Long term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intracutaneous zolmitriptan (M207) in the acute treatment of migraine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term safety and tolerability profile of M207 in the acute treatment of migraine. BACKGROUND: M207 is an investigational microneedle-based system for intracutaneous delivery of zolmitriptan for the treatment of migraine attacks. Following on the positive results of a Phase 2/3 placebo-controlled efficacy study (ZOTRIP), this study was designed to evaluate the safety of this novel product during repeated use for the treatment of migraine attacks. METHODS: In this 6-12 month open-label, multicenter observational study, participants used an eDiary to record headache symptoms and adverse events at specified intervals up to 48 h following treatment of a qualifying attack with M207 3.8 mg (intracutaneous zolmitriptan). Participants underwent clinical evaluations at specified intervals up to 12 months. RESULTS: Among 335 participants who treated ≥1 migraine attack, 257 completed 6 months and 127 completed 1 year of treatment. The most common reason for withdrawal from the study was a low frequency of reported attacks post randomization. Overall, 5963 migraine attacks were treated. Most participants (96%) experienced at least 1 adverse event, the vast majority of which concerned the application site, and > 95% of which were mild. Fifteen participants (4%) withdrew due to adverse events; 4 withdrew due to 7 application site reactions, 6 of which were mild. Participants achieved pain freedom in 2477/5617 (44%) of attacks, most bothersome symptom freedom in 3315/5330 (62%) of attacks, and pain relief 2 h post-dose in 4552/5617 (81%) of attacks. Sustained pain freedom 2-24 h was seen in 1761/4698 (38%) of attacks, and 2-48 h in 1534/4429 (35%) of attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of participants experienced cutaneous adverse reactions such as application site erythema, swelling, and bleeding, and most reactions were scored as mild. These results are consistent with what was observed in the single migraine attack treatment ZOTRIP trial indicating that M207 is well tolerated in the setting of longer-term repeated use. Efficacy findings were also similar to those in the ZOTRIP trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov on September 13, 2017 ( NCT03282227 ).

Development of a novel zolmitriptan intracutaneous microneedle system (Qtrypta™) for the acute treatment of migraine.

M207 is an investigational intracutaneous microneedle therapeutic system for nonoral zolmitriptan delivery. In a Phase I trial, M207 provided faster absorption with a higher 2 h exposure than oral zolmitriptan. In the pivotal trial evaluating efficacy, tolerability and safety in moderate-to-severe migraine attacks, M207 3.8 mg was superior to placebo in providing freedom from headache pain (42 vs 14%) and freedom from most bothersome symptom (68 vs 43%) 2 h post-dose. Treatment-emergent adverse events were mild and transient and most commonly concerned the application site. In post hoc analyses: pain freedom was sustained in approximately 1/3 of patients; efficacy was observed in migraine headaches that are typically more difficult to treat.

Review of Acute Treatment of Migraine Trial Results With the New FDA Endpoints: Design Implications for Future Trials.

BACKGROUND: In October 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a draft guidance for the development of drugs for the acute treatment of migraine. This guidance offered the option of replacing the previously required 4 co-primary endpoints: pain freedom, freedom from nausea, freedom from photophobia, and freedom from phonophobia, all at 2 hours posttreatment, with 2 co-primary endpoints: pain freedom and freedom from most bothersome symptom (MBS) other than pain, both at 2 hours posttreatment. At the time the new draft guidance was released, no large clinical trials had been undertaken with these 2 co-primary endpoints, posing a challenge in determining the sample size that might be required to achieve statistical significance. As a number of trials have now been completed, we conducted a review of the observed placebo responses, drug effect sizes, and sample sizes to better inform the design of future trials. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library for primary publications of phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind acute migraine treatment trials that used pain freedom and MBS freedom as primary or planned secondary endpoints. For each endpoint, placebo response rates were determined and used to generate estimates of sample size, assuming differences between placebo and active treatment groups of 10%, 15%, and 20%. Sample size calculations were based on 80% power using a 2-group continuity corrected chi-square test with a 5% 2-sided significance level. RESULTS: We identified abstracts or full-length papers describing results of 8 clinical trials employing the new co-primary endpoints. The mean placebo response rate for 2-hour pain freedom was 16.75% (range 11.8-21.3%) and treatment effect (difference in response rates between active and placebo groups) ranged from 5.0% to 27.2%. For 2-hour MBS freedom, the mean placebo response rate was 32.8% (range 25.2-48.1%), and the range of treatment effect was 8.9% to 25.4%. Based on a placebo response rate of 17% for pain freedom, the sample sizes that would have been required to achieve statistical significance were n = 269, n = 128, and n = 77, for treatment effect sizes of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. For MBS, assuming a placebo response rate of 33%, the corresponding required sample sizes would have been n = 389, n = 181, and n = 105. CONCLUSIONS: The observed range of placebo response and treatment effect sizes suggests that use of the newly recommended 2 co-primary endpoints could reduce the sample sizes required to achieve significance compared with past trials using 4 primary endpoints (in which mean and median group sizes for recent trials were 375 and 362, respectively). However, the initial trials using the newly recommended co-primary endpoints tended to treat more participants than would have been minimally required. We anticipate that with the growing body of information regarding the use of these new endpoints, samples sizes may be more aligned with treatment efficacy, enabling faster and more cost-effective trials for acute migraine treatment.

Efficacy of ADAM Zolmitriptan for the Acute Treatment of Difficult-to-Treat Migraine Headaches.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the efficacy of zolmitriptan applied with Adhesive Dermally Applied Microarray (ADAM) in treating types of migraine (those with severe headache pain, the presence of nausea, treatment ≥2 hours after migraine onset, or migraine present upon awakening) that are historically considered to be less responsive to oral medications. BACKGROUND: ADAM is an investigational system for intracutaneous drug administration. In a pivotal Phase 2b/3 study (ZOTRIP, N = 321 in the modified intention-to-treat population), ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg provided superior pain freedom and freedom from patients' usual most bothersome associated symptom (MBS), compared with placebo at 2 hours post-dose. We undertook a post hoc analysis of data from the ZOTRIP trial to examine these same outcomes in subsets of patients whose migraine characteristics have been associated with poorer outcomes when treated with oral medications. METHODS: The ZOTRIP trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group Phase 2b/3 study conducted at 36 sites in the United States. Presented here are post hoc subgroup analyses of patients with nausea (n = 110) or severe pain (n = 72) at baseline, those whose treatment was delayed 2 or more hours after onset (n = 75), and those who awoke with migraine (n = 80). The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to assess whether patients in the ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg group had superior treatment outcomes compared with placebo. RESULTS: In patients with nausea, 2-hour pain freedom was achieved in 44% (26/59) in the ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg group and 14% (7/51) in the placebo group (P = .005) (odds ratio = 5.11, 95% CI: 1.96-13.30), and 2-hour MBS freedom was achieved in 68% (40/59) in the active treatment group and 45% (23/51) of those receiving placebo (P = .009) (odds ratio = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.28-6.43). For those with severe pain, corresponding pain-free values were 26% (10/39) and 15% (5/33) (P = .249) (odds ratio = 2.14, 95% CI: 0.60-7.62), and MBS-free values were 64% (25/39) and 42% (14/33) (P = .038) (odds ratio = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.05-7.79). Among participants who awoke with migraine, 44% (16/36) and 16% (7/44) were pain-free in the ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg and placebo groups, respectively (P = .006) (odds ratio = 4.29, 95% CI: 1.50-12.31), and 72% (26/36) vs 39% (17/44) were MBS-free, respectively (P = .003) (odds ratio = 4.40, 95% CI: 1.61-12.05). In those whose treatment was delayed ≥2 hours, pain freedom in the active treatment group and placebo group were 33% (12/36) and 10% (4/39), respectively (P = .017) (odds ratio = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.24-15.10), and MBS freedom was achieved in 69% (25/36) and 41% (16/39), respectively, in the delayed treatment group (P = .014) (odds ratio = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.27-8.95). No significant effects (overall interaction P = .353) were observed in logistical regression models of treatment by subgroup interaction. CONCLUSION: Severe pain, delayed treatment, awakening with a headache, and the presence of nausea are factors that predict a poorer response to acute migraine treatment. In these post hoc analyses of subgroups of patients with each of these characteristics in the ZOTRIP trial, participants receiving ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg displayed nearly uniformly better headache responses (2-hour headache freedom and 2-hour MBS freedom) compared with those who received placebo.

Use of Most Bothersome Symptom as a Coprimary Endpoint in Migraine Clinical Trials: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the Pivotal ZOTRIP Randomized, Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the utility of using pain freedom and most bothersome headache-associated symptom (MBS) freedom as co-primary endpoints in clinical trials of acute migraine interventions. BACKGROUND: Adhesive dermally applied microarray (ADAM) is an investigational system for intracutaneous drug administration. The recently completed pivotal Phase 2b/3 study (ZOTRIP), evaluating ADAM zolmitriptan for the treatment of acute moderate to severe migraine, was one of the first large studies to incorporate MBS freedom and pain freedom as co-primary endpoints per recently issued guidance by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this trial, the proportion of patients treated with ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg, who were pain-free and MBS-free at 2 hours post-dose, was significantly higher than for placebo. METHODS: We undertook a post-hoc analysis of data from the ZOTRIP trial to examine how the outcomes from this trial compare to what might have been achieved using the conventional co-primary endpoints of pain relief, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. RESULTS: Of the 159 patients treated with ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg or placebo, prospectively designated MBS were photophobia (n = 79), phonophobia (n = 43), and nausea (n = 37). Two-hour pain free rates in those with photophobia as the MBS were 36% for ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg and 14% for placebo (P = .02). Corresponding rates for those with phonophobia as the MBS were 14% and 41% (P = .05). For those whose MBS was nausea, corresponding values were 56% and 16%, respectively (P = .01). Two-hour freedom from the MBS for active drug vs placebo were 67% vs 35% (P < .01) for photophobia, 55% vs 43% (P = .45) for phonophobia, and 89% vs 58% for nausea (P = .04). MBS freedom but not pain freedom was achieved in 28%. Only 1 patient (1%) achieved pain freedom, but not MBS freedom. The proportion with both pain and MBS freedom was highest (56%) among those whose MBS was nausea. CONCLUSION: In this study, the use of MBS was feasible and seemed to compare favorably to the previously required 4 co-primary endpoints.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of ADAM zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of migraine.

Objective To determine the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ascending doses of Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarray (ADAM) zolmitriptan versus placebo for acute migraine treatment. Background ADAM is a novel patient-administered system for intracutaneous drug administration. In a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study, zolmitriptan administered using ADAM had much faster absorption than oral administration with higher exposure in the first two hours. Methods This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 2b/3 study evaluating ADAM zolmitriptan 1 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg versus placebo. Co-primary endpoints were pain freedom and freedom from most bothersome other migraine-associated symptom 2 hours post-dose. Results Of patients treated with ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg or placebo, 41.5% and 14.2%, respectively were pain-free 2 hours post-dose ( p = 0.0001) and 68.3% and 42.9% were free from their most bothersome other symptom ( p = 0.0009). Due to the fixed sequential testing methodology, formal statistical significance was not established for secondary endpoints. However, the proportion of patients who were photophobia-free, phonophobia-free, and nausea-free at 2 hours post-dose was higher in the ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg group compared with placebo, as were the percentages of patients who were pain-free, and who experienced pain relief up to 48 hours post-dose. Systemic adverse events were consistent with previous triptan trials, and included dizziness, paresthesia, muscle tightness, and nausea, all of which occurred in < 5% of patients in any group. Application site reactions were generally mild and resolved within 48 hours, although erythema and bruising persisted for longer periods in some patients. Conclusion ADAM zolmitriptan 3.8 mg provides effective relief of migraine headache and associated most bothersome symptoms compared with placebo, and is well-tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02745392.

Rapid systemic delivery of zolmitriptan using an adhesive dermally applied microarray.

Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarray (ADAM) is a device for intracutaneous drug administration consisting of a 3 cm2 disposable array of drug-coated titanium microprojections on an adhesive backing. It is applied using a low cost, reusable, handheld applicator. Microprojections penetrate the stratum corneum, delivering drug proximal to capillaries with limited likelihood of pain. The pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan delivery using ADAM was evaluated in 20 healthy volunteers. Median tmax was <20 min, comparable to subcutaneous sumatriptan. Absorption was faster than for oral zolmitriptan, with higher exposure in the first 2 h. Most adverse events were consistent with those seen in previous triptan trials. Application site reactions were generally mild and resolved within 24 h. ADAM zolmitriptan shows a promising pharmacokinetic profile for migraine treatment.

Assessing acute systemic effects of an inhaled drug with serial echocardiography: a placebo-controlled comparison of inhaled and intravenous dihydroergotamine.

OBJECTIVE: MAP0004 is an investigational product which delivers dihydroergotamine (DHE) through the lung via a breath-synchronized metered dose inhaler. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of orally inhaled and intravenous (IV) DHE to placebo on maximum change and area under the curve for pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period, crossover study of 24 health adults. Trial registration NCT01089062. Study assessments included pharmacokinetics, electrocardiograms (ECG), and validated echocardiographic (Doppler)-derived measures of PASP by echocardiogram. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in calculated PASP using area under the curve, 0 to 2 hours (AUC(0-2h)). RESULTS: The change in PASP with IV DHE was significantly different than MAP0004 and placebo (AUC(0-2h)2857, 2624, and 2453 mmHg*min, respectively). After a second dose of MAP0004, AUC(0-4h) remained lower with MAP0004 than with a single dose of IV DHE. Adverse events were more common with IV DHE than with MAP0004 or placebo. None of the treatments produced clinically significant changes in PASP or other cardiac parameters. Changes in PASP were significantly smaller with MAP0004 compared with IV DHE. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the effects 1 mg of orally inhaled DHE on the cardiovascular system are less than with 1 mg of IV DHE, and that serial echocardiography can be a useful noninvasive means of assessing acute systemic effects.

Assessment of the consistency of absorption of dihydroergotamine following oral inhalation: pooled results from four clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: MAP0004 is an investigational orally inhaled dihydroergotamine (DHE) delivered via a TEMPO(®) metered dose inhaler that was effective in the acute treatment of migraine in a large Phase 3 trial. Rapid and consistent absorption of DHE is important for efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine. METHODS: The pharmacokinetic parameters from four recent clinical studies, with doses including the proposed clinical dose of 1.0 mg nominal (0.65 mg emitted) MAP0004, were assessed for the consistency and speed of absorption of DHE. RESULTS: Across these studies, MAP0004 administration resulted in rapid DHE absorption, with a median time of maximum concentration (C(max)) of approximately 10 min. The C(max) and area under the curve from time zero to 2 hr associated with the MAP0004 1.0 mg nominal dose were also similar between the three studies with this dose. C(max) values after 1.0 mg MAP0004 administration were consistently lower than for 1.0 mg intravenous DHE administration, and C(max) appeared to correlate with incidence of nausea. In these studies, DHE absorption through the lung was fast, consistent, and not associated with any unique tolerability issues for this route of administration. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of the consistency of absorption that can be achieved with the use of an appropriate metered dose inhaler, which may translate into a predictable therapeutic response.

Effects of a supratherapeutic dose of investigational orally inhaled dihydroergotamine (MAP0004) on QT interval: a randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: MAP0004 is an orally inhaled investigational drug containing dihydroergotamine (DHE). Although DHE has been used for 60 years with no reported cardiac arrhythmias, a thorough QT study had not previously been performed with DHE. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of MAP0004 on the QT interval as required for regulatory approval of a new product. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period crossover study enrolled healthy volunteers. Subjects were assigned to receive, in randomized sequence, MAP0004 at a supratherapeutic dose (3-fold the clinically effective dose) (3.0 mg), moxifloxacin 400 mg, or inactive vehicle, each administered with 1 placebo capsule. Triplicate ECGs were performed continuously at baseline (day 0), before dosing, and over 24 hours after dosing in each treatment period. The effect on the QT interval was assessed using the Fridericia (QTcF) and individualized (QTcI) correction formulas. RESULTS: Fifty-four healthy adults (20 men, 34 women; mean age, 28 years) completed the trial and had measurable plasma levels of DHE after MAP0004 administration. The largest observed mean difference in QTcI between MAP0004 and placebo was 0.08 msec, and the largest 1-sided 95% upper confidence bound was 2.24 msec, both at 30 minutes after dosing. In contrast, moxifloxacin increased the mean QTcI between 9.57 and 11.28 msec relative to placebo, with a 1-sided lower 95% CL between 7.23 and 8.96 msec, confirming that the assay sensitivity was sufficient to detect MAP0004-related effects. Nausea (27.8%) was common following MAP0004 administration but apparently did not influence the QTc interval. CONCLUSIONS: A supratherapeutic dose of MAP0004 was not associated with prolonged QTc intervals. At the proposed clinical dose (1.0 mg), MAP0004 is unlikely to affect the QT interval. MAP0004 and its primary metabolite showed no evidence for prolongation of the QTc interval in healthy subjects according to the criteria required from regulatory agencies. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01191723.

Rapid and reversible modulation of platelet function in man by a novel P2Y(12) ADP-receptor antagonist, INS50589.

P2Y(12) receptors participate in ADP-induced activation and aggregation of human platelets. INS50589, a selective P2Y(12) receptor antagonist, is being developed for use where controlled, reversible modulation of the platelet hemostatic function is needed. The tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of INS50589 were tested in healthy human volunteers. Thirty-six subjects received intravenous infusions of placebo or INS50589 at 0.1-3 mg/kg/h for four hours. Platelet function, clotting parameters, bleeding time, safety assessments, and plasma concentrations of INS50589 and its major metabolite were monitored for 24 hours. Near-steady state plasma concentrations of INS50589 and effects on platelet function were achieved rapidly. The average maximal plasma concentration of INS50589 was linearly related to the dose administered. Intravenous INS50589 produced dose-dependent inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation in response to ADP in vitro until nearly full inhibition was achieved at the higher doses. Bleeding time was correspondingly increased, without any effect on activated clotting time, prothrombin time, or activated partial thromboplastin time. Platelet response to ADP had returned to at least 75% of the baseline value within 0.25-4 h after cessation of the intravenous infusion of INS50589, depending upon the dose and ADP challenge concentration. Infusions were well tolerated up to the highest dose tested. There was no evidence that the principal metabolite (INS51088) contributed to these effects. INS50589 is a well-tolerated, reversible, competitive antagonist of ADP at the P2Y(12) human platelet receptor, and its potential therapeutic utility in various cardiovascular settings is discussed.

Diquafosol tetrasodium: a novel dry eye therapy.

The ophthalmic formulation of diquafosol tetrasodium (INS365), a P2Y2 receptor agonist, is targeted to treat dry eye disease through rehydration of the ocular surface. Existing pharmacological therapies for dry eye disease are limited, therefore, approval of this medication is anticipated. This review summarises key findings during development and in clinical trials including clinical effectiveness and safety. The relevance of P2Y2 receptor technology to dry eye disease and the disease process is discussed.

P2Y(2) receptor agonists: a new class of medication targeted at improved mucociliary clearance.

Chronic bronchitis is in part characterized by mucus hypersecretion and the inability to clear airways of mucus. Despite years of research in this area, to date there are no pharmacologic therapies available to enhance or promote mucociliary clearance. P2Y(2) receptor agonists are a new class of mucoactive compounds that are currently under development for this purpose. This article will review the pharmacology of P2Y(2) receptor agonists, review the clinical studies performed to date, and highlight the challenges inherent in the development of therapies with these pharmacologic properties.