Is use of ChatGPT cheating? Students of health professions perceptions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore student perceptions of generative AI use and cheating in health professions education. The authors sought to understand how students believe generative AI is acceptable to use in coursework. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five faculty members surveyed students across health professions graduate programs using an updated, validated survey instrument. Students anonymously completed the survey online, which took 10-20 min. Data were then tabulated and reported in aggregate form. RESULTS: Nearly 400 students from twelve academic programs including health and rehabilitation science, occupational therapy, physical therapy, physician assistant studies, speech-language pathology, health administration and health informatics, undergraduate healthcare studies, nurse anesthesiology, and cardiovascular perfusion. The majority of students identify the threat of generative AI to graded assignments such as tests and papers, but many believe it is acceptable to use these tools to learn and study outside of graded assignments. CONCLUSIONS: Generative AI tools provide new options for students to study and learn. Graduate students in the health professions are currently using generative AI applications but are not universally aware or in agreement of how its use threatens academic integrity. Faculty should provide specific guidance on how generative AI applications may be used.

Perceptions of Cheating Among Students of Health Professions.

For many decades, academic cheating has been prevalent across many institutions and majors. This problem has been exacerbated by new technology that has increased opportunities for students to access and use information dishonestly. There is fear amongst faculty that dishonesty in the academic world could negatively impact professionals in their future careers. The greater prevalence of cheating may be related to students misunderstanding what constitutes cheating. To better understand students' perceptions of cheating, a group of faculty surveyed students across 11 academic programs at a college of health professions using a slightly modified version of a validated tool via an online platform. Data about cheating perceptions were collected from more than 400 students. Although most respondents agreed that cheating is wrong, some were open to explanations of innocence related to possible cheating scenarios. Also, most respondents did not agree that a person who cheats is an unethical person. These findings suggest that students believe cheating can occur unintentionally. Although the findings support that more education about academic dishonesty would be valuable, this study can inform efforts to develop more targeted education and interventions to reduce cheating behaviors.

Association of hospital and market characteristics with 30-day readmission rates from 2009 to 2015.

Objectives: The US government implemented the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program on 1 October 2012 to reduce readmission rates through financial penalties to hospitals with excessive readmissions. We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis of US hospitals from 2009 to 2015 to determine the association of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program with 30-day readmissions. Methods: We utilized multivariable linear regression with year and state fixed effects. The model was adjusted for hospital and market characteristics lagged by 1 year. Interaction effects of hospital and market characteristics with the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program indicator variable was also included to assess whether associations of Hospital Readmission Reduction Program with 30-day readmissions differed by these characteristics. Results: In multivariable adjusted analysis, the main effect of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program was a 3.80 percentage point (p < 0.001) decrease in readmission rates in 2013-2015 relative to 2009-2012. Hospitals with lower readmission rates overall included not-for-profit and government hospitals, medium and large hospitals, those in markets with a larger percentage of Hispanic residents, and population 65 years and older. Higher hospital readmission rates were observed among those with higher licensed practical nurse staffing ratio, larger Medicare and Medicaid share, and less competition. Statistically significant interaction effects between hospital/market characteristics and the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program on the outcome of 30-day readmission rates were present. Teaching hospitals, rural hospitals, and hospitals in markets with a higher percentage of residents who were Black experienced larger decreases in readmission rates. Hospitals with larger registered nurse staffing ratios and in markets with higher uninsured rate and percentage of residents with a high school education or greater experienced smaller decreases in readmission rates. Conclusion: Findings of the current study support the effectiveness of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program but also point to the need to consider the ability of hospitals to respond to penalties and incentives based on their characteristics during policy development.

Interprofessional staff perspectives on the adoption of or black box technology and simulations to improve patient safety: a multi-methods survey.

INTRODUCTION: Medical errors still plague healthcare. Operating Room Black Box (ORBB) and ORBB-simulation (ORBBSIM) are innovative emerging technologies which continuously capture as well as categorize intraoperative data, team information, and audio-visual files, in effort to improve objective quality measures. ORBB and ORBBSIM have an opportunity to improve patient safety, yet a paucity of implementation literature exists. Overcoming implementation barriers is critical. This study sought to obtain rich insights while identifying facilitators and barriers to adoption of ORBB and ORBBSIM in alignment with Donabedian's model of health services and healthcare quality. Enrichment themes included translational performance improvement and real-world examples to develop sessions. METHODS: Interprofessional OR staff were invited to complete two surveys assessing staff's perceptions using TeamSTEPPS's validated Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative variables, and inductive phenomenological content analysis was used for qualitative. RESULTS: Survey 1 captured 71 responses from 334 invited (RR 21%) while survey 2 captured 47 responses from 157 (RR 29.9%). The T-TPQ score was 65.2, with Communication (70.4) the highest construct and Leadership (58.0) the lowest. Quality Improvement (QI), Patient Safety, and Objective Case Review were the most common perceived ORBB benefits. Trends suggested a reciprocal benefit of dual ORBB and ORBBSIM adoption. Trends also suggested that dual implementation can promote Psychological Safety, culture, trust, and technology comfort. The need for an implementation plan built on change management principles and a constructive culture were key findings. CONCLUSIONS: Findings supported ORBB implementation themes from previous literature and deepened our understanding through the exploration of team culture. This blueprint provides a model to help organizations adopt ORBB and ORBBSIM. Outcomes can establish an empirical paradigm for future studies.

International and Interprofessional Collaboration: An Innovative Week of Learning Across Three Professions, Three Universities, and One Ocean.

ABSTRACT: As the COVID-19 pandemic prevented planned international travel opportunities for students and faculty, faculty at three universities from three professions created a four-day innovative, online learning experience. Each session included presentations from each country, small-group discussions, and evaluation. The topics appealed to students regardless of profession or nationality. Daily evaluations showed attendees valued the experience. The benefits of international and interprofessional learning were evident; students gained better understanding of other professions and health care systems through sessions that expanded their thinking. International appreciation and learning can be prioritized without physical travel.

Examining Medical Office Owners and Clinicians Perceptions on Patient Safety Climate.

OBJECTIVE: An essential element of effective medical practice management is having a shared set of beliefs among members regarding patient safety climate. Recognizing the need for improving patient safety, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality began a series of surveys to assess medical practice members' attitudes and beliefs on patient safety climate. The aim of the study was to examine owners and clinicians perceptions of their medical practice's patient safety climate. METHODS: We used the 2010-2011 Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture collected by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine owners' and clinicians' perceptions of practice's patient safety climate while controlling for the nested nature of individuals within practices. RESULTS: Managers with ownership responsibility, clinicians with ownership responsibility, and staff clinicians have different perceptions of the practice's patient safety climate. In particular, managers with ownership responsibility have more positive perceptions of the patient safety climate, as compared with non-owners. Clinicians with ownership responsibility had less favorable views than managers in a similar role. Finally, staff clinicians have the most negative perceptions of patient safety climate as compared with individuals in the ownership positions. CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistically significant lack of agreement among medical office team members depending on their backgrounds and roles. Increasing the communication among organizational members about their practice's patient safety climate is a principal aim whether improvements in care quality are to be achieved.

Social media: How hospital facebook activity may influence patient satisfaction.

Some hospitals use social media to promote accurate health-related education, information, and engage consumers. We performed multiple linear regression analyses to determine the associations between hospital Facebook activity and patient satisfaction for 390 hospitals. Hospitals that had a Facebook page were active on Facebook in the past 30 days and had more "likes," had more patients willing to definitely recommend the hospital, and had a higher overall satisfaction score. Practitioners can use the results when considering whether a minimal financial investment in social media may be worth customer loyalty and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Systems (CMS) reimbursement benefits.

How Differences Between Manager and Clinician Perceptions of Safety Culture Impact Hospital Processes of Care.

OBJECTIVE: Evidenced-based processes of care improve patient outcomes, yet universal compliance is lacking, and perceptions of the quality of care are highly variable. The purpose of this study is to examine how differences in clinician and management perceptions on teamwork and communication relate to adherence to hospital processes of care. METHODS: Hospitals submitted identifiable data for the 2012 Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Hospital Compare. The dependent variable was a composite, developed from the scores on adherence to acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia process of care measures. The primary independent variables reflected 4 safety culture domains: communication openness, feedback about errors, teamwork within units, and teamwork between units. We assigned each hospital into one of 4 groups based on agreement between managers and clinicians on each domain. Each hospital was categorized as "high" (above the median) or "low" (below) for clinicians and managers in communication and teamwork. RESULTS: We found a positive relationship between perceived teamwork and communication climate and processes of care measures. If managers and clinicians perceived the communication openness as high, the hospital was more likely to adhere with processes of care. Similarly, if clinicians perceived teamwork across units as high, the hospital was more likely to adhere to processes of care. CONCLUSIONS: Manager and staff perceptions about teamwork and communications impact adherence to processes of care. Policies should recognize the importance of perceptions of both clinicians and managers on teamwork and communication and seek to improve organizational climate and practices. Clinician perceptions of teamwork across units are more closely linked to processes of care, so managers should be cognizant and try to improve their perceptions.

The non-directed living kidney donor: Why donate to strangers?

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation improves survival and quality of life for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, there is a shortage of donated organs, resulting in long wait times and the potential for death before a donor is found. Non-directed (also called altruistic) living kidney donation is a growing type of donation; however, few studies have examined the values and motivation of individuals evaluated to be a non-directed donor. OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study explores the motivations and values of individuals evaluated for non-directed donation. DESIGN: Focus groups were conducted with individuals who had been evaluated for non-directed living kidney donation. Grounded theory method guided the data analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N = 11) were individuals who completed the evaluation for a non-directed living kidney donation. FINDINGS: Qualitative analyses revealed eight major themes participants considered in making their decision to donate to a non-related person: (i) motivation to donate; (ii) minimise perceived risk; (iii) ideal selected recipient; (iv) change in lifestyle; (v) source of donation knowledge; (vi) history of altruistic acts; (vii) donation chain and (viii) others' response. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that non-directed living kidney donors think deeply about their decision and have a resolve to help others that is aligned with their values. As organ availability remains at a critical shortage, unwillingness to consider non-directed living donors (NDD) due to beliefs of ill motivations appears unsupported. Future directions call for the need of standard practice of care in kidney donation evaluations across transplant centers.

Examination of the relationship between management and clinician perception of patient safety climate and patient satisfaction.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between managers and clinicians' agreement on deeming the patient safety climate as high or low and the patients' satisfaction with those organizations. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: We used two secondary data sets: the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (2012) and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (2012). METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: We used ordinary least squares regressions to analyze the relationship between the extent of agreement between managers and clinicians' perceptions of safety climate in relationship to patient satisfaction. The dependent variables were four Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems patient satisfaction scores: communication with nurses, communication with doctors, communication about medicines, and discharge information. The main independent variables were four groups that were formed based on the extent of managers and clinicians' agreement on four patient safety climate domains: communication openness, feedback and communication about errors, teamwork within units, and teamwork across units. FINDINGS: After controlling for hospital and market-level characteristics, we found that patient satisfaction was significantly higher if managers and clinicians reported that patient safety climate is high or if only clinicians perceived the climate as high. Specifically, manager and clinician agreement on high levels of communication openness (ß = 2.25, p = .01; ß = 2.46, p = .05), feedback and communication about errors (ß = 3.0, p = .001; ß = 2.89, p = .01), and teamwork across units (ß = 2.91, p = .001; ß = 3.34, p = .01) was positively and significantly associated with patient satisfaction with discharge information and communication about medication. In addition, more favorable perceptions about patient safety climate by clinicians only yielded similar findings. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Organizations should measure and examine patient safety climate from multiple perspectives and be aware that individuals may have varying opinions about safety climate. Hospitals should encourage multidisciplinary collaboration given that staff perceptions about patient safety climate may be associated with patient satisfaction.

Development and Validation of the Activities of Daily Living Short Form for Community-Dwelling Korean Stroke Survivors.

This study developed and validated a short form (SF) using activities of daily living (ADL) outcome measures from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that can minimize survey administration burden for clinicians. This study utilized secondary data from the 2005 KNHANES with 422 community-dwelling stroke survivors. The KNHANES data were collected from April to June 2005 in South Korea. We created a 7-item SF from the 17 ADL questions in the survey using item response theory (IRT) methodologies. The precision and validity of the SF were compared to the full questionnaire of ADL items and the EuroQol-5D total score. Among the 17 ADL questions, 14 questions demonstrated unidimensional construct validity. Using IRT methodologies, a set of 7 items were selected from the full bank. The 7-item SF demonstrated good psychometric properties: high correlation with the full bank ( r = .975, p < .001), good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .93), and a high correlation with the EuroQol-5D total score ( r = .678, p < .001). These findings indicate that a well-developed SF can precisely measure ADL performance capacity for stroke survivors compared to the full item bank, which is expected to reduce the administration burden of the KNHANES.

Social Media Use Among Living Kidney Donors and Recipients: Survey on Current Practice and Potential.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, there is a national shortage of organs donated for transplant. Among the solid organs, most often kidneys are donated by living donors, but the lack of information and complicated processes limit the number of individuals who serve as living kidney donors. Social media can be a tool for advocacy, educating the public about the need, process, and outcomes of live kidney donors, yet little is known about social media use by kidney transplant patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the social media use of potential kidney transplant patients and their willingness to use social media and their networks to advocate and educate about living kidney donation. METHODS: Using a validated survey, we modified the instrument to apply to the patient population of interest attending the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. The questions on the survey inquired about current social media use, sites visited, frequency and duration of social media use, and willingness to use social media to share the need for living kidney donors. We asked patients who had received a transplant and those awaiting a transplant to complete the survey during an office visit. Participation was voluntary. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients completed the survey. Approximately half of all kidney transplant patients surveyed used social media (104/199, 52.3%), and approximately one-third (66/199, 33.2%) had more than 100 friends in their social media network. Facebook was the most popular site, and 51% (102/199) reported that they would be willing to post information about living kidney donation on their social networks. More than a quarter of the sample (75/199, 37.7%) had posted about their health status in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Social media holds great promise for health-related education and awareness. Our study shows the current social media use of kidney transplant patients. In turn, such information can be used to design interventions to ensure appropriate decision making about live kidney donation. Transplant programs can help increase the number of living donors by providing guidance to kidney transplant patients in how to use social media, to be advocates, and to provide information about living kidney donation to their social network.

Assessing the relationship between patient safety culture and EHR strategy.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between hospitals' electronic health record (EHR) adoption characteristics and their patient safety cultures. The "Meaningful Use" (MU) program is designed to increase hospitals' adoption of EHR, which will lead to better care quality, reduce medical errors, avoid unnecessary cost, and promote a patient safety culture. To reduce medical errors, hospital leaders have been encouraged to promote safety cultures common to high-reliability organizations. Expecting a positive relationship between EHR adoption and improved patient safety cultures appears sound in theory, but it has yet to be empirically demonstrated. Design/methodology/approach - Providers' perceptions of patient safety culture and counts of patient safety incidents are explored in relationship to hospital EHR adoption patterns. Multi-level modeling is employed to data drawn from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's surveys on patient safety culture (level 1) and the American Hospital Association's survey and healthcare information technology supplement (level 2). Findings - The findings suggest that the early adoption of EHR capabilities hold a negative association to the number of patient safety events reported. However, this relationship was not present in providers' perceptions of overall patient safety cultures. These mixed results suggest that the understanding of the EHR-patient safety culture relationship needs further research. Originality/value - Relating EHR MU and providers' care quality attitudes is an important leading indicator for improved patient safety cultures. For healthcare facility managers and providers, the ability to effectively quantify the impact of new technologies on efforts to change organizational cultures is important for pinpointing clinical areas for process improvements.

A patient navigator and education program for increasing potential living donors: a comparative observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Person-centered clinical environments may promote living donation for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We implemented an observational study design to explore whether a patient navigator (PN) program with person-centered education in nephrology practice settings could increase potential living donors (PLDs) and, subsequently, increase living transplantation. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASURES: Patients referred to (N = 4621) and/or transplanted at (N = 950) our transplant center during 2007-2012 were eligible for inclusion. Two analytical study populations were derived from propensity score matched patient groups. Outcomes comprised total PLDs per candidate and living vs. deceased transplantation for recipients. RESULTS: Multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression showed that PN practice candidates were significantly more likely to have an initial inquiry PLD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.44) and a preliminary screening PLD (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.05-1.54), while there were no significant differences observed in evaluated PLD (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.61-1.45). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that our person-centered PN program stimulated willingness to seek living transplantation and was associated with a trend toward increased LD.

Variations in coping stages for individuals with chronic kidney disease: Results from an exploratory study with patient navigators.

Using a cross-sectional design, we examined coping stages (Kübler-Ross) among patients with end-stage renal disease at nephrology practices incorporating professional social workers as patient navigators, providing person-centered education and support (N = 420). We evaluated associations with behavioral counseling constructs (assess-advise-agree-assist-arrange). Coping stages comprised denial = 35.24 percent, acceptance = 24.05 percent, depression = 21.43 percent, bargaining = 12.86 percent, and anger = 6.43 percent. Compared to denial, other coping stages showed increased odds ratios for transplant referral agreement, transplant referral evaluations, understanding treatments, understanding donation procedures, plans to recruit donors, active donor recruitment, and potential living donor(s). Assessment of coping stages, and strategies to influence these, may be key factors in guiding patients to living donor kidney transplantation.

Do hospitals that do the right thing have more satisfied patients?

BACKGROUND: Hospital incentive payments are increasingly becoming tied to quality. However, the U.S. health care system continues to face rising health care costs and scarce workforce resources, making improving quality a challenge. Patient satisfaction and process quality are two areas of quality tied to reimbursement. Both are associated with positive health outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between the two. PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to determine if there is an association between process quality and patient satisfaction in a representative sample of U.S. hospitals. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: We utilize a pooled cross-sectional study design with year fixed effects from 2009 to 2011. We linked the Hospital Compare data set and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals (AHA) data set. We use a method prescribed by the Joint Commission to determine hospital-level process quality in three areas: heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and pneumonia treatment. We then use regression models to measure the relationship between process quality and two measures of overall hospital patient satisfaction. FINDINGS: After we control for hospital-level characteristics and year, we find that patient satisfaction is positively associated with all three areas of hospital process quality (p < .01). For example, acute myocardial infarction process quality was positively associated with whether patients "would definitely recommend the hospital" (B = 0.75, p < .01). Process quality areas were moderately and positively correlated (p < .01), and on average, patient satisfaction scores have increased over time (p < .01). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our findings of an association between process quality and patient satisfaction suggest that focusing on process quality does not have negative implications for patient satisfaction. As performance in different process quality areas is only moderately correlated, managers should continually monitor all areas. The trend of increased patient satisfaction over time, perhaps because of industry pressures, should be investigated further.

Impact of Outpatient Rehabilitation Medicare Reimbursement Caps on Utilization and Cost of Rehabilitation Care After Ischemic Stroke: Do Caps Contain Costs?

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke who fall within and above the total outpatient rehabilitation caps before and after the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 took effect; and to estimate the cost of poststroke outpatient rehabilitation cost and resource utilization in these patients before and after the implementation of the caps. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Medicare reimbursement system. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries from the state of South Carolina: the 1997 stroke cohort sample (N=2667) and the 2004 stroke cohort sample (N=2679). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of beneficiaries with bills within and above the cap before and after the cap was enacted, and total estimated 1-year rehabilitation Medicare payments before and after the cap. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with stroke exceeding the cap in 2004 after the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 was enacted was significantly lower (5.8%) than those in 1997 (9.5%) had there been a cap at that time (P=.004). However, when the proportion of individuals exceeding the cap among both the outpatient provider and facility files was examined, there was a greater proportion of patients with stroke in 2004 (64.6%) than in 1997 (31.9%) who exceeded the cap (P<.0001). The estimated average 1-year Medicare payments for rehabilitation services, when examining only the Part B outpatient provider bills, did not differ between the cohorts (P=.12), and in fact, decreased slightly from $1052 in 1997 to $833 in 2004. However, when examining rehabilitation costs using all available outpatient Medicare bills, the average estimated payments greatly increased (P<.0001) from $5691 in 1997 to $9606 in 2004. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that billing practices may have changed after outpatient rehabilitation services caps were enacted by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. Rehabilitation services billing may have shifted from Part B provider bills to being more frequently included in facility charges.

Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: Overcoming Disparities in Live Kidney Donation in the US--Recommendations from a Consensus Conference.

Despite its superior outcomes relative to chronic dialysis and deceased donor kidney transplantation, live donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is less likely to occur in minorities, older adults, and poor patients than in those who are white, younger, and have higher household income. In addition, there is considerable geographic variability in LDKT rates. Concomitantly, in recent years, the rate of living kidney donation (LKD) has stopped increasing and is declining, after decades of consistent growth. Particularly noteworthy is the decline in LKD among black, younger, male, and lower-income adults. The Live Donor Community of Practice within the American Society of Transplantation, with financial support from 10 other organizations, held a Consensus Conference on Best Practices in Live Kidney Donation in June 2014. The purpose of this meeting was to identify LKD best practices and knowledge gaps that might influence LDKT, with a focus on patient and donor education, evaluation efficiencies, disparities, and systemic barriers to LKD. In this article, we discuss trends in LDKT/LKD and emerging novel strategies for attenuating disparities, and we offer specific recommendations for future clinical practice, education, research, and policy from the Consensus Conference Workgroup focused on disparities.

Health literacy and kidney transplant outcomes.

CONTEXT: Kidney disease is a common disease that is best treated through kidney transplant. The kidney transplant process is complex and can be difficult to navigate and most likely requires an adequate amount of health literacy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between health literacy and transplant outcomes, including whether a patient was listed for or received a transplant. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study measuring patients' health literacy and transplant outcomes. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants from a single transplant center were invited to participate if they were referred to the center for transplant and spoke English. Of the 92 patients, 30 (33%) were in the vascular access clinic, 31 (34%) were posttransplant, and 31 (34%) were pretransplant. INTERVENTION: Health literacy was measured by using 3 tools: Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy of Medicine-Transplant (REALM-T), Newest Vital Sign (NVS), and Decision-Making Capacity Assessment Tool (DMCAT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Two dichotomous variables: whether the patient was listed for transplant and/or received a transplant. Descriptive and univariate statistics were calculated. Six logistic regression models were used to test for a correlation between each of the tools and patients' likelihood to be listed for and/or receive a transplant. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (58%) were formally listed for a transplant, and 36 (39%) received a transplant. The REALM-T, NVS, and DMCAT each significantly predicted whether or not a patient was listed for transplant (odds ratios, 1.044, 1.672, and 1.408). The NVS and DMCAT significantly predicted whether a patient received a transplant (odds ratios, 1.667 and 1.256). Health literacy is a positive and significant predictor of transplant outcomes. Clinicians should take assessments of health literacy into account when speaking to patients about kidney transplant.