New Insight into Genotypic and Phenotypic Relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Human Infections or Animal Reservoirs.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common human and livestock opportunistic pathogen, and there is evidence of animal to human transmission. This paper aimed to recognize properties of the isolates from collections of human and livestock S. aureus strains and to estimate compatibility of results based on phenotypic tests, microarrays and the spa typing methods. The second goal was to study differences between human and animal isolates in terms of specificity of their hosts and the strain transmission among various hosts. Most strains showed multi-susceptible profiles and produced enzymes on a high level, and they were phenotypically and genetically similar. However, in contrast to the Polish bovine mastitis strains, the Slovakian strains were multi-resistant. In this research, the strains showed significant differences in terms of their phenotypic manifestations and the presence of hemolysins genes; however, other enzyme-encoding genes correlated to a higher extent with the microarrays results. Interestingly, there was a lack of enterotoxin genes in human Poultry-like protein A+ strains in comparison to other human strains. Our study showed that differences between virulence profiles of the human and animal strains correlated with their origin rather than their hosts, and any trait allowed clearly distinguishing between them based on the microarray results.Staphylococcus aureus is a common human and livestock opportunistic pathogen, and there is evidence of animal to human transmission. This paper aimed to recognize properties of the isolates from collections of human and livestock S. aureus strains and to estimate compatibility of results based on phenotypic tests, microarrays and the spa typing methods. The second goal was to study differences between human and animal isolates in terms of specificity of their hosts and the strain transmission among various hosts. Most strains showed multi-susceptible profiles and produced enzymes on a high level, and they were phenotypically and genetically similar. However, in contrast to the Polish bovine mastitis strains, the Slovakian strains were multi-resistant. In this research, the strains showed significant differences in terms of their phenotypic manifestations and the presence of hemolysins genes; however, other enzyme-encoding genes correlated to a higher extent with the microarrays results. Interestingly, there was a lack of enterotoxin genes in human Poultry-like protein A+ strains in comparison to other human strains. Our study showed that differences between virulence profiles of the human and animal strains correlated with their origin rather than their hosts, and any trait allowed clearly distinguishing between them based on the microarray results.

Phenotypic and molecular assessment of antimicrobial resistance profile of airborne Staphylococcus spp. isolated from flats in Kraków.

Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were isolated from air sampled from living spaces in Kraków (Poland). In total, 55 strains belonging to the genus Staphylococcus were isolated from 45 sites, and 13 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified. The species composition of studied airborne microbiota contains Staphylococcus species that are rarely infectious to humans. Most commonly isolated species comprised S. hominis and S. warneri. The disk-diffusion tests showed that the collected isolates were most frequently resistant to erythromycin. The PCR technique was employed to search for genes conferring the resistance in staphylococci to antibiotics from the group of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins. The analyzed Staphylococcus isolates possessed simultaneously 4 different resistance genes. The molecular analysis with the use of specific primers allowed to determine the most prevalent gene which is mphC, responsible for the resistance to macrolides and for the enzymatic inactivation of the drug by phosphotransferase. The second most often detected gene was msrA1, which confers the resistance of staphylococci to macrolides and is responsible for active pumping of antimicrobial particles out of bacterial cells.

Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat fingerprinting as a method for rapid and cost-effective typing of animal-associated Staphylococcus aureus strains from lineages other than sequence type 398.

In veterinary medicine, Staphylococcus aureus is associated with a range of mild to severe infections. The high density of livestock in intensive farming systems increases the risk of disease spread and hampers its control and measures of prevention, making S. aureus one of the most important animal pathogens. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat fingerprinting (MLVF) has been successfully applied to the characterization of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 but not to the characterization of a wide range of other animal isolates. The objective of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of MLVF for studying S. aureus strains isolated from households, farms and exotic animals in three regions of Poland. MLVF, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), spa typing and diagnostic microarrays were compared to determine the most suitable combination of methods for veterinary purposes. MLVF generated results consistent with host and geographic origins, reflecting population structures with a high concordance to spa typing results. MLVF has been proven to be a rapid, highly discriminatory and cost-effective method suitable for molecular typing in veterinary settings.

[Identification of yeasts isolated from the genital tract of women by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF].

INTRODUCTION: A fungal infection of vagina is one of the most common gynecological problems of women of childbearing age. There has been a gradual increase in yeast- like fungi which are problematic to identify. There is thus a need for searching new identification methods, which would allow for fast recognition and selection of the proper course of treatment. The aim of study was to evaluate the usefulness of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique in the diagnosis of pathogenic yeast-like fungi isolated from the genital tract of women. METHODS: There were identified 484 yeast-like fungi strains isolated from the genital tract of patients treated at Centrum Badah Mikrobiologicznych i Autoszczepionek im. Jana Bobra in Cracow (CBMiA) in the age group 20 - 50. The material was analyzed using streak plating on the culture medium: Sabouraud agar (CBMiA) and chromogenic media chromID Candida (bioMdrieux). The strains were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (MALDI Biotyper MicroflexTM Series, Bruker Daltonics, Germany) operating as IVD (In Vitro Diagnostic). The procedure of proteins extraction with the use of ethanol and formic acid was used. RESULTS: All 484 yeast-like fungi strains isolated from the genital tract of women were correctly identified to the species level. CONCLUSIONS: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method may be successfully used for routine identification of yeast-like fungi and in particular the strains of non-albicans Candida, which have a lower susceptibility to antifungal agents.

Molecular methods of diagnosing allergic sensitization in patients with atopic dermatitis and infected by with Staphylococcus aureus.

The severity of allergic symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) intensifies when the number of colonies patient's of Staphylococcus aureus on patents' skin increases. The basic feature determining the quality of any diagnostic test for S. aureus is its credibility. Performing a test always carries the risk of obtaining false positive and/or false negative results. Furthermore, producing material for microbiological analysis of internal body cavities is sometimes difficult. Therefore, in our study, we compared the results of three tests to determine if their results were mutually compatible and if they confirmed whether S. aureus was present in patients with AD and what was its role in the development of the disease in those patients. Infection with S. aureus was tested in patients with AD and healthy volunteers using the API Staph system. The specific IgE antibodies for staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) were measured using the UniCAP system. The secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-13 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after stimulation with SEA and SEB were studied with Elispot assay. We found that only certain patients with AD and S. aureus produced antibodies against SEA and SEB in the acute phase of AD. The secretion of IFN-γ was low in patients with exacerbated AD and S. aureus. Testing for the presence of S. aureus in the mucous membrane of the nasal vestibule and skin lesions is not sufficient for complex diagnosis of the role of S. aureus in the pathomechanism of AD. Measuring the presence of antibodies against bacterial components in patients' serum and the reactivity of patients' immune cells against these bacterial components is required in order to accurately diagnose this role of S. aureus in a patient.

Effectiveness of Polyvalent Bacterial Lysate and Autovaccines Against Upper Respiratory Tract Bacterial Colonization by Potential Pathogens: A Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Polyvalent bacterial lysate (PBL) is an oral immunostimulating vaccine consisting of bacterial standardized lysates obtained by lysis of different strains of bacteria. Autovaccines are individually prepared based on the results of smears obtained from the patient. Both types of vaccine can be used to treat an ongoing chronic infection. This study sought to determine which method is more effective against nasal colonization by potential respiratory tract pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 150 patients with aerobic Gram stain culture and count results indicating bacterial colonization of the nose and/or throat by potential pathogens. The participants were randomly assigned to each of the following groups: 1. administration of PBL, 2. administration of autovaccine, and 3. no intervention (controls). RESULTS: Reduction of the bacterial count in Streptococcus pneumoniae-colonized participants was significant after the autovaccine (p<0.001) and PBL (p<0.01). Reduction of the bacterial count of other ß-hemolytic streptococcal strains after treatment with the autovaccine was significant (p<0.01) and was non-significant after PBL. In Haemophilus influenzae colonization, significant reduction in the bacterial count was noted in the PBL group (p<0.01). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization did not respond to either treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The autovaccine is more effective than PBL for reducing bacterial count of Streptococcus pneumoniae and ß-hemolytic streptococci, while PBL was more effective against Haemophilus influenzae colonization.

Disc-diffusion and PCR detection of methicillin resistance in environmental airborne strains of Staphylococcus spp..

The aim of this study was to assess the species composition of airborne Staphylococcus spp. in public premises, to determine the methicillin resistance of the isolates and the prevalence of mecA gene, determining resistance to ß-lactams. In total 65 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 54 sites. Four strains exhibited phenotypic methicillin resistance, while the presence of mecA gene was found in 11 strains. The results of both assays were compared, showing that the phenotypic tests revealed methicillin resistance only in 36% of the examined samples. This study revealed high species diversity among airborne Staphylococcus spp. population, which consists of multidrug resistant strains.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infection in a bone marrow transplant recipient.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a veterinary pathogen that has seldom been described as an agent of human disease. Features of this probably underreported coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species are depicted here through the description of a graft-versus-host disease-related wound infection caused by a multidrug-resistant strain.

[A comparison of biochemical and genetic classification of propionibacterium acnes strains isolated from skin lesions of patients with acne]. / Porównanie biochemicznej i genetycznej klasyfikacji szczepów Propionibacterium acnes izolowanych ze zmian skórnych od osób z tradzikiem mlodzienczym.

INTRODUCTION: Propionibacterium acnes is dominating group of resident bacteria in skin biocenosis. These bacteria participate in autosterilisation of skin with the process of decomposition of triglycerides into free fatty acids and by keeping the pH of skin on the level 5.5. When the process goes out of control the excess of fatty acids in sebaceous glands leads to necrosis and inflammation. Apart of the presence on the skin P acnes also are present in mucous membranes of intestinal tract, eyes, internal ears channels, and in upper respiratory tracts. Traditionally they are regarded as anaerobes, but they tolerate oxygen atmosphere and are resistant to phagocytosis, surviving even in macrophages. These bacteria produce a number of enzymes and proinflammatory factors activating monocytes, stimulating mitogenic activity of lymphocytes T. According to common opinion they are responsible for disease acne vulgaris, but there are also researchers claiming their low pathogenicity. The list of the P acnes related diseases is not short, some of these diseases may be facilitated by predisposing factors as surgery interventions, diagnostic, or cosmetic procedures. The aim of the study was to compare standard biochemical analysis of P acnes strains to genotypic typing basing on the results from MP-PCR analyses. Relations of hemolysis activity to biochemical types or genetic types were also analysed. METHODS: The analysis of 66 P acnes strains isolated from skin lesions of patients with acne vulgaris was performed. A collection of the strains was analysed biochemically according to Pulverer, Sourek and Hoffler method modified by Kasprowicz, and typed genetically by MP-PCR method. Relations of biochemical and genetic types to beta-hemolysis of strains were studied. RESULTS: Dominating biochemical type was type number I grouping 79% of all isolates, and dominant genotype was A which was detected in 75% of all collected strains. Beta-hemolysis was a feature present in 34% of strains, more frequently in type I (40%) than in type II (12%). beta-hemolysis was present only in A-genotype strains, but A-genotype by itself does not determine that reaction: 53% of A-genotype strains does not exhibit beta-hemolysis. All type I strains represent A-genotype. Type II was genotypicaly differentiated: all genotypes A, A', B, and C were present. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show genotypic heterogenity of P acnes strains and relations to biochemical types. Hemolysis was detected independently to biotype or genotype representation. The results confirm biochemical and genetic heterogenities of P acnes, but the observations also indicate necessity of further microbiological-molecular investigation of that bacteria group using other molecular techniques to the study.

The occurrence and comparative phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. from healthy and diseased, household and shelter dogs, based on routine biochemical diagnostic methods.

To determine the staphylococcal colonization pattern in healthy and diseased dogs, living in two particular environments, a number of microbiological samples were taken. Overall, twenty dogs, either healthy or with infected skin lesions, were examined. In each case bacterial swabs were collected from the nasal mucosa, ear, perineum, lumbo-sacralis triangle, and from the infection sites if such were present. A total number of 104 isolates representing different staphylococcal species were isolated and identified using routine biochemical methods applied in diagnostic laboratories. Among 17 isolated staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus intermedius was the most common species isolated from both healthy or diseased dogs living either in animal shelter or household environments. The pattern of Staphylococcus sp. colonization differs considerably for animals living in the two tested habitats. In particular, S. aureus MRSA and MSSA isolates were detected only in infected skin lesion samples from animals that dwelled in the animal shelter. As could be expected, S. intermedius was found to be a predominant causative agent in canine skin infections. In our study, we demonstrated that S. intermedius in its carrier-state, inhabits mainly the mucosal membrane of the nasal vestibule. It was also found in the samples taken from the skin, the lumbo-sacralis triangle and perineum, but was rarely isolated from the ears.

The first case of a Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infection after joint prosthesis implantation in a dog.

We have reported a bacterial infection in a dog with progressive dysplasia of the hips. Orthopedic surgery was performed. Seven weeks prior to the surgery, the patient was bitten by another dog. The postimplantation wound exuded for four days after the surgery. Microbiological analysis performed by standard identification techniques showed the presence of Staphylococcus intermedius, but an additional molecular analysis indicated S. pseudintermedius. This was followed by an evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of the strain which showed cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, doksycycline, erythromycin, and gentamicin resistance. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for selected antibiotics were reported. Resistance for cefoxitin indicates that methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains were present in individual macroorganisms, but they can expand and persist the colonization of other hosts.

[Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates based on phenotypical characters]. / Róznicowanie izolatów Staphylococcus aureus w oparciu o cechy fenotypowe.

Typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates is a necessary procedure for monitoring the transmission of S. aureus among carriers and in epidemiology. Evaluation of the range of relationship among isolates rely on epidemiological markers and is possible because of the clonal character of S. aureus species. Effective typing shows the scheme of transmission of infection in a selected area, enables identifying the reservoir of the microorganism, and may enhance effective eradication. A set of typing methods for use in analyses of epidemiological correlations and the identification of S. aureus isolates is presented. The following methods of typing are described: biotyping, serotyping, antibiogram, protein electrophoresis, cell protein profiles (proteom), immunoblotting, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), zymotyping, and standard species identification of S. aureus in the diagnostic laboratory. Phenotyping methods for S. aureus isolates used in the past and today in epidemiological investigations and in analyses of correlations among S. aureus isolates are presented in this review. The presented methods use morphological characteristics, physiological properties, and chemical structures of the bacteria as criteria for typing. The precision of these standard methods is not always satisfactory as S. aureus strains with atypical biochemical characters have evolved recently. Therefore it is essential to introduce additional typing procedures using molecular biology methods without neglecting phenotypic methods.

Topical taurine bromamine, a new candidate in the treatment of moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris: a pilot study.

Taurine bromamine (TauBr), the product of taurine and hypobromous acid (HOBr), exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Recently we have shown that Propionibacterium acnes, a potential pathogenic agent of acne, is extremely sensitive to TauBr. As topical antibiotics are associated with the emergence of resistant bacteria, TauBr seems to be a good candidate for topical therapy for acne vulgaris. In our double blind investigation, the efficacy and safety of 3.5 mM TauBr cream was evaluated. 1% Clindamycin gel (Clindacin T), one of the most common topical agents in the treatment of acne vulgaris, was used as a control. Forty patients with mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris were randomly treated with either TauBr or clindamycin for 6 weeks, twice-a-day. More than 80% of the patients markedly improved with both treatments, without any adverse effects observed. Both TauBr and clindamycin produced a significant reduction in inflammatory skin lesion counts (papules/ pustules). After 6 weeks, comparable reductions of acne lesions, 65% and 68%, were observed in the TauBr and clindamycin groups, respectively. In conclusion, these data support our concept that TauBr can be used as a topical agent in the treatment of acne vulgaris, especially in patients who have already developed antibiotic resistance.

Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis to killing by MPO-halide system products. Implication for taurine bromamine as a new candidate for topical therapy in treating acne vulgaris.

INTRODUCTION: Taurine chloramine (TauCl) and taurine bromamine (TauBr) are the main haloamines produced by activated neutrophils. TauCl exerts both anti-inflammatory and microbicidal activities. Clinical studies showed that TauCl may be useful as an antimicrobial agent in the local treatment of infections. Much less is known about TauBr. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Propionibacterium acnes (PA) has a role in the inflammation of acne. Available topical therapies include antimicrobial agents which reduce total PA numbers and anti-inflammatory agents which suppress activity of the cells present in acne inflammatory lesions. In this study the bactericidal activities of TauBr and TauCl against PA and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), as a control strain, were investigated. Moreover, the influence of these haloamines on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated neutrophils was also tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TauBr and TauCl were prepared by reaction of taurine with HOBr and HOCl, respectively. The reaction was monitored by UV absorption spectra. The bactericidal activities of TauBr and TauCl were determined by the pourplate method. The generation of ROS by neutrophils was determined by luminol chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS: In our experimental set-up, TauBr showed stronger antibacterial activity than TauCl. Interestingly, PA was significantly more susceptible to TauBr than SE was. Moreover, TauBr at non-cytotoxic concentrations significantly reduced ROS generation by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS: Since PA is considered to be an etiological agent in acne and ROS are closely correlated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases, the reported data suggest that TauBr may be a good candidate for the topical therapy for acne vulgaris.

Different pro-inflammatory and immunogenic potentials of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis: implications for chronic inflammatory acne.

INTRODUCTION: Propionibacterium acnes (PA) and Staphyloccocus epidermidis (SE) are two major bacterial strains isolated from acne lesions. Nevertheless, only PA seems to be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Evidence for this, however, remains indirect and the precise role of PA in inflammatory acne is still a matter for conjecture. The aim of this study was to compare some pro-inflammatory and adjuvant properties of PA and SE. MATERIAL/METHODS: To determine some of the pathogenic, immunostimulatory, and pro-inflammatory proper of PA and SE, two experimental models of inflammation were used. In vivo; chronic inflammation was induced by intradermal injection of living bacteria into the ear. In vitro; peritoneal macrophages elicited by the bacteria were examined for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and cytokines. RESULTS: PA, but not SE, evoked mild local inflammation of infected ears. Macrophages elicited with PA produced more tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin IL-12 than those induced with SE, while SE was a stronger inducer of IL-10 production. Both bacteria equally induced the generation of NO and ROS. In contrast, only PA showed adjuvant proper-ties. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these studies indicate that SE, in contrast to PA, does not exert pro-inflammatory properties. Thus it is unlikely that SE may be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne vulgaris.

[Characteristics of the Propionibacterium strains isolated from acne patients]. / Charakterystyka szczepów Propionibacterium izolowanych ze zmian tradzikowych.

Propionibacterium acnes is a component of physiological flora of human skin. It colonizes the outlets of sebaceous glands and participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne. Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease. It is found in more or less exacerbated form in approximately 85% of adolescent population. The main purpose of the research was to confirm the hypothesis of Propionibacterium bacteria participation in the aetiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The researches have proved the presence of Propionibacterium acnes on the surface of the skin both of people with acne-related changes and these with whom such changes were not found. Statistically significant differences were found in the number of P. acnes bacteria per 1 square centimeter of healthy and disease-affected skin as well as in the diversity of biochemical types. The highest number of P. acnes bacteria have been found in fresh changes with visible symptoms of inflammation. In order to confirm the hypothesis of the participation of Propionibacterium bacteria in the aetiopathogenesis of acne, a detailed phenotypical analysis of isolated P. acnes strains have been conducted. Type, biotype, resistance pattern, proteolytic and lipolytic properties have been determined.

Antimicrobial activity of 5-arylidene aromatic derivatives of hydantoin. Part 2.

Various 5-chloroarylidene-2-amino substituted derivatives of imidazoline-4-one were synthesized and evaluated for their activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other type strains of bacteria and fungi. 2-Chloro- and 2,4-dichlorobenzylidene substituted hydantoins exhibited antimycobacterial effect. The most potent compounds 3i, 3j, 3o, 3q and 3s were classified for further tests. The antimitotic effect of the investigated hydantoins was also examined.