3-OH (14.2%), and iso-C17:0 3-OH (15.9%) as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and two unidentified lipids. Based on distinct phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Seonamhaeicola, for which the name Seonamhaeicola acroporae sp. nov. is proposed and the type strain is 3KA7-17T (= KCTC 62713T = NBRC 113410T).

Spongiibacterium fuscum sp. nov., a marine Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis.

A novel marine bacterium, designated 04OKA-3-218T, was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected in Japan. The strain was dark-brown-pigmented, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, curved-rod-shaped and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the affiliation of the isolate with members of the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, with the highest sequence similarity (95.2%) to Spongiibacterium pacificum SW169T. The DNA G+C content was 42.9 mol%; MK-6 was the major menaquinone; with iso-C17:0 3-OH (28.8%), iso-C15:0 (26.8%) and iso-C15:1 H and/or C13:0 3-OH (21.2%) as the main (>  10%) cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phosphoaminolipids and three unidentified lipids. On the basis of distinct phylogenetic and phenotypic evidences, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Spongiibacterium, for which the name Spongiibacterium fuscum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. fuscum sp. nov. is 04OKA-3-218T (= KCTC 62504T = NBRC 113248T).

Mumiamicin: Structure and bioactivity of a new furan fatty acid from Mumia sp. YSP-2-79.

A new antibiotic, designated mumiamicin, was isolated from the cultured broth of the rare actinomycete strain, Mumia sp. YSP-2-79, by Diaion HP-20, silica gel and ODS column chromatography, followed by HPLC purification. The chemical structure of mumiamicin was elucidated as a new furan fatty acid by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Mumiamicin showed antimicrobial activity and antioxidative activity.

Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from the Hard Coral Galaxea fascicularis.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a novel strain designated as 04OKA-3-121T, which was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan. These bacterial cells were observed to be pale-yellow, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, non-spore forming, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (93.6%) sequence similarity with Pseudozobellia thermophila KMM 3531T. The strain could be phenotypically differentiated from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Major fatty acids of strain 04OKA-3-121T were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 38.8 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain 04OKA-3-121T had phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and eight unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is 04OKA-3-121T (= KCTC 52378T = NBRC 112329T).

Frondibacter mangrovi sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater by in situ cultivation, and emended description of Frondibacter aureus.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, light-yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 02OK1/10-76T, was isolated from a mangrove estuary in Japan by use of an in situ cultivation technique. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (96.9 %) to Frondibacter aureus A5Q-67T. The DNA G+C content of strain 02OK1/10-76T was 35 mol%; MK-6 was the only menaquinone; and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH were the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified lipid. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Frondibacter, for which the name Frondibacter mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 02OK1/10-76T (= KCTC 52666T = NBRC 112695T). An emended description of F. aureus is also provided.

Aurantibacter crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from marine sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, orange-colored, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated HG732T, was isolated from marine sediment in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (94.1 %) sequence similarity with Kriegella aquimaris KMM 3665T. The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Major fatty acids of strain HG732T were iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentidied aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 35.2 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aurantibacter crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is HG732T (= KCTC 52207T = NBRC 112211T).

Aureisphaera salina sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from an ascidian.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, pale-yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain A6D-50T, was isolated from an ascidian collected at Kohama Island offshore Okinawa, Japan. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (97.6 %) to Aureisphaera galaxeae 04OKA003-7T. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain A6D-50T and A. galaxeae 04OKA003-7T was 23.6 %. The DNA G+C content of strain A6D-50T was 40.8 mol%, MK-6 was the only menaquinone, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) were the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Aureisphaera for which the name Aureisphaera salina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A6D-50T (= KCTC 42975T=NBRC 111827T).

Spongiimicrobium salis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a marine sponge.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, pale-yellow pigmented, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated A6F-11(T), was isolated from a marine sponge collected in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (92.9 %) sequence similarity with Arenibacter palladensis LMG 21972(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain A6F-11(T) were iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.7 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel taxon in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Spongiimicrobium salis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. salis gen. nov., sp. nov. is A6F-11(T) (= KCTC 42753(T) = NBRC 111401(T)).

Spongiiferula fulva gen. nov., sp. nov., a Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from a Marine Sponge.

A Gram stain-negative, strictly aerobic, brown-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterial strain-designated A6F-119(T) was isolated from a marine sponge (Rhabdastrella sp.). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the new strain represented a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (93 %) to Tenacibaculum maritimum NBRC 15946(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from the recognized members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The DNA G + C content of strain A6F-119(T) was determined to be 30.8 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; and the presence of iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c as the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, and three unidentified lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus for which the name Spongiiferula fulva gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. fulva is A6F-119(T) (= KCTC 42752(T) = NBRC 111402(T)).

Ascidiimonas aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a sea squirt.

A Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, tangerine orange pigmented, curved-rod shaped bacterium, designated N5DA8-2C(T), was isolated from a sea squirt by use of a bait-streaked agar technique. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared high (92.6 %) sequence similarity with Frondibacter aureus A5Q-67(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from the related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain N5DA8-2C(T) were iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0 and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified amino lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 41 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Ascidiimonas aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is N5DA8-2C(T) (= KCTC 32992(T) = NBRC 110020(T)).

Wenyingzhuangia aestuarii sp. nov., A Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from an Estuary.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, pale-yellow pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MN1-138(T), was isolated from water in the tidal zone at the estuary of Heita river, Iwate, Japan, using an in situ cultivation technique. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the highest sequence similarities were found with the species Wenyingzhuangia heitensis H-MN17(T) (97.3%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between values between strains MN1-138(T) and W. heitensis H-MN17(T) was 34%. The DNA G+C content of strain MN1-138(T) was determined to be 33.1 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; and the presence of iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH, and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major (>10%) cellular fatty acids. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, and two unidentified lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Wenyingzhuangia for which the name Wenyingzhuangia aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of W. aestuarii sp. nov. is MN1-138(T) (=KCTC 42780(T) = NBRC 111505(T)).

Phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of Neptunitalea chrysea gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from seawater by using an in situ cultivation technique.

A novel pale-yellow coloured bacterial strain, designated AM327(T), was isolated by using an in situ cultivation technique from seawater from the coastal zone around a shipyard located in Otsuchi Bay, Japan. The strain was found to be facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain negative, chemoheterotrophic, non-motile and rod-shaped. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shows high sequence similarity (94.7 %) to Frondibacter aureus A5Q-67(T). The strain can be differentiated phenotypically from recognised members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The DNA G+C content of strain AM327(T) was determined to be 36.2 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH were identified as the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain AM327(T) is considered to represent a novel genus for which the name Neptunitalea chrysea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of N. chrysea is AM327(T) (=KCTC 32989(T) = NBRC 110019(T)).

Isolation and characterization of a novel marine Bacteroidetes as Algitalea ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the green alga Ulva pertusa.

A polyphasic taxonomic investigation was performed on a bacterial strain, 38-Ka-2(T), which was isolated from the green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta) in Hokkaido, Japan. The bacterial cells were observed to be golden-yellow coloured, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the new strain is a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shows high sequence similarity (94.8 %) to Aquimarina addita JC2680(T). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 38-Ka-2(T) was determined to be 36 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; and the presence of iso-C15:0, C18:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain 38-Ka-2(T) is considered to represent a novel genus for which the name Algitalea ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. ulvae is 38-Ka-2(T) (=KCTC 32994(T) = NBRC 110017(T)).

Wenyingzhuangia gracilariae sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, beige-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain designated N5DB13-4(T) was isolated from the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) collected at Sodegaura Beach, Chiba, Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (97.3 %) to Wenyingzhuangia heitensis H-MN17(T). The hybridization values for DNA-DNA relatedness between the strains N5DB13-4(T) and W. heitensis H-MN17(T) were 34.1 ± 3.5 %, which is below the threshold accepted for the phylogenetic definition of a novel prokaryotic species. The DNA G+C content of strain N5DB13-4(T) was determined to be 31.8 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; and the presence of iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A complex polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids and four unidentified lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Wenyingzhuangia for which the name Wenyingzhuangia gracilariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of W. gracilariae sp. nov. is N5DB13-4(T) (=KCTC 42246 (T)=NBRC 110602(T)).

Aureisphaera galaxeae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis.

A novel Gram-stain negative, spherical, non-motile, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, yellow pigmented bacterium, designated strain 04OKA003-7(T) was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed the novel isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (92.9 %) to Vitellibacter aestuarii JC2436(T) and Aureitalea marina S1-66(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from recognized members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain 04OKA003-7(T) were identified as iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as defined by the MIDI system. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 41 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and a polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus for which the name Aureisphaera galaxeae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. galaxeae is 04OKA003-7(T) (=KCTC 32993(T) = NBRC 110018(T)).