Who Plays and Who Doesn't? An Intersectional Examination of Disparities in Adolescent Sport and Physical Activity Lesson Participation.

PURPOSE: Few reports include more than 1-2 social identities when examining organized sport and physical activity (PA) participation among adolescents. We used a quantitative intersectional approach to examine disparities in adolescent sport and PA lesson participation. METHODS: Ninth and 11th grade 2022 Minnesota Student Survey participants (N = 62,940) self-reported social identities and team sport and PA lessons. Social identities included sex assigned at birth, gender modality, sexual identity, racial and ethnic identity, access to resources (i.e., economic status), weight status, and mental health/behavioral/emotional problems. We used Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection to identify prevalence of participation among adolescents with different intersecting social identities. RESULTS: Half of the sample played sports and one-quarter participated in PA lessons. Participation varied substantially at the intersections of social identities. Whereas participants in the highest prevalence sports participation groups were predominantly White, heterosexual, and had high resource access, participants in the lowest prevalence groups held multiple marginalized social identities: only 12.8% of adolescents with least access to resources who were questioning their gender identity and sexual identity, or who reported a sexual identity not listed, participated in sports. Regarding PA lessons, youth in the highest prevalence groups were predominantly heterosexual, had highest access to resources, and were youth of color; by comparison, most of the lowest prevalence groups comprised youth who had medium/low resource access and/or high body mass index, and often a diverse sexual, gender, or racial/ethnic identity. DISCUSSION: Multiply marginalized adolescents are under-represented in sports and PA lessons. Organizations should address interlocking barriers to participation.

Adoptive parents' racial colorblindness and adopted Korean adolescents' experiences of discrimination.

OBJECTIVES: Using longitudinal data, this study investigated the association between parent racial colorblindness and discrimination toward children (reported by both parents and adolescents) in transracial, transnational adoptive families. METHOD: Eighty White adoptive parents with adopted Korean children (ages 5-12 years old) were surveyed in 2007 (Time 1 [T1]), and both parents and adolescents (ages 13-19 years old) were surveyed in 2014 (Time 2 [T2]). Parents completed a self-report measure of parent racial colorblindness toward their child at T1 and T2, and parents and adolescents completed a measure of discrimination experienced by adoptees at T2. RESULTS: Parent reports of racial colorblindness toward their child were not significantly different between T1 and T2. However, parent reports of discrimination increased between time points. Further, parent and adolescent reports of discrimination were not significantly different from one another. Using hierarchical regression models, racial colorblindness among parents at T1 (when children were in middle childhood) was significantly associated with parent reports of discrimination experienced by adolescent children at T2, even when controlling for T2 racial colorblindness. This association did not hold for adolescent reports of discrimination. CONCLUSION: Adoptive parents' acknowledgment of their children's race and ethnicity appears relatively stable from childhood into adolescence, and parent racial colorblindness toward their own child can affect their ability to recognize discrimination during adolescent development, a vital period when discrimination becomes more common and salient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessing susceptibility for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity in an in vitro 3D respiratory model for asthma.

There is increased emphasis on understanding cumulative risk from the combined effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors as it relates to public health. Recent animal studies have identified pulmonary inflammation as a possible modifier and risk factor for chemical toxicity in the lung after exposure to inhaled pollutants; however, little is known about specific interactions and potential mechanisms of action. In this study, primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) cultured in 3D at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are utilized as a physiologically relevant model to evaluate the effects of inflammation on toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of contaminants generated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Normal HBEC were differentiated in the presence of IL-13 for 14 days to induce a profibrotic phenotype similar to asthma. Fully differentiated normal and IL-13 phenotype HBEC were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BAP; 1-40 µg/mL) or 1% DMSO/PBS vehicle at the ALI for 48 h. Cells were evaluated for cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, and transcriptional biomarkers of chemical metabolism and inflammation by quantitative PCR. Cells with the IL-13 phenotype treated with BAP result in significantly (p < 0.05) decreased barrier integrity, less than 50% compared to normal cells. The effect of BAP in the IL-13 phenotype was more apparent when evaluating transcriptional biomarkers of barrier integrity in addition to markers of mucus production, goblet cell hyperplasia, type 2 asthmatic inflammation and chemical metabolism, which all resulted in dose-dependent changes (p < 0.05) in the presence of BAP. Additionally, RNA sequencing data showed that the HBEC with the IL-13 phenotype may have increased potential for uncontrolled proliferation and decreased capacity for immune response after BAP exposure compared to normal phenotype HBEC. These data are the first to evaluate the role of combined environmental factors associated with inflammation from pre-existing disease and PAH exposure on pulmonary toxicity in a physiologically relevant human in vitro model.

The Effect of Pedagogical Approach on Physical Activity of Girls During Physical Education.

Purpose: Technical approaches (TAs) such as Direct Instruction are commonly utilized when teaching games in Physical Education (PE) classes, but game-based approaches (GBAs) such as Game Sense (GS) have gained greater interest over the past 30 years. However, little is known about which approach promotes more physical activity (PA). The aim of this study was to compare the PA of girls during single-gender PE classes in an invasion games unit utilizing either a GS approach or a TA. Methods: Two upper primary school PE classes were taught invasion games using a GS approach and two classes were taught using a TA. During each of the 7 lessons students wore a wearable GPS sensor (SPT2, Sport Performance Tracking, Australia) which measured total distance, distance in each speed zone, top speed and 3D load. Results: The GS group traveled a greater distance than the TA group (+203 m, p < .001). This result was explained mostly by a greater distance covered in zone 2 speeds (0.6-1.7 m/s). The 3D load was also significantly higher in the GS group, but there were no group differences in top speed. Conclusions: Findings suggested that a GS thematic invasion unit was more effective in promoting PA levels in all-girl primary PE classes than a traditional sport-based invasion unit.

Deep convolutional generative adversarial network for generation of computed tomography images of discontinuously carbon fiber reinforced polymer microstructures.

Computed tomography images are of utmost importance when characterizing the heterogeneous and complex microstructure of discontinuously fiber reinforced polymers. However, the devices are expensive and the scans are time- and energy-intensive. Through recent advances in generative adversarial networks, the instantaneous generation of endless numbers of images that are representative of the input images and hold physical significance becomes possible. Hence, this work presents a deep convolutional generative adversarial network trained on approximately 30,000 input images from carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 computed tomography scans. The challenge lies in the low contrast between the two constituents caused by the close proximity of the density of polyamide 6 and carbon fibers as well as the small fiber diameter compared to the necessary resolution of the images. In addition, the stochastic, heterogeneous microstructure does not follow any logical or predictable rules exacerbating their generation. The quality of the images generated by the trained network of 256 pixel × 256 pixel was investigated through the Fréchet inception distance and nearest neighbor considerations based on Euclidean distance and structural similarity index measure. Additional visual qualitative assessment ensured the realistic depiction of the complex mixed single fiber and fiber bundle structure alongside flow-related physically feasible positioning of the fibers in the polymer. The authors foresee additionally huge potential in creating three-dimensional representative volume elements typically used in composites homogenization.

Characterization and Simulation of the Interface between a Continuous and Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic by Using the Climbing Drum Peel Test Considering Humidity.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the debonding behavior of the interface between continuously and discontinuously fiber reinforced thermoplastics using the climbing drum peel test. The study emphasizes on the importance of considering different climatic boundary conditions on the properties of thermoplastics. Specimens with varying moisture contents, from 0m.% up to above 6m.% are prepared and tested. It is observed that an increase in moisture content from 0m.% to 2m.% results in an increase of the fracture surface energy from 1.07·103J/m2 to 2.40·103J/m2 required to separate the two materials, but a further increase in moisture to 6.35m.% conversely results in a subsequent decrease of the required energy to 1.91·103J/m2. The study presents an explanatory model of increasing plasticization of the polymer due to increased polymer chain mobility, which results in more deformation energy being required to propagate the crack, which is corroborated in SEM investigations of the fracture surface. A further increase in humidity leads to polymer degradation due to hydrolysis, which explains the subsequent reduction of the fracture energy. The experimental set up is modeled numerically for the first time with cohesive surfaces, which could successfully reproduce the effective force-displacement curve in the experiment by varying the interface parameters in the model over an influence length, allowing the conclusion of a process induced variation in the interface properties over a specific consolidation length.

Measurement invariance of the LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale among LGBTQ+ youth.

The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale (LGBT-PCMS) is a widely used measure of intersectional microaggression experiences among sexual and gender minority people of color. Although it is widely used-and increasingly used in adolescent and young adult samples-it is unknown whether the LGBT-PCMS demonstrates similar measurement properties across subgroups of sexual and gender minority youth of color (SGMYOC). Among 4142 SGMYOC (ages 13-17) we found evidence for either partial or full scalar invariance (item loadings and intercepts were generally equal) across sexual orientation, race-ethnicity, and gender identity groups for all three subscales. Specific patterns of invariance and noninvariance across groups, as well as implications for the use of the LGBT-PCMS and its subscales among SGMYOC are discussed.

Stigma and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (and additional identities) (LGBTQ+) parent socialization self-efficacy: Mediating roles of identity and community.

In the United States, cultural forces have led to the stigmatization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (and additional identities) (LGBTQ+) parenthood. However, pushing back against this stigmatization, developing a positive LGBTQ+ identity, and investing in one's LGBTQ+ community may inform empowering narratives of future parenthood and related constructs, such as LGBTQ+ parent socialization. Perceived self-efficacy related to preparation for bias (i.e., discussions of discrimination, prejudice, or bias-based bullying) socialization is likely associated with an individual's own perceptions or experiences of stigmatization given the conceptual overlap of bias and stigma. However, other constructs related to stigmatization and socialization self-efficacy, such as positive LGBTQ+ identity or community connectedness, have yet to be simultaneously considered (to our knowledge). Further, previous research has rarely included different assessments of stigma (i.e., perceived and enacted) and/or dimensions of positive LGBTQ+ identity (i.e., authenticity and self-awareness). Thus, this study aimed to rectify these gaps and provide a greater understanding of sexual stigma and LGBTQ+ parent socialization self-efficacy. Using data from a survey-based, online, cross-sectional study of LGBTQ+ childfree adults (N = 433; Mage = 29.85 years old) in the United States, we found that experiences of enacted or perceived sexual stigma were differentially associated with LGBTQ+ parent socialization preparation for bias self-efficacy. Further, positive LGBTQ+ identity authenticity and self-awareness, as well as LGBTQ+ community connectedness played distinct roles as mediators of the relationships between sexual stigma and LGBTQ+ parent socialization self-efficacy. These findings have implications for how we might understand the role of stigma, identity, community, and socialization among future LGBTQ+ parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Microaggression and discrimination experiences among diverse youth with LGBTQ+ parents in the United States.

Family-based microaggressions and discrimination experienced by youth with LGBTQ+ parents are important to understand from their perspectives. Using mixed methods, we examined such experiences among 12- to 25-year-old youth (N = 51) with at least one LGBTQ+ parent in the United States. Youth were diverse in race/ethnicity, family structure, gender and sexual identities, socioeconomic status, and geographic region. Using interviews, we explored LGBTQ+ family-based microaggressions (reported through scale items with feedback) and discrimination (assessed via thematic analysis). Microaggressions and discrimination based on having LGBTQ+ parents were common, yet there were distinctions in direct and indirect stigma across the quantitative items and qualitative themes. These results underscore the value of mixed methods research with youth and implications for future research, practice, and policy.

Metabolic insights at the finish line: deciphering physiological changes in ultramarathon runners through breath VOC analysis.

Exhaustive exercise can induce unique physiological responses in the lungs and other parts of the human body. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath are ideal for studying the effects of exhaustive exercise on the lungs due to the proximity of the breath matrix to the respiratory tract. As breath VOCs can originate from the bloodstream, changes in abundance should also indicate broader physiological effects of exhaustive exercise on the body. Currently, there is limited published data on the effects of exhaustive exercise on breath VOCs. Breath has great potential for biomarker analysis as it can be collected non-invasively, and capture real-time metabolic changes to better understand the effects of exhaustive exercise. In this study, we collected breath samples from a small group of elite runners participating in the 2019 Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc ultra-marathon. The final analysis included matched paired samples collected before and after the race from 24 subjects. All 48 samples were analyzed using the Breath Biopsy Platform with GC-Orbitrap™ via thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine whether VOC abundances differed between pre- and post-race breath samples (adjustedP-value < .05). We identified a total of 793 VOCs in the breath samples of elite runners. Of these, 63 showed significant differences between pre- and post-race samples after correction for multiple testing (12 decreased, 51 increased). The specific VOCs identified suggest the involvement of fatty acid oxidation, inflammation, and possible altered gut microbiome activity in response to exhaustive exercise. This study demonstrates significant changes in VOC abundance resulting from exhaustive exercise. Further investigation of VOC changes along with other physiological measurements can help improve our understanding of the effect of exhaustive exercise on the body and subsequent differences in VOCs in exhaled breath.

Tratamento clínco de perfuração esofágica após tratamento endoscópico de divertículo de Zenker: relatro de caso / Clinical treatment of esophageal perforation after endoscopic treatment for Zenker

O divertículo de Zenker é uma alteração da anatomia esofágica que acomete adultos de idade avançada, caracterizadao pela presença de um divertículo posterior, proximal ao músculo cricofaríngeo. De forma precoce, apresenta-se como disfagia transitória e, como o evoluir da doença, como sensação de massa no pescoço e regurgitação. seu tratamento pode ser realizado por endoscopia flexível ou por correção cirúrgica através de miotomia cricofaríngea com diverticulectomia. O objetivo deste trabalhoo é relatar uma possível complicação do tratamento do divertículo de Zenker por endoscopia flexível. Descreve-se o caso de uma paciente feminina, 83 anos, portadora de divertículo de Zenker com início da sintomatologia havia seis meses, submetida a diverticulotomia endoscópica e que algumas horas após o procedimento evoluiu dor e efisema subcutâneo bilateral em região cervical. Esofagografia com contrate iodado evidenciou extravasamento em região cervical. Foi então, instituido manejo conservador, com alta hospitalar assintomática no sexto dia pós-procedimento. Portanto, apesar de considera modalidade de tratamento segura, a diverticulotomia endoscópica não é isenta de riscos