[Identification of synthetic cannabinoid N-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-[1-(4- fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]acetamide]. / Identifikatsiya sinteticheskogo kannabinoida N-(adamantan-1-il)-2-[1-(4-ftorbenzil)-1H-indol-3-il]atsetamid.

The aim of this study is to identify the N-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]acetamide in extracted criminal sample using modern high-relable physico-chemical methods for the determination of organic matter (GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy). It is possible to be used in expert practice, chemicotoxicological and forensic chemical analysis, and can improve knowledge about substances, belonging to synthetic cannabinoids. As a result of research, the test substance was identified and its mass spectral data, that absented in available sources during the investigation, were obtained. According to its chemical structure, N-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]acetamide is homolog of the synthetic cannabinoid N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (ACBM-BZ-F). Therefore, the further substance study is of interest in order to find out its psychoactive features.

[Comparison of two types of sorbents for solid-phase extraction of cannabimimetic MDMB(N)-073F metabolites from urine]. / Sravnenie dvukh tipov sorbentov dlya tverdofaznoi ekstraktsii metabolitov kannabimimetika MDMB(N)-073F iz mochi.

The purpose of this work is to study the possibility of using cartridges with a mixed sorbent C8/SAX for the extraction of synthetic cannabimimetic metabolites MDMB (N)-073F from urine. It was used enzymatic hydrolysis of urine, solid phase extraction using cartridges C8/SAX and C8/SCX with mixed phase, derivatization and gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector. The results of the study allow us to recommend cartridges for solid-phase extraction with an anion-exchange phase (C8/SAX or SAX) when conducting a targeted study for the presence of cannabimimetics metabolites that have compounds with a carboxyl group as the main metabolites.

[Optimization of the solid-phase extraction procedure for the screening of the medicinal and narcotic substances in the blood by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection]. / Optimizatsiia protsedury tverdofaznoi ékstraktsii dlia skrininga lekarstvennykh i narkoticheskikh veshchestv v krovi metodom gazovoi khromatografii s mass-spektrometricheskim detektirovaniem.

This paper was designed to describe the application of the method for solid-phase extraction of the medicinal and narcotic substances having different physicochemical composition by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS) for the purpose of their screening in the blood. The solid-phase extraction technique was optimized by means of the Box-Behnken modeling with the evaluation of the influence on the effectiveness of extraction of various factors including pH of the buffer solution, eluent composition, the type and the volume of the solutions used to wash the sorbent.

[The evaluation of concentration of certain NSAID in the procedure of screening medicinal and narcotic substances in blood].

We have undertaken the metrological assessment of the method for the quantitative determination of a number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) including ibuprofen, ketorolac, diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen, and ketoprofen with the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the model blood samples in the framework of the screening survey of medicinal and narcotic substances. The method was evaluated in terms of the following characteristics: specificity, linearity, correctness, precision (reproducibility), and intra-laboratory precision. The proposed method can be applied for the quantitative evaluation of indomethacin, ketoprofen, and naproxen content as well as for the preliminary quantitative determination of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the framework of the chemico-toxicological and forensic chemical analysis. The method can be employed for the quantitative determination of ketorolac from such characteristics as «linearity¼ and «reproducibility¼.

[Metabolism of designer drugs. The fentanyl derivatives].

This literature review is focused on the studies of metabolism of designer drugs, with special reference to fentanyl derivatives. Certain physicochemical characteristics of the main metabolites most frequently encountered in the illegal trade of the fentanyl group analgesics have been calculated. The proposed recommendations include the methods for the identification of certain fentanyl derivatives during analysis of biological media.

[Metabolism of designer drugs. Piperazine derivatives].

The present review is focused on the specific features of metabolism of designer drugs based on piperazine derivatives. Selected physicochemical properties of the key metabolites of these compounds are described with special reference to their effect on the behavior of these drugs in the human organism.. Recommendations on the analysis of the markers and methods of sample preparation for the identification of the main psychoactive piperazine derivatives are proposed.

[The application of the solid phase extraction technique to the analysis of blood for the presence of narcotic and pharmaceutical substances].

This paper is devoted to the application of the solid phase extraction (SFE) technique based on the use of the SampliQ Evidex cartridges prepacked with a mixed phase "granular" sorbent for the screening of pharmaceuticals and narcotic substances in the whole blood by means of gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. It is concluded based on the available data that the solid phase extraction technique has advantages over the traditional liquid-liquid extraction and may be used for the purpose of forensic chemical examination carried out in Bureaus of Forensic Medical Expertise.

[Quantitative determination of strychnine in blood and urine by gas chromatography with mass-selective detector].

A method for the quantitative determination of strychnine in biological fluids by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry is proposed. The preparation of samples for the analysis included extraction of strychnine from blood and urine with the use of AccuBond(II) EVIDEX cartridges for solid-phase extraction and SPEC MP3 disks respectively. The efficiency of extraction was estimated at 0.05 mg/l for blood and 0.02 mg/l for urine. The detection limit was 0.10 mg/l in blood and 0.05 mg/l in urine.

[Gas chromatography with mass-selective detector in testing blood for amitriptyline and nortriptyline].

The article describes the method of simultaneous detection of amitriptiline and nortriptilin in cadaveric blood using gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction and derivation with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Nortriptilin threshold of detectability in the blood is 0.02 mcg/ml, amitriptilin one--0.05 mcg/ml. The range of detectability--0.05-3.0 mcg/ml for both compounds. Maximal error of the compounds detectability was under 12.9% for concentrations 0.10 mcg/ml and 10.6% for concentrations 2.0 mcg/ml. The method was tested on expert material in forensic chemical examinations.

[Detection of blood opiates by fluorescence-polarization immunoassay].

It was found possible to use fluorescence-polarization immunoassay (FPIA) in screening of opium drugs in blood and blood serum as a preliminary test. The results of the study of blood and serum samples by FPIA and chromato-mass-spectroscopy were compared. As a criterion of assessment of the preliminary study results we propose to use a cutoff point by serial production of the analysed blood samples of the threshold morphine concentrations (20 ng/ml for living subjects and 40 ng/ml--for corpses). The method of opiates screening in blood proposed is characterized by fast conduction, high specificity and precision, small amounts of the expert material.

[Detection of cannabinoids in urine].

Described in the paper are results of comparative examination of urine by the methods of immunochromatographic express analysis (ICA), fluorescence-polarization immune analysis (FIA) and of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) made for the purpose of detecting consumers of hemp products. A high specificity and a good sensitivity of the methods were demonstrated, which is a basis for using them as preliminary tests in detecting cannaboids and their metabolites in urine. The methods were evaluated quantitively and qualitatively versus the etalon method of chromato-mass-spectrometry. A possibility was pointed out to apply the methods of ICA and TLC as system analysis in the determination of 11-nordelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carbonic acid in urine of marijuana users.

[Complex chemical and toxicological analysis of prosidol]. / Kompleksnyi khimiko-toksikologicheskii analiz prosidola.

Methods for measuring a Russian narcotic analgesic prosidol are suggested: thin-layer chromatography, microcrystalloscopy, gaseous chromatography with ionization flame detector, gas chromatography with mass selective detector, ultraviolet spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, proton nuclear magnetic resonance used in chemical toxicological analysis, pharmacological analysis, and investigation of material evidence pieces.

[Chemical toxicological analysis of urinary cannabinoids by chromatography mass spectrometry]. / Khimiko-toksikologicheskii analiz kannabinoidov v moche metodom khromato-mass-spektrometrii.

A chromato-mass-spectrometric method for identification of cannabinoids and 9-carboxy-11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol by their methyl derivatives is proposed. Use of alkaline hydrolysis in pretreatment of samples ensures the optimal conditions for complete isolation of 9-carboxy-11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Derivation with methyl iodide in absolute acetone in the presence of potassium carbonate was used. Preliminary conclusion on the presence of cannabinoids in the urine can be made from the results of enzyme immunoassay.

[Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis of various etiologies]. / Vneshnesekretornaia funktsiia podzheludochnoi zhelezy u bol'nykh khronicheskim gepatitom i tsirrozom pecheni razlichnoi étiologii.

Exocrinous performance of the pancreatic gland under secretin-pancreozymin stimulation was studied in 76 patients with chronic diffuse diseases of the liver who were distinguished into 6 groups: those who suffered from chronic persistent hepatitis of viral and alcohol origin, chronic active hepatitis of viral origin, cirrhosis of the liver of viral and alcohol origin, primary biliary hepatocirrhosis. The results obtained were correlated with those from 11 normal persons (controls). Out of 76 examinees the disorders of exocrinous performance of the pancreatic gland were revealed in 75 persons. The most characteristic features were: a decrease in the basal and an increase in the stimulated volume of the pancreatic juice; a reduction of both basal and stimulated production of bicarbonates; a decrease in the trypsin and amylase fasting levels and their increment in the stimulated juice of the pancreatic gland. Disorder in the production of bicarbonates was stated as a most characteristic feature in the patients both with viral and alcohol origin of the disease but it was mostly manifest in the patients with hepatocirrhosis. Pronounced elevation of the activity of amylase and trypsin in the pancreatic juice was observed in patients with very high activity of disease development and in the patients who continuously used large amounts of alcohol. The authors suspected that alcohol abuse and the effect of hepatitis virus had an equal pathogenic impact on the liver and pancreatic gland.

[Clinical value of determining serum levels of glycocholic acid in alcoholic lesions of the liver]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie opredeleniia kontsentratsii glikokholevoi kisloty v syvorotke krovi pri alkogol'nom porazhenii pecheni.

To assess the diagnostic value of radioimmunoassay determination of serum levels of glycocholic acid in alcohol-induced chronic diffuse hepatic lesions, this technique was compared by sensitivity and informative content with conventional hepatic tests. Hepatocytic function was measured in combined examination of 83 patients and 30 controls. It is shown that serum glycocholic acid concentration permits detection of early alcohol defects of the liver, excretory dysfunction in particular, control of cholestatic changes, of transformation of hepatic steatosis into hepatitis or cirrhosis, evaluation of cholestasis. The above radioimmunoassay is a useful prognostic tool in decompensated alcohol cirrhosis of the liver.

[Campylobacter pylori in patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiologies]. / Campylobacter pylori u bol'nykh tsirrozom pecheni razlichnoi étiologii.

The role of Campylobacter pylori (CP) in the development of chronic gastritis and ulcero-erosive lesions in 76 patients with liver cirrhosis of various etiology is studied. The incidence of CP bacteriosis in liver cirrhosis was 47.3% and the incidence of CP detection by bacteriological methods was not dependent on the cirrhosis etiology. The incidence of CP detection depended on the chronic gastritis activity and the presence of ulcero-erosive lesions. Hypochlorhydria is one of the important factors favouring CP colonization in liver cirrhosis. DE-NOL can be recommended for the treatment of chronic active gastritis and ulcero-erosive lesions.

[Hepatogenic ulcer (various aspects of its pathogenesis)]. / Gepatogennaia iazva (nekotorye storony patogeneza).

Functional and morphological state of the stomach and duodenum was studied in 98 patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatogenous ulcer was revealed in 21.7 per cent of the patients with alcoholic and in 25 per cent of those with viral liver cirrhosis. A specific feature of the condition was the development of ulcer in reduced gastric acid production and its asymptomatic course. The incidence of gastric and duodenal affections in liver cirrhosis was significantly higher in pronounced portal hypertension. Study of the portal blood flow with Doppler ultrasonography can reveal the risk group (patients with pronounced portal hypertension) which has high probability of the development of erosion-ulcerous lesions. These patients require obligatory medical checkups with gastric and duodenal endoscopy 2-3 times a year.